Senior High School
21st Century
Literatures from the
Philippines and the
World
Quarter 1 – Module 2:
Republic of the Philippines
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Region I
Pangasinan Division II
MANAOAG NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
21ST CENTURY LITERATURE IN THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD
Quarter 1-Module 2 :21st Century Literary Genres Elements, Structures and Traditions
Name: ____________________________________________
Grade Level/Strand: _________________________
Lesson 2
Date: _________________
Score: _________________
21ST Century Literary Genres Elements,
Structures and Traditions
Learning Competency/ies: Compare and contrast the various 21st century literary genres and
the one's from the earlier genres/periods citing their elements, structures and traditions.
Code: EN12Lit-Id-25
Objectives: It is expected that after working on this module, the learners will be able to;
1. identify what literary genre is;
2. identify the different literary genres of the 21st century and the earlier periods in
Philippine history;and
3. compare and contrast Philippine literary texts from 21st century and from the earlier
genre/period through a Venn diagram.
Activity 1: Time Travel!
Directions: Arrange the rambled letters to form a name of some literary forms during the precolonial to the Contemporary period. Write your answer on your activity notebook.
1. TLEAIRC
- ______________________________
2. CYILR PTREOY
- ______________________________
3. HKAIU
- ______________________________
4. FERE VRSEE
- ______________________________
5. FLOK SNOGS
- ______________________________
6. TYHM
- ______________________________
7. EEGDNL
- ______________________________
8. HPOTERPERYY
- ______________________________
9. ALFHS NIIOCTF
- ______________________________
10. BOLG
- ______________________________
11. TGANAA
- ______________________________
12. RDEIDLS
- ______________________________
13. KIRDOO
- ______________________________
14. LOEODD NIIOCTF
- ______________________________
15. UEBLLALSI
- ______________________________
Concept Notes
What is a Literary Genre?
Literary genre is a category of literary composition. Genres is formed by conventions that
change over time as new genres are invented and the use of old ones is discontinued. Genres may
be determined by literary technique, tone, content, or even (as in the case of fiction) length. The
distinctions between genres and categories are flexible and loosely defined, often with
subgroups.
There are 3 Genres of Literature
 Poetry
 Prose
 Drama
I. POETRY
- It is a form of literature that uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language.
Example:
light’s sense of keeping time against
a street against the trial in every sentence
sighed as that storm struck, and her haze
misread for dusk rendered the guilt.”
-On the evenings of November
Francisco Guevarra
Kinds of Poetry
 Lyric Poetry
 Narrative Poetry
 Descriptive Poetry
 Didactic Poetry
A. Lyric Poetry
It is a comparatively short, non-narrative poem in which a single speaker presents a
state of mind or an emotional state.
Kinds of Lyric Poetry
1. Folksongs (Awiting Bayan) - These are short poems intended to be sung. The
common theme is love, despair, grief, doubt, joy, hope and sorrow.
Example: CHIT-CHIRIT-CHIT
2. Elegy – a lyric poem which expresses feelings of grief and melancholy, and whose
theme is death. Typically, it is a lament for the dead.
Example: THE LOVER’S DEATH by Ricaredo Demetillo
3. Psalms (Dalit) - This is a song praising God or the Virgin Mary and containing a
philosophy of life.
4. Awit (Song) - These have measures of twelve syllables (dodecasyllabic) and
slowly sung to the accompaniment of a guitar or banduria.
Example: FLORANTE AT LAURA by Franciso Balagtas
5. Corridos (Kuridos) - These have measures of eight syllables (octosyllabic) and
recited to a martial beat.
Example: IBONG ADARNA
6. Ode - a poem in which a person expresses a strong feeling of love or respect for
someone or something.
7. Sonnet - a fourteen-line poem written in iambic pentameter, which employ one of
several rhyme schemes and adhere to a tightly structured thematic
organization.
Example: SANTANG BUDS by Alfonso P. Santos
Two types of Sonnet
a. Italian
b. Shakespearean.
8. Dramatic Monologue - a poem in the form of a speech or narrative by an
imagined person, in which the speaker inadvertently reveals aspects of their
character while describing a particular situation or series of events.
B. Narrative Poetry
It is a form of poetry that tells a story, often making use of the voices of a narrator
and characters as well; the entire story is usually written in metered verse.
Kinds of Narrative Poetry
1. Epic –is a long narrative poem written in elevated style, in which heroes of great
historical or legendary importance perform valorous deeds.
