ELECTRIC BICYCLE
A Project Report Submitted
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Award of the Degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
By
SONU SOURAV
1801109326
SOUMYA RANJAN PANIGRAHI
1801109327
LAXMIJYOTI PANDA
1921109125
BIGHNARAJ MALLA
1921109114
DEBASISH PANI
1921109120
Under the Guidance of
Dr. Tapas Kumar Panigrahi
(Head of the Dept. Electrical Engineering)
PARALA MAHARAJA ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(A Constituent College of Biju Patnaik University of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha)
[2018-2022]
i
DECLARATION
We hereby declare that the thesis entitled “ELECTRIC BICYCLE” submitted by us, for the
award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical
Engineering
to
Parala
Maharaja Engineering College is a record of bonafide work carried out by us under the supervision
of Dr. Tapas Kumar Panigrahi (Head of the Department Electrical Engineering). We further declare
that the work reported in this thesis has not been submitted and will not be submitted, either in part
or in full, for the award of any other degree or diploma in this institute or any other institute or
university.
Signature of the candidates
SONU SOURAV (1801109326)
SOUMYA RANJAN PANIGRAHI (1801109327)
LAXMIJYOTI PANDA (1921109125)
BIGHNARAJ MALLA (1921109114)
DEBASISH PANI (1921109120)
Place : PMEC- BERHAMPUR, ODISHA
Date
: 08/07/2022
ii
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project work titled “ELECTRIC BICYCLE” Submitted by “SONU
SOURAV, SOUMYA RANJAN PANIGRAHI, LAXMIJYOTI PANDA, BIGHNARAJ MALLA,
DEBASISH PANI” is in partial award of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY DEGREE, is a record
of bonafide word done under my guidance. The contents of this project work, in full or in parts,
have neither been taken from any other source nor have been submitted to any other institute or
University for award of any degree or diploma and the same is certified.
Place: PMEC-BERHAMPUR
Dr. Tapas Kumar Panigrahi
Date: 08/07/2022
Signature of the Guide
The thesis is satisfactory
Internal Examiner
External Examiner
Approved by
Dr. Tapas Kumar Panigrahi
Head of the Department
iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We express our genuine indebtedness to our project guide, Dr. Tapas Kumar Panigrahi
(Head of The Department Electrical Engineering) who has been a constant source of inspiration to
us throughout the period of this project. It was her competent guidance, constant encouragement
and critical evaluation that helped us to develop a new insight into our project. Her calm, collected
and professionally impeccable style of handling to her for trusting situations helped us in achieving
our goals. We are also thankful to her for trusting our capabilities to develop this project under her
guidance. Last but not the least, we would like to thank all of those who directly and indirectly
helped us in completion of this project.
SONU SOURAV
1801109326
SOUMYA RANJAN PANIGRAHI
1801109327
LAXMIJYOTI PANDA
1921109125
BIGHNARAJ MALLA
1921109114
DEBASISH PANI
1921109120
iv
MOTIVATION
When you are dealing with a physical ailment, such as bad knees or arthritis, it can
be difficult to navigate how to best incorporate exercise into your routine. This is
because dealing with bad knees, whether it is due to age or otherwise, requires you to
be extra mindful of how hard you are pushing yourself. Putting too much strain on
your knees can be detrimental, and can lead to potentially worsening your condition.
For those who are either avid e-bike riders or those looking to find a reliable form of
exercise with some help electric bicycle could be a option for them.
Further getting into the best shape of your life has never been so fun or easy. From
long rides on flat ground to runs up and down gently rolling hills, these bikes will
redefine your workout. If you want to shed extra pounds, an E-Bicycle will help you
lose weight safely and without the stressful impact of other activities like jogging.
v
ABSTRACT
This project deals with design and fabrication of a low-cost portable electric bicycle kit, which
can be mounted on existing bicycle. It has two modes of drive; one is by pedaling and other
one is by using electric motor. The electric bicycle kit consists of 250W Brushless type DC
motor which is powered by 24V lead acid battery. E-bikes use rechargeable batteries andlead
acid ones can travel up to 20 km/hr.. Major draw back of traditional bicycle is it increases rider
fatigue on long distance travel. There by implementing an external drive (electric motor),
which can be switched between pedaling and electric drive and this will help to increase the
range of travel, better riding experience and reduces rider fatigue. Expected range of E-Bike is
around 15-20km on a single charge. E-bike can travel at a speed of 20 km/hr.
vi
CONTENT
SERIAL
DESCRIPTION
PAGE
NUMBER
NUMBER
Introduction
1-4
1.1 Current Scenario
1
1.2 Differences Between Conventional and Electric Bicycle
2
1.3 Advantages of E-bike
2
1.4 Disadvantages of E-bike
3
2
Literature Survey
4-5
3
OBJECTIVE
6
4
Methodology
7
WORK DONE
8
5.1 Proteus (circuit , simulation ) and calculation
8-10
5.1.1 Calculations
10-12
5.2 Selection of Components
13
5.2.1 Motor
13
5.2.2 Battery
15-19
5.2.3 Motor Controller
19
5.2.4 E-Throttle
23
5.2.5 Brakes
25
5.3 Assembly and Fabrication
27
5.3.1 Assembly
27
5.3.2 Fabrication
28
5.4 Testing
29
Result And Discussions
30
1
5
6
vii
7
Cost estimation
31
8
Conclusion
32
9
Future scope
33
REFERENCES
34
Annexure
35-40
viii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURENUMBER
TITLE
PAGE NUMBER
1.1
Proposed Model
1
5.1
Circuit Diagram
8
5.2
Potentiometer at 0%
9
5.3
Potentiometer at 50%
9
5.4
Potentiometer at 100%
10
5.5
Fully discharged Plate
16
5.6
Fully recharged Plate
17
5.7
Lithium Ion Battery
18
5.8
Motor controller
19
5.9
555 Timer Circuit Diagram
20
5.10
Thumb grip throttle
23
5.11
Half twist throttles
24
5.12
Full twist throttles
24
5.13
Caliper brake
25
5.14
E-brake
26
5.15
Asembled Model
27
5.16
Box Kit
28
5.17
Pedal and Motor coupled together
29
ix
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE
TITLE
PAGE NUMBER
1.1
Conventional and Electric Bicycle
2
5.1
Brushed vs Brushless DC motor
15
5.2
Lead acid vs Lithium battery
18-19
5.3
Body-Specification
22-23
5.4
E-bike specifications
30
7.1
Cost Estimation
31
NUMBER
x
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Ogden Bolton Jr in 1890 was granted with a U.S patent for a battery powered bicycle with “6- pole
brush and commutator direct current which was a hub motor mounted on rear axle of bicycle”. It had no gears
and the motor could draw up to 100 amperes from a 10- volt battery. Later in 1897, Hosea W. Libbey of
Boston invented an electric bicycle which was propelled by a “double electric motor”. Production of the Ebike grew from 1993 to 2004 by 30-35%.
Less expensive E-bikes used bulky lead acid batteries because of the huge growth they started using
NiMH, NiCad and Li-ion batteries which was lighter and denser capacity batteries. These were used mainly
because of the performance; however, there is an increase in range and speed with the new developments
towards the E-bike. In 2007 E-bikes were increased by 10 to 30 percent of all two wheeled vehicles in major
cities.
1.1 Current Scenario
Today, millions of people depend on automobiles as their main source of transportation. Automobiles
are the most efficient and convenient way to travel when compared to other modes of transportation.
Unfortunately, most of the automobiles use fossil fuel and it is very expensive to maintain in the present
situation. So, an E-bike which is very similar to a normal bike with an externally fitted electric motor which
is substitute for your pedalling efforts. In some cases, the motor will be activated by activating accelerator. It
gives a smoother drive by eliminating many of the obstacles like steep hills and it makes rider less tired. Ebikes are mostly the alternative for both conventional bicycles and automobiles.
E-bikes have risen in popularly due to restriction of gasoline motorcycles, extensive bicycle
infrastructure, and increased car and public transit congestion. However, the rise in e- bikes has not spread to
the rest of Asia. In fact, few cities in other Asian countries have any presence of e-bikes.
Fig 1.1 Proposed Model
1
1.2 Difference between conventional and electric bicycle
Convention bicycle

