The Earth:
The Earth moves round the Sun in a near-circular path. The path
is called an orbit.
Each orbit takes just over 365 days, or one year. The Earth's axis
is tilted by 23.5° as shown in the diagrams.
Because of this, most regions get varying hours of daylight
through the year and varying climatic conditions. In other
words, they have different seasons. When it is summer, there are
two reasons for the higher temperatures. First, because of the
tilt, the surface is more 'square on' to the Sun, so the Sun's
radiation is less spread out. Second, there are more hours of
sunlight
The Moon:
The Moon moves around the Earth in a near-circular orbit. Each
orbit takes about a month - or, more accurately, 27.3 days.
The Moon also takes 27.3 days to turn once on its axis, which is
why it always keeps the same face toward us.
The Moon is smaller than the Earth and has a rocky, cratered
surface. The craters were mainly caused by the impact of large
meteorites over a billion years ago.
We see the Moon because its surface reflects sunlight. Once a
month, when there is a 'full Moon', the whole of the sunlit side is
facing us. But most of the time, we can only see part of the
sunlit side. The rest is in shadow.
The phases of the Moon:
Half of the Moon is always in sunlight, but we see an increasing
then decreasing proportion of that during the course of a month.
The views above are from well north of the equator. For the
view well south, in Australia for example, rotate each image of
the Moon by 180°.