Example: THE HARVEST SONG OF ALIGUYON translated in English by
Amador T. Daguio
2. Mock-epic - are typically satires or parodies that mock common Classical
stereotypes of heroes and heroic literature
3. Ballad - a poem or song narrating a story in short stanzas. Traditional ballads are
typically of unknown authorship, having been passed on orally from one
generation to the next as part of the folk culture.
It is considered the shortest and simplest. It has a simple structure and tells of a
single incident. There are also variations of these: love ballads, war ballads, and
sea ballads, humorous, moral, and historical or mythical ballads. In the early time,
this referred to a song accompanying a dance.
4. Metrical Tale - This is a narrative which is written in verse and can be classified
either as a ballad or a metrical romance.
Example: BAYANI NG BUKID by Al Perez
C. Descriptive and Didactic Poetry
Both lyric and narrative poetry can contain lengthy and detailed descriptions
(descriptive poetry) or scenes in direct speech (dramatic poetry).
The purpose of a didactic poem is primarily to teach something.
D. Dramatic Poetry
Kinds of Dramatic Poetry
1. Comedy - The word comedy comes from the Greek term “komos” meaning
festivity or revelry. This form usually is light and written with the purpose of
amusing, and usually has a happy ending.
2. Melodrama - This is usually used in musical plays with the opera. Today, this is
related to tragedy just as the farce is to comedy. It arouses immediate and intense
emotion and is usually sad but there is a happy ending for the principal character.
3. Tragedy - This involves the hero struggling mightily against dynamic forces; he
meets death or ruin without success and satisfaction obtained by the protagonist in
a comedy.
4. Farce - This is an exaggerated comedy. It seeks to arouse mirth by laughable lines;
situations are too ridiculous to be true; the characters seem to be caricatures and
the motives undignified and absurd.
5. Social Poems - This form is either purely comic or tragic and it pictures the life of
today. It may aim to bring about changes in he social conditions.
Source: http://bihirangpanitikangpilipino.blogspot.com/2013/07/types-of-literature.html
ELEMENTS OF POETRY
1. SENSE - is revealed through the meaning of words; image and symbols.
a. Diction - denotative and connotative meanings/symbols
b. Images and sense impressions- sight, sound, smell, taste, touch, motion and
emotion.
c. Figure of speech - simile, metaphor, personification, apostrophe, metonymy,
synecdoche, allusion, antithesis, paradox, litotes,
oxymoron, onomatopoeia.
2. SOUND- is the result of the combination of elements.
a. Tone color- alliteration, assonance, consonance, rhyme, repetition, anaphora.
b. Rhythm- order recurrent alteration o strong and weak elements in the flow of
the sound and silence: duple, triple, running or common rhyme.
c. Meter- stress, duration, or number o syllables per line, fixed metrical pattern,
or a verse form: quantitative, syllabic and accentual syllabic.
d. Rhyme scheme- formal arrangement of rhymes in a stanza or the whole poem.
3. Structure - refers to (1) arrangement of words, and lines to it together, and (2) the
organization of the parts to form a whole.
a. Word order- natural and unnatural arrangement of words.
b. Ellipsis- omitting some words for economy and effect.
c. Punctuation- abundance or lack of punctuation marks.
d. Shape- contextual and visual designs: jumps, omission of spaces, capitalization,
lower case.
4. Speaker- all poems have a speaker, the voice that talks to the reader. In some
poems, the speaker has a clear identity, using I and me. In other poems, the
speaker remains in the background. The speaker is not necessarily the same as the
poet.
5. Sensory/Poetic Images- by using sensory/poetic images or words and phrases that
appeal to the five senses, a poet recreates an experience.
Poetic images have been classified into the following FIGURES OF SPEECH:
1. Simile- consists of comparing two things by using the words “like” or “as”.
Example:
Your face as a big as a seed, But you do not bear fruit…
(lines from A Secret by Carlos Bulosan)
2. Metaphor- uses direct comparison of two unlike things or ideas without using the
words “like” or “as”.
Example:
Dear Lord:
Let thou be the street cleaner
Whilst I be the road
(Prayer by NVM Gonzales)
3. Personification - gives human traits to inanimate objects or ideas.
Example:
The bulled said to the heart: from now on we shall never part.
(lines from Communion by Gerson M. Mallillin)
4. Apostrophe- is a direct address to someone absent, dead, or inanimate.
Example:
Little Sampaguita
With the wandering eye
Did a tiny airy
Drop you where you lie?