Electric bicycle
It uses only mechanical energy

It uses both mechanical energy
and electrical energy.

It takes more effort

It reduces rider's fatigue

No charging is required

Recharging the battery is required

Lighter in weight

Comparatively heavier than
conventional bicycle

It is not ideal for all age group

It can be used by any age group

It consumes more time to travel

It reduces the travel time

It has no electrical components

It has electrical components

Range not defined

Short range compared to
conventional bike
Table 1.1
1.3 Advantages of E-bike
•
Its less hard on knees and joints than riding a traditional bicycle.
•
It won’t get hot riding up hills, won’t struggle riding in the wind.
•
We can ride on sidewalks, through parks and in bike lanes.
•
It doesn’t require a driver’s license to ride in most cases.
•
Its more upright seating position than traditional bikes can reduce back and neck pain and also gives
the rider a better perspective to watch for obstacles and cars.
•
It’s cheaper and more environmentally friendly than driving a car and it doesn’t
require insurance and gas.
•
It helps you avoid peak hours of traffic.
•
We can walk the bike if we’re in a state where driving would be irresponsible or
dangerous.
2
•
We can get fresh air and a friendlier vibe from pedestrians and other bikers, more social than driving.
•
E-bikes are harder to steal than traditional bikes because many require a key to operate and they are
heavier to move.
1.4 Disadvantages of E-bike
•
It is heavier than the traditional bicycles.
•
It is more expensive than most mid-grade traditional bicycles.
•
It is bulkier when compared to traditional bicycles.
•
Expensive battery replacement (lead acid lasts a couple years 500 cycles, lithium ion lasts three to
five 1,500 cycles).
•
Tires get flats easier because the bikes are heavy (20-25Kg).
•
Tires are harder to change; motors and controllers can cost more to fix than traditional bike repairs.
3
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
1. C.Abagnale, M.Cardone, and P.Lodice “Design and Development of an Innovative E-Bike” they
have designed power- assisted bicycle by using the new mechanical transmission as installing the
motor as the pedal axle. This present paper describes about the pedelec prototype which as a motor
at the pedal axle as to increase the cost and to make the mechanism compact. This innovative solution
is represented by the motion transmission from the motor to the pedal shaft which is achieved by
using two different gear boxes, the first type is by using the planetary gear box and the second type
is using simple bevel gear. This pedelec as a new low-cost measurement system by using the driving
torque based on a strain gauge load cell located on one side of the rear wheel which is between hub
and the frame. This test rig is able to reproduce aforethought parts acquired during the road tests, to
measure the e-bike performance in terms of instantaneous power and speed this test rig also can
simulate the resistant torque of a predetermined track and it also aims to test and to optimize the
control strategy available on the electronic control unit. They have also conducted an environmental
analysis of the developed pedelec prototype which is particularly compared with the e-bike with a
thermal moped, in terms of environmental impact. The authors have tried to achieve a different form
than the common approach by using electric motor which is located on one of the three hubs of the
bicycle, they came up with the idea of pedelec prototype. This paper deals with the activity carried
out on the pedelec prototype which is an innovative power- assisted bicycle which is designed at
Department of Industrial Engineering of the University of Napeles Federico II: a pedelec
characterized by a new low cost measurement system of the total driving torque of the e-bike (Rider
torque + Electrical motor torque) and also by an innovative layout of electrical assistance. The
pedelec motor system is characterized by a driving torque due to both rider torque and an electric
motor one. As the large use of traveling vehicles as increased problems which are connected to the
air quality and the petroleum usage, this human-electric bicycle that supports the rider with electric
power only when the rider is pedalling which can be the future of substantial modifications in the
mobility of the e-bike, particularly in urban areas which is also the alternative solutions for multiplefuelling, hybridization and electrification.
2. Deep R Prajapti, Kunjan Shinde, Abhishek Mhakshe, and Aniket Prabhu “Design and Fabrication of Electric
Bike” is the authors of this paper gives the exact view by bridling the various sources of energy available to
mankind. They have also mentioned about the electric bike which runs on the battery by providing voltage
to the motor. This paper also compromises with fabrication and design of e-bike which makes use of electric
energy as the primary source and also solar energy by attaching solar panels, and it also a provision for
charging the battery by removing battery from the main system. The electrical power generated by the ebike is used to run the bike and also for better performance compared to conventional vehicles which also
causes less pollution. The system which they have innovated as various benefits both to the members of the
team and also external benefits by making awareness of using alternative modes of transport, the e-bike
which works on the battery powered motor is a general mode of transport for local trips. The solar panels
can also use to be an alternative source for charging the battery when stationary they are using an AC motor
which is powered by using DC battery and switching that electrical energy in the form of electric current to
the AC converter circuit which is used to convert AC to DC but the obtained AC current is amplified again and
fed to the stator winding of the AC motor. they have tried to make the bike more efficient and cheaper and
also to aid shorter distances by people of any age the solar panels are used to increase the energy production
when not in use the main motive of this project is to not to use any kind of fossil fuels and also to decrease
the noise pollution since this e-bike as fewer components it can be easily dismantled to small components
which perfectively leads to lesser maintenance.
4
3. Boopathi S, Saranya A, Raghuraman S and Revanth R “Design and Fabrication of Low-Cost
Electric Bicycle” this project is based on charging arrangement of electric bike they have used a
motor which is powered by a battery which can receive electric energy from the hub dynamo, this
energy is used to recharge the battery as the recent years are more interested in electric bikes and less
maintenance cost this project has been initiated. As market available batteries are designed to spend
6 to 8 hours per charge by using EB supply. And e-bikes running cost is very low when compared to
conventional vehicles. But they use 3 to 4 battery packs of 12V batteries. This bike uses only one
24V battery by which the cost has been reduced. This battery is charged by the hub dynamo which
also reduces the electric supply cost. The authors have initiated this project to reduce the energy
consumption used by the e-bike which can be helpful in villages and urban areas as in rural areas
most of the people use bicycle as a medium of transportation which can be helpful to reduce riders’
fatigue to travel long distances easily. As dynamo or an alternator is used for harvesting the electric
power which is generated by the rider while riding can not only charge the battery and increase the
range but also helps the rider’s physical fitness. In this project lithium Ion batteries are used to reduce
the weight and to charge electronic gadgets like Mp3 players and mobiles etc. the issues associated
with the e-bike maybe addressed by the custom designed drives that are more efficient over the
ordinary operating cycle. As this can used by comparison of existing drives in a systematically,
comprehensive and technical way.
4. Mitesh M, Trivedi and Manish K “Design and Development of E-Bike” in this project author’s main reason
is to identify the need to modifying e-bike to overcome the issue of pollution because of vehicles in metro
towns and urban zones is swelling uninterruptedly considering, all the class of society it is not reasonable to
purchase scooters or motorcycles. So, by combing both issues environmental progress supporting and
economically affordable alternative would be a best solution. There are two parts of the electric bicycle as
per their working and functions: Power on Demand and Pedal Assist. The motor is activated by a throttle
with power – on – demand, customarily and bar – mounted as well as on general scooters and motorcycles.
By pedalling electric motor can be controlled with pedal assist, this pedal assist augments the effects of the
rider when pedalling the e-bikes are known as pedelec have a sensor to identify the force and speed of
pedalling. Disabling the motor is the brake sensing action, the main purpose of this project is to review the
current situation and effectiveness of electric bicycle which they have researched in order to approach the
objective to maximize the speed and efficiency and to optimize the cost. The main objective of this paper
was to explore the acceleration and speed of manually and electrically powered bicycle. The author has
considered the importance of easy vehicle mobility and compactness and they have revealed that folding is
a strategic feature of the e- bike. Which makes it mobile. The conclusion of this project is to ensure
comfortable, compact, high speed and effective e-bike can be achieved. The results from the experiment
which as obtained by different author’s advancement in current e-bike model includes pre discover results
from literatures like the selection of materials of frame tubes and aerodynamic design.
5
CHAPTER 3
OBJETIVE
The main purpose of this project is to review the current situation and effectiveness of electric bicycle
researched by various researchers. In order to approach this purpose, following objectives are specified:
i.
To maximize the speed and efficiency.
ii.
To optimize the cost.
iii.
To reduce the rider physical effort compared to traditional bicycles
iv.
It can be propelled by a combination of pedaling and a battery powered electric motor
v.
To make commute easier in gradient roads and rough terrain.
6
CHAPTER 4
METHODOLOGY
4.1 Literature Review: After researching on various journal papers we selected five papers and we went
through the papers and came up with different ideas and variation on the E- bike concept. By referring to
these journal paper we came up with an idea of E-bike kit.
4.2 Design of E-bike: Electric bicycle circuit and simulation is done with the help of proteus software
4.3 Calculations on E-bike: After research and designing we started to focus on calculations which included
torque required to pull a certain load, speed of the motor, horse power of the motor and gear reduction.
4.4 Selection of Components: Based on the results obtained by the calculations we were able to select
components for the E-bike like DC Motor, Motor controller and Battery. Based on the requirement of
capacity and range.
4.5 Fabrication: By installing the electric motor to the rear wheel we designed a mounting plate which
allowed the motor to the mounted on the rear axle. Then we designed and fabricated a battery container
with shock absorbing material to keep the battery safe from vibration.
4.6 Testing: After the completion of E-bike various tests were carried out on the E-bike like speed of e-bike in
kmph, range of e-bike (distance travelled by E-bike on full charge) and load carrying capacity.
4.7 Results: After the various test we obtained the data of each tests as followed

Speed of E-bike

Range of E-bike

Maximum torque on wheels
7
CHAPTER 5
WORK DONE
The bicycle is equipped with an electric motor which is mounted to the rear axle which drives the rear
wheel. A battery pack powers the electric motor which drives the bicycle. A control unit controls the amount
of current flow to the motor from the battery to vary the speed using a variable resistance assembly (throttle
or accelerator). Recharging circuit consists of two parts motor and a circuit board, the motor is a 24V
brushless DC motor.
5.1 Proteus (circuit , simulation ) and calculation
Model circuit diagrams :-
Fig. 5.1 Proteus Circuit Diagram
8
Fig. 5.2 Potentiometer at 0%
Fig. 5.3 Potentiometer at 50%
9
Fig. 5.4 Potentiometer at 100%
5.1.1 Calculations
1. To find the torque produced by the DC motor was calculated:
power=250w
voltage=24v
2. To find current:
power=I*V
I= (250/24)
I=10.416amps
3. To find torque
T=(p*60)/ (2*3.142*300)
T=3.182 N-m
4. To determine the output power of the battery:
10
V=24v
I=7.5Amps
P=V*I P=24*7.5 P=0.18 KW
5. To determine the required torque to move a person of weight 60Kg, following calculations are:
W=f=60kg
V=20km/hr
r=0.1m
As we know, V=r*W
W=V/r = 20*0.278/0.1
W=55.6 rad/sec
Torque, Torque=F*r
Torque=60*0.1
Torque=6 Nm

The torque provided by wheel or motor should be 6Nm and we know power is:
P= Torque *W
P=6*55.6
P=333.6W
Converting power to HP:
Power=333.6/746*1
P=0.447HP
So, approximately motor of 0.5 HP will be sufficient for the work.
6. To determine the required torque to move a person of weight 80Kg, following calculations are:
W=f=80kg
V=20km/hr
r=0.1m
As we know, V=r*W
W=V/r = 20*0.278/0.1
W=55.6 rad/sec
11
Torque, Torque= F*r
Torque =80*0.1
Torque =8 Nm