(lines from The Sampaguita by Natividad Marquez)
5.
6.
Metonymy- substitutes a word that closely relates to a person or thing.
Example:
1. The pen is mightier than the sword.
2. He lives through the bottle.
3. I have read all of Shakespeare.
Synecdoche- uses a part to represent the whole.
Example:
No busy hand provoke a tear.
No roving foot shall crush thee here.
7. Hyperbole - makes use of exaggeration.
Example:
I know what to name thy charms,
Thou art half human, half divine;
And if I could hold thee in my arms,
I know both heaven and earth were mine.
(lines from The Rural Maid By Fernando M. Maramag)
8. Irony - says the opposite of what is meant.
Example:
If all these men whose heads are with stars,
Who dream unceasingly of blazing royalty,
Will only strike to be like you.
A dweller of the sod with the heart of royalty!
(lines from To A Do by Florizel Diaz)
9. Allusion- refers to any literary biblical, historical, mythological, scientific event,
character or place.
Example:
The pendulum is a thing dread
To nervous persons like me
It reminds one of swaying IscariotSuspended from a tree.
(lines from After Palanan by Rene Iturralde)
10. Antithesis- involves a contrast o words or ideas.
Example:
“Love is so short… Forgetting is so long.”
“You may be through with the past but the past isn’t through with you.”
11. Paradox- uses a phrase or statement that on surface seems contradictory, but
makes some king of emotional sense.
Example:
My dear, canst thou resolve for me
This paradox of love concerning thee
Mine eyes, when opened with thy beauty fillBut when they’re close they see thee better still.
(lines from The Paradox by A.E Litiatco)
II. PROSE
It is a written or spoken language in its ordinary form, without metrical structure.
Kinds of Prose
 Fiction
 Non - Fiction
A. Fiction
Literature in the form of prose, especially short stories and novels that describes
imaginary events and people.
Kinds of Fiction
1. Realistic Fiction - is a genre consisting of stories that could have actually occurred to
people or animals in a believable setting.
2. Fantastic Fiction -a type of fiction that ideologically and aesthetically subordinates
reality to imagination by depicting a world of marvels that is contrasted to everyday
reality and to accepted views of what is credible.
B. Non – Fiction
It is based on facts, real events, and real people, such as biography or history.
Kinds of Non-Fiction
1. Biographies - is a detailed description of a person's life. It involves more than just
the basic facts
like education, work, relationships, and death, but also portrays a subject's
experience of these life events.
2. Autobiographies - is a written account of the life of a person written by that person.
3. Essays - is, generally, a piece of writing that gives the author's own argument — but
the definition is vague, overlapping with those of an article, a pamphlet, and a short
story.
4. Articles - a piece of writing included with others in a newspaper, magazine, or
other publication.
III. DRAMA
It is a piece of writing that tells a story and is performed on a stage. e
Kinds of Drama
1. Comedy
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Comedies are lighter in tone than ordinary writers, and provide a happy conclusion.
The intention of dramatists in comedies is to make their audience laugh. Hence,
they use quaint circumstances, unusual characters and witty remarks.
Tragedy
Tragic dramas use darker themes such as disaster, pain and death. Protagonists
often have a tragic flaw—a characteristic that leads them to their downfall.
Farce
Generally, a farce is a nonsensical genre of drama, which often overacts or engages
slapstick humor. It’s basically, what you call a “Parody”.
Melodrama
Melodrama is an exaggerated drama, which is sensational and appeals directly to
the senses of audience. Just like the farce, the characters are of single dimension
and simple, or may be stereotyped.
Fantasy
It is a complete fictional work where characters virtually display supernatural skills.
It is more appealing to children as fairies, angels, superheroes, etc., are embedded in
the plot. Use of magic, pseudo science, horror, and spooky themes through various
kinds of technical devices create a perfect world of fantasy. The modern version of
drama incorporates a great deal of special effects.
Musical
In musical drama, the dramatists not only tell their story through acting and
dialogue, nevertheless through dance as well as music. Often the story may be
comedic, though it may also involve serious subjects.
Structure of Drama
Plays are organized into dialogue, scenes and acts. A play can be made up one act
or multiple acts.
Each act is divided into scenes, in which a character, or characters, come on or off
stage and speak their lines. A play can have only one character or many characters.
The main character is the protagonist and a character who opposes him/her is the
antagonist.