The torque provided by wheel or motor should be 8Nm and we know power is
P= Torque *W
P=8*55.6
P=444.8W
Converting power to HP
Power=444.8/746*1
P=0.596HP
So, approximately motor of 0.6 HP will be sufficient for the work.
Here we have used permanent magnet self-generating motor with 250-watt power and 300 rpm. The motor
runs on 24V and 7.5amps power source
Rear axle motor sprocket: 16 teeths
Motor sprocket: 9 teeths
P = 2*3.14*N*T/60
250 = 2*3.14*300*T/60
T = 7.961 Nm
T = 7961 N-mm
Reduction in chain drive
For motor = 16/9 = 16:9 (1.77:1)
Torque at wheel shaft= T*R chain = 7961*1.77 = 14090.97 N-mm /14.09 N-m
Speed of wheel shaft = 300/1.77 = 169.49 rpm
12
5.2 SELECTION OF MOTOR COMPONENT
5.2.1 Motor
A DC motor is an electrical machine which convert direct current electrical energy into mechanical energy.
The most common types rely on the forces produced by magnetic fields. Nearly all types of DC motors have
some internal mechanism, either electromechanical or electronic; to periodically change the direction of
current flow in part of the motor. DC motors were the first form of motor widely used, as they could be
powered from existing direct-current lighting power distribution systems. A DC motor's speed can be
controlled over a wide range, using either an adjustable supply voltage or by changing the strength of current
in its field windings. Small DC motors are used in tools, toys, and appliances. The universal motor can operate
on direct current but is a lightweight brushed motor used for portable power tools and appliances. Larger DC
motors are currently used in propulsion of electric vehicles, elevator and hoists, and in drives for steel rolling
mills. The advent of power electronics has made replacement of DC motors with AC motors possible in many
applications. A wire which is coiled and when current is passed through it an electromagnetic field adjustable.
The direction and magnitude of the magnetic field produced by the coil can be changed with the direction and
magnitude of the current flowing through it.
A simple DC motor has a stationary set of magnets in the stator and an armature with one or more windings
of insulated wire wrapped around a soft iron core that concentrates the magnetic field. The windings usually
have multiple turns around the core, and in large motors there can be several parallel current paths. The ends
of the wire winding are connected to a commentator. The commentator allows each armature coil to be
energized in turn and connects the rotating coils with the external power supply through brushes. (Brushless
DC motors have electronics that switch the DC current to each coil on and off and have no brushes.) Basically,
there are two types of motors.

Brushed DC electric motor

Brushless DC electric motor
5.2.1.1 Brushed DC electric motor
A brushed DC electric motor is an internally commutated electric designed to be run from a direct current
power source. Brushed motors were the first commercially important application of electric power to driving
mechanical energy, and DC distribution systems were used for more than 100 years to operate motors in
commercial and industrial buildings. Brushed DC motors can be varied in speed by changing the operating
voltage or the strength of the magnetic field. Depending on the connections of the field to the power supply,
the speed and torque characteristics of a brushed motor can be altered to provide steady speed or speed
inversely proportional to the mechanical load. Generally, the rotational speed of a DC motor is proportional
to the EMF in its coil (the voltage applied to it minus voltage lost on its resistance), and the torque is
proportional to the current. Speed control can be achieved by variable battery tapings, variable supply voltage,
resistors or electronic controls. A simulation example can be found here. The direction of a wound field DC
motor can be changed by reversing either the field or armature connections but not both. This is commonly
done with a special set of contactors (direction contactors). The effective voltage can be varied by inserting a
series resistor or by an electronically controlled switching device made of transistors, mercury arc rectifiers.
A permanent magnet DC motor is characterized by a linear relationship between stall torque when the torque
13
is maximum with the shaft at standstill and no-load speed with no applied shaft torque and maximum output
speed. There is a quadratic power relationship between these two speed-axis points.
5.2.1.2 Brushless DC electric motor
A brushless DC electric motor also known as EC motor, are motors powered by DC electricity via an inverter
or switching power supply which produces an AC electric current to drive each phase of the motor via a loop
controller. The controller provides pulses of current to the motor windings that control the speed and torque
of the motor. The construction of a brushless motor system is a typical permanent magnet motor, but can also
be a switched reluctance motor, the advantages of a brushless motor over brushed motor are high speed, high
power to weight ratio and electronic control. Applications of brushless motor finds it way in disk drive, DVD
players, hand held power tools, and model to automobiles. The development of brushless motor allowed the
commutator and brushes to be eliminated in DC motors. In brushless DC motors, an electronic servo system
replaces the mechanical commutator contacts. An electronic sensor detects the angle of the rotor, and controls
semiconductor switches such as transistors which control current through the windings, either reversing the
direction of the current, or in some motors turning it off, at the correct time each 180° shaft rotation so the
electromagnets create a torque in one direction. The elimination of the sliding contact allows brushless motors
to have less friction and longer life; their working life is only limited by the lifetime of their bearings.
Brushed DC motors develop a maximum torque when still, linearly decreasing as velocity increases. Some
limitations of brushed motors can be overcome by brushless motors; they include higher efficiency and a
lower susceptibility to mechanical wear. These benefits come at the cost of potentially less rugged, more
complex, and more expensive control electronics. A usual brushless motor has permanent magnets which
rotate around a fixed armature, eliminating problems related to connecting current to the moving armature.
An electronic controller replaces the brush/commutator assembly of the brushed DC motor, which continually
switches the phase to the windings to keep the motor turning.
The controller performs similar timed power distribution by using a solid-state circuit rather than the
brush/commutator system. Brushless motors offer a number of advantages over brushed DC motors, including
high torque to weight ratio, more torque per watt, increased reliability, reduced noise, longer lifetime,
elimination of ionizing sparks from the commutator, and overall reduction of electromagnetic interference
(EMI). With no windings on the rotor, they are not subjected to centrifugal forces, and because the windings
are supported by the housing, they can be cooled by conduction, requiring no airflow inside the motor for
cooling. This in turn means that the motor's internals can be entirely enclosed and protected from dirt or other
foreign matter. The maximum power that can be applied to a brushless motor is only limited to exclusively by
heat, too much of heat can weaken the magnites and will damage to the coil winding and insulation. When
converting electricity into mechanical power, brushless motors are more efficient than brushed motors. This
improvement is largely due to the frequency at which the electricity is switched determined by the position
sensor feedback. Additional gains are due to the absence of brushes, which reduces mechanical energy loss
due to friction. The enhanced efficiency is greatest in the no-load and low-load region of the motor's
performance curve. Under high mechanical loads, brushless motors and high-quality brushed motors are
comparable in efficiency. Environment and requirements in which manufacturers use brushless-type DC
motors include maintenance-free operation, high speeds, and operation where sparking is hazardous (i.e.
Explosive environments) or could affect electronically sensitive equipment.
14
5.2.1.3 Variations in construction
In the usual configuration, the permanent magnets are part of the rotor. Three stator windings surround the
rotor. In the out surface or external-rotor configuration, the radial- relationship between the coils and magnets
is reversed; the stator coils form the centre (core) of the motor, while the permanent magnets spin within an
overhanging rotor which surrounds the core. The flat or axial flux type, used where there are space or shape
limitations, uses stator and rotor plates, mounted face to face. Out runners usually have more poles, set up in
triplets to maintain the three groups of windings, and have a higher torque at low rpms. In all brushless motors,
the coils are stationary.
Table 5.1
5.4.1 SL.
Brushed dc motor
Brushless dc motor
1
Simplified wiring
Complex wiring
2
Has a higher full load torque
Has a higher no load or low-load torque
3
High cost
Low cost
4
Long lifespan: No brushes to wear out
Long lifespan: No brushes to wear out
5
Low maintenance: No brushes to replace
Low
6
75-80% efficient
85-90% efficient
7
Electrically noisy is more
Electrically noisy is less due to less
No
maintenance:No brushes
moving parts
Selection of motor
The reason brushless dc motor was chosen because the cost was the one of the main reasons as the project
focused on an economical and user friendly so the motor had to be low cost and easy to work with minimum
circuitry design to achieve the required results in this case rotation of the motor with variable speed. And the
brushless dc motor has a higher torque at high load conduction so we decided to go with a brushless dc motor.
Next, we had to select the voltage of the motor.
5.4.2 Battery
A battery is a device that stores electricity and discharges when required to power up another device such as,
flashlights, smart phones, and electric vehicles. Primary batteries are used once and discarded; the electrode
materials are irreversibly changed during discharge, common examples are the alkaline battery used for
flashlights and a multitude of portable electronic devices. The secondary (rechargeable) batteries can be
discharged and recharged multiple times using an applied electric current; the original composition of the
electrodes can be restored by reverse current. Examples include the lead-acid batteries used in vehicles and
lithium-ion batteries used for portable electronics such as laptops and Smartphone’s. Battery powered vehicles
are starting to play a major role in today’s world. There are many types of battery found in today’s world,
which is difficult to decide which one is best suited for the need from different viewpoint, such as cost price,
15
energy storage, construction and safety. We selected three batteries to go with: Lead acid, Lithium Ion and
Nickel cadmium battery.
5.4.3 Lead–acid battery
The lead–acid battery is the earliest type of rechargeable battery, yet still most widely used, despite having a
very low energy-to-weight ratio and a low energy-to-volume ratio, its ability to supply high surge currents
means that the cells have a relatively large power-to-weight ratio. These features, along with their low cost,
make them attractive for use in motor vehicles to provide the high current required by automobile starter
motors. As they are inexpensive compared to newer technologies, lead–acid batteries are widely used even
when surge current is not important and other designs could provide higher energy densities.
5.4.4 Lifetime
For rechargeable, it can mean either the length of time a device can run on a fully charged battery or the
number of charge/discharge cycles possible before the cells fail to operate satisfactorily. For a nonrechargeable these two lives are equal since the cells last for only one cycle by definition.
5.4.5 Discharge
In the discharged state both the positive and negative plates become lead(II) sulphate (pbso4), and the
electrolyte loses much of its dissolved sulfuric acid and becomes primarily water. The discharge process is
driven by a noticeable reduction in energy when 2 H+(aq) (hydrated protons) of the acid react with O2− ions
of pbo2 to form the strong O- H bonds in H2O.
5.5 Fully discharged plate
5.4.6 Charging
In the fully charged state, the negative plate consists of lead, and the positive plate lead dioxide with the
electrolyte of concentrated sulfuric acid, which stores most of the chemical energy. Overcharging with high
charging voltages generates oxygen and hydrogen gas by electrolysis of water, which is lost to the cell. The
design of some types,of lead-acid battery allows the electrolyte level to be inspected and topped up with any
water that has been lost.
16
Fig 5.6 Fully recharged Plate
5.4.7 Measuring the charge level
A hydrometer can be used to test the specific gravity of each cell as to check the state of charge. Because the
electrolyte takes part in the charge-discharge reaction, this battery has one major advantage over other
chemistries. It is relatively simple to determine the state of charge by simply measuring the specific gravity
of the electrolyte; the specific gravity falls as the battery discharges.
5.4.8 Lithium-ion battery
Lithium-ion battery or Li-ion battery is a type of rechargeable battery. Today lithium-ion batteries are