The plots of plays typically follow this pattern:
 Rising Action – complications the protagonist must face, composed of any
number of conflicts and crises
 Climax – the peak of the rising action and the turning point for the
protagonist
 Falling Action – the movement toward a resolution
PHILIPPINE LITERARY GENRES IN DIFFERENT PERIODS
THE PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD
• It is oral in nature and is full of lessons and ideas about life, its blessings, and its consequences.
Forms
1. Oral Literature
a. Riddles
b. Proverbs
c. Love Songs
d. Songs of Death
e. Religious Songs
3. Folk Tales
a. Myths
b. Legends
c. Fables
d. Epics
2. Folk Songs
a. Lullabies
b. Drinking Songs
Riddles (Mga Bugtong)
• These are statements that contain superficial words, but they function figuratively and as
metaphors, and are in the form of questions.
• These are questions that demand deeper answers.
• Deals with everyday life.
• It usually has mundane things as answers.
• This is used in the past as a form of game in small or large gatherings.
Examples:
Pangasinan
Saksakey so kinan co
I ate only one
Duaray inbantanco
But I threw away two
Answer: Luran
Answer: Shellfish, clam
Niman, ninom cuanto
There, there , it said
Anggapo met so mata to
But it has no eyes to see with
Answer: Tamoro’
Answer: Forefinger
Ilocano
Langit ngato, langit baba
Danum ay tinga
Answer: Niyog
Sky at the top; sky below
water-in-between
Answer: Coconut
Adda maysay a prinsesa
There’s a princess
Nakatugaw iti tasa
Seated on a cup
Answer: Kasoy
Answer: Cashew
Bisaya
Baboy sa lasang,
(A wild pig of the forest,)
Ang tunok puro lansang.
(Is covered with spikes.)
Answer: Nangka
(Jackfruit)
Meranaw Chabacano
Sominub lawiyan,
(It dived,)
Tagia que tagia,
(You keep on slashing it,)
Mbowat lawitan.
(It rose.)
Hende ta penetra. (But it does not penetrate)
Answer: Ragum
(Needle)
Answer: Agua
(Water)
Proverbs (Mga Salawikain)
• These are statements that are considered as
wise. These are usually given by parents or elders
of the community.
Examples:
Mandaya on Viriginity
Yang ataog aw madugdug, (An egg once broken,)
Di da mamauli.
(Will never be the same.)
Tausug on Secret Affairs
In lasa iban uba,
(Love and cough,)
Di hikatapuk. (Cannot be hidden.)
Ilocano on Guilt
Ti agutak, (He who cackles)
Isut nagitlog. (Laid the egg.)
Folk Songs
• These are folk lyrics that are usually chanted.
• These usually contain ideas on aspirations, hopes, everyday life and expressions of love
for loved ones.
Forms
• Lullabies- these is locally known as the Hele.
These are sung to put to sleep babies. The content varies, but usually, parents sing
these with ideas on how hard life is and how they hope that their child will not
experience the hardships of life.
• Drinking Songs- these are locally known as Tagay and are sung during drinking
sessions.
• Love Songs- to many Filipinos, these are known as the Harana. It can also be called
Courtship Songs and are used by young men to capture the heart of the girl that they
love.
• Religious Songs- are songs or chants that are usually given during exorcisms and
thanksgiving during good harvest.
• Songs of Death- are lamentations that contain the roll of good deeds that the dead has
usually done to immortalize his or her good image.
Examples:
Lullabies
Ilocano
Maturog, duduayya
Go to sleep, dear little one
Maturog kad tay bunga,
Will my child please sleep,
Tay lalaki nga napigsa
This strong boy
Ta inton dumakkel tay bunga,
So when the child grows big
Isunto aya tay mammati
He will obey
Tay amon a ibaga me.
Everything that we say.
Folk Tales (Mga Kwentong Bayan)
• These are stories of native Filipinos.
• These deal with the power of naturepersonified, their submission to a deity usually Bathala- and
how this deity is responsible for the blessings and calamities.
• These also tackle about irresponsibility, lust, stupidity, deception, and fallibility that eventually
leads to the instilling of good morals.
Usual Themes:
• Ceremonies needed to appease the deities.
• Pre and Post apocalypse
• Life and Death
• Gods and Goddesses
• Heroes and Heroines
• Supernatural beings
• Animals
Forms
• Myths- these tackle the natural to strange occurrences of the earth and how things were created
with an aim to give an explanation to things.
-There is Bathala for the Tagalogs and the
Gueurang for the Bikolanos.