commonly used for portable electronics and electric vehicles and are growing in popularity for military and
aerospace applications. In the batteries lithium ions move from the negative electrode to the positive electrode
during discharge and back when charging. The three primary functional components of a lithium-ion battery
are the positive and negative electrodes and electrolyte. Generally, the negative electrode of a conventional
lithium-ion cell is made from carbon. The positive electrode is a metal oxide, and the electrolyte is a lithium
salt in an organic solvent. The electrochemical roles of the electrodes reverse between anode and cathode,
depending on the direction of current flow through the cell. Pure lithium is highly reactive. It reacts vigorously
with water to form lithium hydroxide (Lion) and hydrogen gas. Thus, a non-aqueous electrolyte is typically
used, and a sealed container rigidly enclosed to prevent moisture from the battery pack. Lithium-ion batteries
are more expensive than nicd and Lead acid batteries but operate over a wider temperature range with higher
energy densities. They require a protective circuit to limit peak voltage.
17
5.7 lithium-ion battery
5.5 Difference Between Lead Acid And Lithium Ion Battery
Lead acid
Lithium battery
It is bulky and robust
It is fragile and inflammable
It can with-stand vibration compared to
It cannot with-stand vibration
lithium battery
Cost is less
Cost is high
Damages through excessive discharge and
Less vulnerable to high discharge and
extreme temperature
climate changes
Life cycle is 1750 at 10% discharge, 250
Life cycle is 4000 at 10% discharge, 500
cycles at 10% discharge
cycles at 90% discharge
Efficiency is low, loss of 15-amp hours
Efficiency is high, no loss of amp hours
Replacement cycle is 2-3 years
Replacement cycle is 7-8 years
Maintenance is required
Maintenance is not required
Emission, gassing and water loss occur
Emission free, zero gassing
when charging
18
Charging efficiency is up to 70%
Charging efficiency is up to 95%
Low energy density
High energy density
No integrated circuit board is used to Integrated circuit which maintains discharge
maintain the discharging of the battery
and over charging in extreme
temperature
Battery can be charged in various amps
Specific charging voltage is required to
rating output to charge battery
charge or it could damage the battery
Table 5.2
5.6 Motor Controller
5.6.1 How Does an Electric Bicycle Speed Controller Work?
The instrument of an electric speed controller shifts relying upon whether you claim a versatile or reason
construct electric bicycle. A versatile bicycle incorporates an electric drive framework introduced on a
common bike. A reason fabricated bicycle, more costly than a versatile bicycle, gives simpler speeding up and
manages more highlights.
5.6.2 Speed control basic
The speed controller of an electric bicycle is an electronic circuit that not just controls the speed of an
electric motor yet additionally fills in as a dynamic brake. This controller unit utilizes control from the
battery pack and drives it to the motor. Various sorts of controllers are utilized for brushed and brushless
motors. For versatile e-bicycles, a change unit is utilized and the electronic controller is the principle
segment of that pack.
5.8 Motor controller
19
Fig 5.9
5.7 PULSE WIDTH MODULATION OF DC MOTORHeart of the system is a 555 timer. Which consists of an integrated circuit components inside ,it combined
together to form a unit. The motor is given a supply of 24V and it is observed that at no load is around 2.4A,
which is more than the limit of 555 timer. To better avoid this situation a power switching device such as a
mosfet (IRFZ2HN) is used as it can handle voltage and current and it also has low drain source on resistance.
Mosfet drain pin is connected to the motor and the source pin to ground. It generally blocks the flow of current
resisting the motor to rotate. However after applying a certain voltage to gate pin mosfet allows some current
to flow,higher the voltage applied more the current flows through motor making it faster. The 555 timer
provides the modulated pulses of voltage to mosfet gate pin through pin 3. The variations made to this pulses
help to vary the voltage and control the speed of motor, while each pulse lasts for a period of time. During the
period certain segments are observed where the signal is ON indicating voltage is applied and a segment where
signal is OFF indicating voltage is removed.This makes the mosfet to experience the average voltage for the
time period. The wider the ON segment will be, higher the average voltage will be experienced by the motor.
This is pulse width modulation.
The current through the gate pin is low but as a precarious measure a 1k ohm resistor is connected between
mosfet gate pin and pin 3. This will protect the component by limiting the current. If the mosfet ever
malfunctions allowing current to flow out of the gate, this will lead to a charge of electron to build up at mosfet
gate pin . To avoid such situation it can be discharged to turn it off. Pin 8 of 555 timer is connected to the
positive terminal and pin 1 to ground. Pin 8 is the power supply unit of 555 timer. Inside the 555 timer it has
three 5k ohm resistor connected in series between pin 1 and pin 8.The resistors helps to reduce the voltage
around 1/3 after each resistor. This reduction in voltages across each resistor is used as a reference for the two
20
comparators connected to the resistors. The comparators have positive and negative terminal with a single
output.
The first comparator is connected to the resistor through negative terminal and positive terminal to pin 6(
threshold pin) ,while the other comparators is connected to resistor through positive terminal and negative
terminal to pin 2 (trigger pin). As the comparators are connected between 2 different reference voltage , it
can now compare if the positive input is higher than the negative input and give the reasultant output as high
signal. If the negative input is higher or equal to the positive input then gives the output as low signal. Further
pin 2 and pin 6 are connected together to obtain same voltage at both the terminals. The output of comparators
is connected to another internal component called flip flop. Output of first comparator is connected to input
reset and second comparator is connected to the input set. The flip flop outputs as not Q.
Flip flop gives output according to the inputs obtained by the comparators such as if it receives high signal
from the comparator one is output a high signal and if it receives high signal from the second comparator
output is obtained as low signal, however if both comparators give input as low signal then output remains
unchanged and flip flop continues. After obtaining the output from the flipflop the output is passed through
another component called the inverter.which inverts the obtained signal from output of flip flop. Then passes
the signal to pin 3.Pin 2 and pin 6 are connected together so, that input is controlled externally by the user.
The output of 555 timer is chaged accordingly to pin 2 and pin 6 input. When the capacitor is connected to the
power supply directly it charges instantly and reaches battery voltage but if a resistor is added and the capacitor
charges via the resistor it slows down the charging time. Larger the resistor longer the capacitor takes to charge
the voltage up So, to charge the capacitor a fixed 1k ohm resistor and 100k ohm potentiometer.
Capacitor charging time is varied by adjusting the variable resistor in form of potentiometer. To reset the timer
discharging of capacitor is necessary. Separate charging and discharging path is created with the help of 2
diodes and current flowing through this path is very low as resistance is in kilo ohm. The capacitor is 10 nF
ceramic capacitor. Inside the 555 timer the output of the flip flop connects to the gate pin of an integral
transistor .which controls the flow of current from the capacitor to ground.
When the flip flop outputs low then the transistor remains off and the capacitor being to charge which
increases the voltage. After the voltage increasing enough flipflop then outputs high and the transistor is
turned on which discharges the capacitor and voltage reduces.As the voltage is applied to the comparator , it
controls the signal of flip flop which further allows to control the charging and discharging of capacitor.Pin 5
of the timer known as control voltage as it can be used to override comparator 1(not required in this circuit).
So, it is connected to the ground through 0.1mF ceramic capacitor. Grounding this pin prevents accidental
override and the capacitor filters out any noise or frequencySo, when the charging current flows through the
resistor , the diode, the left side of potentiometer to the capacitor , the flipflop output is low then while
discharging the transistor is off and pin 3 outputs a high signal.
21
Once the voltage reach its peak value the flipflop outputs high signal .which leads the transistor to turn on
and capacitor discharges through the right side of the potentiometer and diode and pin 3 outputs low signal.
The transistor remains open till the capacitor discharges until pin 2 and reaches equal voltage level . Then the
flipflop reverses again turning the transistor off , starting the timing again. The cycle repeats continuously and
the capacitor charges ans discharges creating a saw-tooth wave which is the pulse width modulation.
Calculating performanceCharging time(Ton)=0.693*(R1+R2)*C
Charging time (Potentiometer at 50%)=0.693*(1000+50000)*0.00000001
=0.36 milli second
Discharges (Toff)=0.693*R3*C
=0.693*50000*0.00000001
=0.34 milli second
cycle is combined(T)=Ton+Toff
=0.69 milli second
Frequency=1/T= 1428 Hz
So , the output is on for 50% of time and the capacitor used is 10 nF capacitor because it gives high frequency
and dc motor works best at high frequency.
Body Material
Specification
Cable Length
10 CM
Compatible for Motor
250W
Current Limit
33A
Rated Voltage(V)
24vDC
Under-Voltage Protection(V)
20V
Weight (gm)
122
Dimensions in mm(LxWxH)
83 x70 x38
22
Rated Power(W)
250W
Weight
0.3kg
Dimensions
15 10 x5cm
Table 5.3
5.7.1 Benefits
Once you understand the basics of your electric bicycle speed controller, you can easily switch between the
two methods of activity - manual pedalling and electric driven. This enables you to get a good exercise
without excessively burdening your muscles and lungs. In case you're a beginner cyclist, for example, you
may get yourself short of breath amid tough trips. You can change to your electric speed control while
climbing slopes, bit by bit lessening your reliance on the electronic activity as your perseverance increments.
If you enjoy biking with family and friends, the ability to switch to electric speed controls can help ensure a
comfortable ride for everyone, regardless of differing abilities and strengths.