- Paradise is known as Maca, while Hell is Kasanaaan
Legends - through legends, the natives understood mysteries around them. These stories usually
come with a moral lesson that give credit to supernatural powers, supernatural occurrences, and
other out-of this- world native imagination.
Fables- are short or brief stories that cater the children of the native Filipinos and are usually
bounded by good manners and right conduct. These stories use animals as characters that
represent a particular value or characteristic.
Epics- are very lengthy narratives that are based on oral traditions.
These contain encounters of fighters, stereotypical princes or heroes that save a damsel in
distress.
Examples:
Myths:
The Story of Bathala
Ang Pag-aaway ng Dagat at Langit
Legends:
The Legend of Maria Makiling
The Legend of the Sampaguita
Fables:
Ang Kuneho at and Pagong
Epics:
Biag Ni Lam-ang (Ilocano)
Hinilawod (Panay)
Darangen (Maranao )
Bidasari (Mindanaoan)
Si Juan Tamad
THE SPANISH COLONIZATION PERIOD
The start of the Philippine's more colorful history took place in March 6, 1521 when Ferdinand
Magellan docked on the shores of Homonhon.
• The Filipinos were then called “Ladinos”, meaning they were latinized.
• Filipinos were called two things. One is the “Taga-Bayan”, while the other is the “Tagabukid” or “Taga-bundok”.
• A person who is a Taga-bayan is considered urbane and civilized and were in easy
range of the church and state.
• A person who is a Taga-bundok or Taga-bukid is called a Bruto Salvage (Savage Brute)
or Indio and were the ones who lived far from the center of the Spanish power.
Forms
1. Religious Literature
2. Secular or Non-Religious Literature
a. Pasyon
a. Awit
b. Senakulo
b. Korido
c. Komedya
c. Prose Narratives
3. Propaganda Literature
4. Revolutionary Literature
Religious Literature
• Revolves around the life and the death of Jesus Christ.
Forms of Religious Literature:
Pasyon- it is about the passion (journey and suffering) and the death of Jesus
Christ.
Senakulo- it is the re-enctment of the Pasyon.
Komedya- it depicts the European society through love and fame, but can also be a
narrative about a journey, just like Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy. It is also considered
religious, because it usually depicts the battle between the Christians and the Saracens or
the Moros.
Secular or Non- Religious Literature
• Revolves around tales of valiance and adventure. Forms of Secular or Non-Religious
Literature:
Awit- these are tales of chivalry where a knight saves a princess.
Florante at Laura is a good example.
Korido- is a metrical tale or a tale that follows the structure of a poem.
Prose Narratives- are easy to understand instructional materials that in a
literary light that teaches Filipinos on proper decorum.
Pagsusulatan ng Dalawang Binibini na si Urbana at Feliza (1864) is a good example.
Propaganda Literature
• These were in the forms of satires, editorials, and news articles that aimed to attack the Spanish
Rule.
• The propaganda trinity is composed of Dr. Jose Rizal, Marcelo H. Del Pilar, and Graciano
Lopez
AMERICAN COLONIZATION PERIOD
• The Philippines had a great leap in Education and Culture.
• The use of English alongside Filipino was practiced.
• The Philippines Public School system was introduced.
• Free public instruction was given to the Filipinos.
• The literature during the American period was considered as imitative of American model.
Instead of asking the students to write originals, students ended up following the form of
American poets.
Form
1. Poetry- poetry under the American rule still followed the style of the old, but
had contents
that ranged from free writing to societal concerns under the Americans.
2. Drama- was usually used in the American period to degrade the Spanish rule
and to immortalize the heroism of the men who fought under the Katipunan.
3. Remake Novels- took up Dr. Jose Rizal's portrayal of social conditions by colonial repression.
JAPANESE COLONIZATION PERIOD
 Philippine Literature was interrupted in its development when the Philippines was again
conquered by another foreign country, Japan. Philippine literature in English came to a
halt. Except for the TRIBUNE and the PHILIPPINE REVIEW, almost all newspapers in
English were stopped by the Japanese.
 This had an advantageous effect on Filipino Literature, which experienced renewed
attention because writers in English turned to writing in Filipino. Juan Laya, who use to
write in English turned to Filipino because of the strict prohibitions of the Japanese
regarding any writing in English.
 The weekly LIWAYWAY was placed under strict surveillance until it was managed by
Japanese named ISHIWARA In other words, Filipino literature was given a break during
this period. Many wrote plays, poems, short stories, etc. Topics and themes were often
about life in the provinces.
FILIPINO POETRY DURING THIS PERIOD
 The common theme of most poems during the Japanese occupation was nationalism,
country, love, and life in the barrios, faith, religion and the arts.
THREE TYPES OF POEMS EMERGED DURING THIS PERIOD.
1. Haiku – a poem of free verse that the Japanese like. It was made up of 17 syllables
divided into three lines. The first line had 5 syllables, the second, 7 syllables, and the
third, five. The Haiku is allegorical in meaning, is short and covers a wide scope in
meaning.
2. Tanaga – like the Haiku, is short but it had measure and rhyme. Each line had 17
syllables and it’s also allegorical in meaning.
3. Karaniwang Anyo (Usual Form) – like those mentioned earlier in the beginning
chapters of this book. It is the usual and Common Form of Poetry.
FILIPINO DRAMA DURING THIS PERIOD
 The drama experienced a lull during the Japanese period because movie houses showing
American films were closed. The big movie houses were just made to show stage shows.
Many of the plays were reproductions of English plays to Tagalog. The translators were
Francisco Soc Rodrigo, Alberto Concio, and Narciso Pimentel. They also founded the
organization of Filipino players named Dramatic Philippines.
FILIPINO SHORT STORY DURING THE JAPANESE PERIOD
 The field of the short story widened during the Japanese Occupation. Many wrote short
stories.
CONTEMPORARY/ MODERN PERIOD
 In the 21st century Philippines, there are a lot of literary innovations that are adapted and
created by Filipinos. Nowadays, even those who do not have any significant literary
background make their own way using the freedom that they have to write and to express.

There are a lot of new froms from the basic genres of literature; thus, proving how far the
literature in the Philippines has gone and how far it will go on from here.
21ST CENTURY LITERATURE OF THE PHILIPPINES
21st century literature contains anything that was written and published in the year 2000s
and it covers many themes such as love, sex, family, religion, but are approached in different
ways. Literary texts at this period are characterized as gender sensitive, technologically alluding,
culturally pluralistic, operates on the extreme reality or extreme fiction, and questions
conventions and supposedly absolute norms.Just as technology advances in the 21st century,
many Filipinos have adapted, invented, and written some technological culture and traces artistic
representation of shared experiences. 21st century Filipino writers have used new forms from the
basic genres of literature which are evident to some of their masterpieces; thus, proving how far
Philippine literature had gone.
Below are some 21st century literature genres:
a. Drama- It is the genre of literature with stories composed of verse or prose which is meant to
be dramatically or theatrically performed. Its emotions and conflicts are expressed through
dialogue and movements or actions.
b. Creative nonfiction – It is also known as literary nonfiction or narrative nonfiction, is a genre
of writing that uses literary styles and techniques to create factually accurate narratives.
Some of the creative nonfiction in the Philippines are:
c. “The Cardinal’s Sins, the General’s Cross, the Martyr’s Testimony, and Other
Affirmations” by Gregorio C. Brillantes
d. “Manananggal Terrorizes Manila and Other Stories” by Jessica Zafra
e. “Sapay Koma” by Jhoanna Lynn Cruz
c. Blog – It is a web log containing short articles called posts that can be changed regularly.
Some blogs are written by one person (called blogger) containing his/her hobbies or interests,
opinions, and experiences, while others are written by many different people.
d. . Poetry – It is a verse and rhythmic writing with imagery that evokes an emotional response
from the reader. Mina Roy defines poetry as “prose bewitched”. If fiction is concerned with
plot action, poetry is “life distilled” through words and language. Poetry works via suggestion,
implication, and ambiguity rather than straightforward communication. The art of poetry is
rhythmical in composition, written or spoken. Poetry is for entertaining and exciting pleasure
by beautiful, imaginative, or elevated thoughts.
1. Mobile phone Text tula - A particular example of this poem is a tanaga, a type of
Filipino poem, consisting of four lines with seven syllables each with the same rhyme
at the end of each line - that is to say a 7-7-7-7 syllabic verse, with an AABB rhyme
scheme. The modern tanaga still uses the 7777 syllable count, but rhymes range from
dual rhyme forms: AABB, ABAB, ABBA; to freestyle forms such as AAAB, BAAA,
or ABCD. Tanagas do not have titles traditionally because the tanaga should speak for
itself. However, moderns can opt to give them titles. Text tula is often read on cellular
phones.
2. Hyperpoetry – It is a form of digital poetry that uses links using hypertext mark-up. It
is a very visual form, and is related to hypertext fiction and visual arts. The links mean
that a hypertext poem has no set order, the poem moving or being generated in response
to the links that the reader/user chooses. It can either involve set words, phrases, lines,
etc. that are presented in variable order but sit on the page much as traditional poetry
does, or it can contain parts of the poem that move and / or mutate. It is usually found
online. The earliest examples date to no later than the mid-1980s.
3. Spoken word poetry – It is a poem that has made its way into the hearts and souls of
thousands of Filipinos especially the millennials. It is a type of poem performed or read
in artistic and emotive manner which can be accompanied by music or presented in the
streets or bars, even café shops. It is an oral art that focuses on the aesthetics of word
play such as intonation and voice inflection. It is a "catchall" term that includes any
kind of poetry recited aloud, including poetry readings, poetry slams, jazz poetry, and
hip hop, and can include comedy routines and prose monologues. The most viewed
YouTube Filipino spoken word artist is Juan Miguel Severo whose original poems have
been performed in TV dramas like On The Wings of Love.
e. Fiction - Fiction has genres that can be defined as narrative literary works whose content is
produced by the imagination and is not necessarily based on fact. In fiction something is feigned,
invented, or imagined; a made-up story.
Examples are the following:
1. Short Story – This is brief fiction that can be read in one seating and is not able to
support any subplots.
2. Chick-Lit – This is a genre which addresses issues of modern womanhood, often
humorously and light-heartedly. The genre became popular in the late 1990s, with
chick-lit titles topping best seller lists and the creation of imprints devoted entirely to
chick-lit. Although it sometimes includes romantic elements, chick-lit is generally not
considered a direct subcategory of the romance novel genre, because the heroine's
relationship with her family or friends is often just as important as her romantic
relationships.
Some of the chick lit in the Philippines are:
 Spotlight New Adult by Mina V. Esguerra
 Tall Story by Candy Gourlay
 All’s Fair in Blog and War by Chrissie Peria
3. Flash fiction – This is a style of fictional literature or fiction of extreme brevity. There
is no widely accepted definition of the length of the category. Some self-described
markets for flash fiction impose caps as low as three hundred words, while others
consider stories as long as a thousand words to be flash fiction.
Some of the flash fiction in the Philippines are:
 100 Kislap, by Abdon M. Balde Jr.
 Karapote: Antolohia Dagiti 13 a Nasuerte A Sarita, by Ariel S. Tabag
4. . Realistic Fiction – It is a story that can actually happen and is true to real life.
5. Historical Fiction- It is a story with fictional characters and events in a historical
setting.
6. Horror – These are frightfully shocking, terrifying, or revolting stories.
7. Mystery – It deals with unraveling of secrets and solution of a crime.
8. Illustrated Novels – These are stories through text and illustrated images. 50 % of the
narrative is presented without words. The reader must interpret the images in order to
comprehend completely the story. Textual portions are presented in traditional form. •
Some illustrated novels may contain no text at all.
9. Graphic Novels – These are narratives in comic book formats.
Some of the graphic novels in the Philippines are:
 The Mythology Class (Nautilus comics) by Arnold Arre
 Light (Anino comics) by Rob Cham
 Sixty Six (Anino comics) by Russell Molina
 Maktan 1521 by Tepai Pascual
10. Digi-Fiction – It is considered as the Triple Media Literature because it combines three
media: book, movie/video, and internet website. In order to get the full story, students
must engage in navigation, reading, viewing, in all three formats.
11. Doodle Fiction – It is a literary presentation where the author incorporates doodle
writing and drawings, and handwritten graphics in place of traditional font.
12. Speculative Fiction – It is a term encompassing the more fantastical fiction genres,
specifically science fiction, fantasy, horror, weird fiction, supernatural fiction,
superhero fiction, utopian and dystopian fiction, apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic
fiction, and alternate history in literature as well as related static, motion, and virtual
arts.
Some of the speculative fiction in the Philippines are:
 Smaller and Smaller Circles by FH Batacan
 Sink by Isabel Yap
 The Secret Origin of Spin-Man by Andrew Drilon
Science Fiction – It is a story based on impact of potential science, either actual
or imagined and is set in the future or on other planets.
ii. Fantasy – It is the forming of mental images with strange or other worldly settings
or characters and invites suspension of reality.
iii. Humor – It is the faculty of perceiving what is amusing or comical. It is fiction
full of fun, fancy, and excitement which meant to entertain. This genre of literature
can actually be seen and contained within all genres.
13. Manga - It is used in the English-speaking world as a generic term for all comic books
and graphics novels originally published in Japan. • Considered as an artistic and
storytelling style. • Ameri-manga – sometimes used to refer to comics created by
American artists in manga style.
Source:https://21stcenturylitph.wordpress.com/introduction-to-philippine-literature/
i.
Activity 2: Mr. Venn
Direction: Using a Venn diagram, compare and contrast the various literary genres of the earlier
periods and the 21st century Philippine literature. Focus on their themes, elements
and styles. Write your answer on your activity notebook.
Activity 3 : CROSSWORD PUZZLE
Direction: Complete the crossword puzzle below. Write your answer on your activity notebook.
Across
4. It is a poem of light theme, typically a lament for the dead.
6. It is a form of poetry that tells a story and often makes use of the voices of a narrator and
characters as well.
9. It is a fourteen-line poem written in iambic pentameter.
10. It is a literary composition that presents the author’s point of view about a particular topic
in a detailed way.
Down
1.It is a genre consisting of stories that could have actually occurred to people or animals in a
believable setting.
2. It is a nonsensical genre of drama which often overreacts or engages in slapstick humor.
4. It is a complete fictional work where characters virtually display supernatural skills.
5. It creates a direct, meaningful equation between a specific object, scene, character, or
action and ideas, values or person.
7. It is the method by which writers and speakers reveal attitudes or feelings.
8. It is a form of literature that uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language.
Activity 4: MATCHY! MATCHY!
Directions: Match the description in Column A to the 21st Century Literature genre it describes
in Column B. Write the letter of your answer on your activity notebook.
COLUMN A
____1. It is also called as “triple media literature” wherein it
combines three media such as book, movie/video, and
internet website.
COLUMN B
A. Illustrated novels
B. Manga
____2. It is a genre of speculative fiction dealing with
imaginative concepts such as futuristic science and
technology, space travel, time travel, faster than light
travel, parallel universe and extra-terrestrial life.
C. Doodle fiction
____3. It is a story through text and illustrated images.
D. Digi-fiction
____4. It is used in the English-speaking world as a generic
term for all comic books and graphics novels originally
published in Japan.
____5. It is a literary presentation where the author incorporates
doodle writing and drawings, and handwritten graphics
in place of traditional font.
____6. It is a style of fictional literature of extreme brevity
which could range from word to a thousand.
E. Blog
F. Text-talk novels
G. Science fiction
____7. It is genre fiction which addresses issues of modern
womanhood and is often humorous and light-hearted.
H. Chick literature
____8. It refers to works of verse with links to sub-poems or
footnotes, poetry “generators,” poetry with movement
or images which is usually found online, through CDROM and diskette.
I. Flash fiction
____9. It is also known as literary non-fiction or narrative nonfiction that uses literary styles and techniques to create
factually accurate narratives.
J. Creative non-fiction
____10. It is a website containing short articles called posts that
are written by one person containing their own
opinions, interests and experiences.
K. Hyper poetry
L. Hypermedia
REFERENCES:
Internet Sources
https://21stcenturylitph.wordpress.com/introduction-to-philippineliterature/https://www.joserizal.com/goodbye-to-leonor/
http://worksofrebeccaanonuevo.blogspot.com/2013/03/bago-ang-babae-poem-analysis-bynicolla.html
https://www2.hawaii.edu/~mabanglo/tagBalada.htm
https://www.slideshare.net/lhengacusan/21st-century-literary-genre?from_action=save
https://www.slideshare.net/eblast2735/genres-of-literature-63130458?qid=e07e5b1e-cda9-46f998b8-d6c22fee74c8&v=&b=&from_search=1
https://www.facebook.com/1245042978872566/posts/elements-of-a-literature-fiction1characterantagonist-and-protagonistcharacters-/1252922391417958/
https://www.facebook.com/1245042978872566/posts/elements-of-a-literature-fiction1characterantagonist-and-protagonistcharacters-/1252922391417958/
https://www.slideshare.net/michelleoximer1/philippine-literature-from-2000-topresent?qid=d2310fbd-4c20-4f39-a2d6-125d589e695f&v=&b=&from_search=1
Module
21st Century Literatures from the Philippines and the World Alternative Delivery Mode ,
Quarter1 – Module 2: Understanding the Literary History and Appreciating the 21st Century
Literatures of the Philippines. 2020 . Department of Education - Alternative Delivery Mode
(DepEd-ADM). DepEdCentralOfficeRXNorthernMindanao .First Edition.