5.8 E-ThrottleThe throttle mode is similar to how a motorcycle or scooter operates. When the throttle is engaged the motor
provides power and propels you and the bike forward. A throttle allows you to pedal or just throttle it and
move forward. There are three main types of throttles: thumb throttles, half twist throttles and full twist
throttles. Of course, each type of E-bike throttle has its own advantages and disadvantages, and each have
their own effect on your riding experience.
5.8.1 Thumb throttles
The thumb throttle, no surprise here, is designed to be operated by the thumb. It consists of just a small lever
that protrudes from the handlebar towards the rider. Unlike oher throttle types that spread the load out to the
whole hand, thumb throttles focus the entire force of the return spring solely on the thumb.
Fig 5.10 Thumb grip throttle
5.8.2 Half wrist throttle
Half twist throttles are similar to full twist throttles. They operate the exact same way as a full twist throttle
except that they don’t reach all the way to the end of the handle bar. They reach about half way. The missing
23
half of the half twist throttle is replaced with a matching rubber grip that doesn’t twist; it remains firmly
attached to the handlebar.
Fig 5.11 Half twist throttles
5.8.3 Full twist throttle
Full twist throttles are sort of the antithesis of thumb throttles as they are the largest type of E-bike throttle
and require the whole hand to operate. The full twist throttle takes up the entire end of the handlebar,
completely replacing whatever grip would originally be on the end of handlebar. To operate it, the rider simply
grabs a handful of throttles and twist it back towards himself.
Fig 5.12 Full twist throttles
5.8.4 Selection Of throttle
We chose full twist throttle because it gives an immense pleasure like driving motorcycle. It operates just
like the throttle on most motorcycles. Many people prefer full twist throttles because they are operated by
the full hand – all five fingers will have a firm grip, that allows you to hold on tight, handle well and use
your wrist instead of your thumb to apply the twisting motion.
24
5.9 Brakes
5.9.1 Calliper brakes
Mostly used on motor vehicles, a calliper brake (sometimes called a side-pull) consists of a pair of curved
arms or callipers pivoting somewhere beneath the headset bearings, with ‘blocks’ of friction material at their
lower extremities. By the action of a pull rod, push bar, or more usually a flexible cable these days, the friction
blocks are moved towards each other, squeezing the two outer faces of the wheel rim in the process. The
calliper is light and cheap, because the rotating element is already in place, but being completely exposed to
the elements, it is badly affected by rain, grease, oil and grit. Different callipers and brake blocks are affected
in different ways, but the most important element is the frictional co-efficient of the wheel rim material.
Chromed steel lasts for ever, and works very well when dry, but loses most of its stopping ability in the wet.
Aluminium is less effective in the dry, but relatively good in the wet, making it a safer material overall.
Unfortunately, aluminium rims can wear away quite fast, especially on small-wheeled bikes. The quality of
the brake ‘feel’ depends largely on the friction material and the construction of the calliper. Poor callipers
bend and distort when the brake is applied, giving a rubbery feel at the lever and/or judder or squeal. Callipers
are difficult to centre correctly, which can leave one brake block rubbing against the rim, and a wobbly rim
will cause one or both blocks to rub intermittently. Generally, the rim disposes of heat quite successfully, but
heat build-up can be a problem on long descents, particularly for heavily- laden or small-wheeled bikes.
Excessive heat in the rim can cause tube failure and a catastrophic blow-out.
Fig 5.13 Calliper brake
25
5.9.2 E-brakes
E-Brakes can be described in many ways but if we named it properly it would be the “Motor Current Cut-off
Brake Lever Switch”. The E-brake levers are nothing more than regular brake levers that have an additional
part added, that being a switch to sense when the lever is at its normal resting position or is being actuated by
the rider. It is important to know how this system works.
The e-brakes are often called cut out switches and the overall effect is exactly that, the motor cuts off. The ebrake switch does not actually cut power to make this happen, what it does is it makes a connection and sends
power to the controller, just the opposite of what "cut off switch" implies.
Fig 5.14 E-brake
5.9.3 Brake circuit
The electric bicycle should be aware, when some unexpected things happened. When driver brake, the power
supply should be stopped. High-level is a brake signal in this controller. Hall sensor output low level in normal
condition, low-level will be changed to high-level when braking. The level to base of transistor is conversed
when braking, and output level will be conversed.
This conversed level is transmitted to MCU finally. MCU closes the power supplied. It works as a normal
"fail safe" design methods where if something were to damage the E- brake circuit the condition would be "no
signal being sent" and hence trigger a motor cut off. The way these are currently configured if your e-brake
wire gets cut your motor will still work. This is that do not want to run them can just leave them off and have
things still work. It can be argued that having your motor cut out unexpectedly could be dangerous as well.
This is not really a safety issue since if you were to grab your brakes and the motor kept pulling, it is hoped
you would stop peddling or let go of the throttle in self- preservation.
26
5.10
Assembly
5.10.1 Assembly
We started with a used bicycle to which we added the E-bike kit, which consist of brushless DC motor, 24volt motor controller, a pair of 12 volt 7.5 amps lead acid battery, e-throttle, e-brakes , battery indicator and
ignition key. First, we added a secondary free wheel sprocket to the rear axle to have an independent drive
between pedalling and electric drive then we mounted the motor to the rear axle of the cycle using a mounting
plate, and adjusted the length of the motor drive chain for the required length between motor and secondary
sprocket. Then we adjusted the motor gear to coincide with the rear sprocket, to be in-line between driver and
driven gear, to reduce vibration and wobbling of chain. We disassemble the front and rear brake lever assembly
from the handle bar and installed the new brake lever assembly (e-brake), then added the e-throttle to the
handle bar. Then we mounted the battery with a container on the carrier of the bicycle, the battery was
connected in series to achieve the required 24-volt output form two 12volt batteries. We installed ignition
switch which cuts the connection between the motor and battery which helps to connect and disconnect the
battery from the circuit without any power surge. Then we mounted the motor controller and connected all the
wirings terminal leading from the battery, motor, e-brake, e-throttle and ignition switch to the motor controller.
By using cable ties, we managed and bundled all the wirings and tied them to the bicycle frame to reduce
tangling of wires from other moving parts of the bicycle.
Fig 5.15
27
5.10.2 Fabrication
After mounting the motor, we found misalignment of motor with rear freewheel, then we modified the
mounting plate to align the motor with the rear freewheel to reduce the wobbling of bicycle chain. Further the
bicycle pedal system is coupled with the BLDC motor. Then the mounting plate was repainted to prevent
rusting of the newly welded metal and mounted it back to the bicycle. Later we started working on the
container to store the batteries and give some kind of shock absorbing material to protect the battery. We used
tin for the construction of the container, by measuring the dimension of the battery ,we made a 18cm square
container from cutting the tin plates to the size and using screws and clamps to hold all the sides of the tin
container, by using glue as an sealant to seal all the grooves in the container .
Fig. 5.16 Kit-box
28
Fig. 5.17 Pedal and Motor coupled together
5.10.3 Testing
After successfully fabricating our E-bike we started to test the battery performance to determine the
maximum distance which can be travelled in a single charge. Our prototype has covered 18- 20km and we
tested the maximum speed which can be achieved, we determined this by riding a motorcycle parallelly with
the E-bike by matching the speed of the motorcycle.Hence, we come to know the we can easily achieve the
top speed around 25-30kmph. Even we also tested the prototype in gradient and rough terrains considering
the riders comfort and E-bike performance.
29
CHAPTER 6
REASULT AND DISCUSSION
SL No
Vehicle characteristics
Values
1
Motor power
250 W
2
Motor rated voltage
24 V
3
Motor type
BLDC Motor
4
Motor torque
3.182 N-m
5
Geared motor torque
7.96 N-m
6
Maximum torque on wheel
14 N-m
7
Vehicle maximum speed
25 - 30 Kmph
8
Brakes
Calliper and electric brakes
9
Range
18Km
10
Battery capacity
(12 V and 7.5 amps) * 2
Table no 6.1 E-Bike specification
The motor we have used for our E-Bike has a maximum power of 250V and the motor has rated voltage of
24V. By calculating motor torque, we have determined the value as 3.18 N-m. The motor has an internal
gear reduction which increases the torque output to 7.9 N-m, the motor is rated to pull a load of 80 Kg. After
the gear reduction between motor and rear axle the torque is increased to 14 N-m. The maximum speed
reached by our E- Bike is around 25-30 Kmph. We have used 2 batteries of same rating of 12V and 7.5
amps which is connected in series to achieve the required 24V of the motor. The range achieved in a single
charge of the battery is 18Km (Only Electric Drive).
30
CHAPTER 7
COST ESTIMATION
COMPONENTS NAME
COST
250W BLDC Motor with chain & crank
Speed Controller
Lead Acid Battery Charger
Throttle & Brake
Cycle
Assembling & Maintainance
3000
1500
2800
500
4000
1000
Total
12,800
Table 7.1
31
CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION
The range of the bicycle ride was successfully increased with the help of the E-bike kit by using a brushed
DC motor to drive the bicycle when needed and powered by a lead acid battery. The whole unit was
controlled by a control unit. The estimated range of an E-bike is 18Km, with the speed of 25-30 kmph and
the torque obtained on the wheels is 14 N-m. As it is having two modes of drive electric and manual
pedaling it will significantly improve rider’s health than motorbikes and reduces rider fatigue than
traditional bicycle. E-bikes are claimed to have a significantly lower environmental impact than
conventional automobiles and generally seen as eco-friendly.
32
CHAPTER 9
FUTURE SCOPE
Our project has various improvements which can be achieved in the future as follows:

Lithium-Ion Battery

Self-Recharging

Regenerative Braking

Range Extender
In today’s market the lithium ion batteries are expensive and hazardous, in the future due to improvement in
technology the cost and safety could help in utilizing it to E-Bike.
Self -recharging is not efficient and reliable in todays technology which can be improved in the future.
Regenerative braking is still used only on high end cars and bikes in the near future this technology can be
used on all forms of automobiles and E-Bikes.
Range extender by utilizing self-recharging and regenerative braking which could help to increase the range
of hybrid and electric vehicles.
33
REFERENCE
1. Vivek V Kumar, Karthik A, “Design and Implementation of Electric Assisted Bicycle with Self Recharging
Mechanism” International Conference on Innovations & Advances in Science, Engineering and
Technology[IC - IASET 2014]
2. Pucher, J.; Peng, Z.R.; Mittal, N.; Zhu, Y.; Korattyswaroopam, N. Urban transport trends and policies in
China and India: Impacts of rapid economic growth. Transp. Rev. 2007, 27, 379–410.
3. Cherry, C.; Cervero, R. Use characteristics and mode choice behavior of electric bike users in China. Transp.
Policy 2007, 14, 247–257.
4. Fishman, E.; Cherry, C. E-bikes in the Mainstream: Reviewing a decade of research. Transp. Rev. 2016,
36, 72–91.
5. Weinert, J.; Ma, C.; Yang, X.; Cherry, C. Electric two-wheelers in China: Effect on travel behavior, mode
shift, and user safety perceptions in a medium-sized city. Transp. Res. Rec. J. Transp. Res. Board 2007, 62–
68.
6. Hatwar, N.; Bisen, A.; Dodke, H.; Junghare, A.; Khanapurkar, M. Design approach for electric bikes using
battery and super capacitor for performance improvement. In Proceedings of the 16th International IEEE
Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems-(ITSC), The Hague, The Netherlands, 6–9 October 2013;
pp. 1959–1964.
7. Thomas, D.; Klonari, V.; Vallée, F.; Ioakimidis, C.S. Implementation of an e-bike sharing system: The
effect on low voltage network using PV and smart charging stations. In Proceedings of the International
Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Applications (ICRERA), Palermo, Italy, 22–25 November
2015; pp. 572–577.
8. Joumard, R.; Jost, P.; Hickman, J.; Hassel, D. Hot passenger car emissions modelling as a function of
instantaneous speed and acceleration. Sci. Total Environ. 1995, 169, 167–174.2008
34
APPENDIX-A
GRANTT CHART
MONTH
WEE
K-1
WEEK
TASK
Literature Survey
on the Project
Finding suitable
design
Designed on
Proteus
Buying suitable
components
Testing of
Components
Assembling
Testing of Model
Zeroth Review
Prepared for Final
Review
APRIL
WEE WEE
K-2
K-3
WEE
K-4
DURA
TION
1
week
1
week
2
week
1
week
1
week
1
week
2
week
2
week
1
week
35
WEE
K-1
MAY
WEE WEE
K-2
K-3
WEE
K-4
WEE
K-1
JUNE
WEE WEE
K-2
K-3
WEE
K-4
APPENDIX – B
BIO-DATA
Name
:
Sonu Sourav
Father’s name
:
Suresh Kumar Behera
Date of Birth
:
09/05/2001
Nationality
:
Indian
Sex
:
Male
Company placed
:
Nil
Permanent Address
:
Tikhiri, Kendrapara, 754141
Phone Number
:
7008574275
Email Id
:
supersonusourav@gmail.com
CGPA
:
8.25
Examinations taken
:
CAT- No
GATE- Yes
Placement Details
:
Strategic Research Insights LLP
36
APPENDIX – B
BIO-DATA
Name
:
Soumya Ranjan Panigrahi
Father’s name
:
Alok kumar Panigrahi
Date of Birth
:
01/04/2000
Nationality
:
Indian
Sex
:
Male
Company placed
:
Nil
Permanent Address
:
Plot no-1/115, Bharatpur, Bhubaneswar,751029
Phone Number
:
6370001566
Email Id
:
soumyaranjanpanigrahi5557@gmail.com
CGPA
:
9.14
Examinations taken
:
CAT- No
GATE- Yes
Placement Details
:
Nil
37
APPENDIX – B
BIO-DATA
Name
:
Pyaremohan Panigrahi
Father’s name
:
Niranjan Panigrahi
Date of Birth
:
25/08/2000
Nationality
:
Indian
Sex
:
Male
Company placed
:
Nil
Permanent Address
:
L. C - 140/23, Sailashree Vihar, Phase - 2, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar,
751021
Phone Number
:
9668251932
Email Id
:
laxmijyoti.p@gmail.com
CGPA
:
9.32
Examinations taken
:
CAT- No
GATE- Yes
Placement Details
:
Nil
38
APPENDIX – B
BIO-DATA
Name
:
Bighnaraj Malla
Father’s name
:
Satyanand Malla
Date of Birth
:
05/03/1999
Nationality
:
Indian
Sex
:
Male
Company placed
:
Nil
Permanent Address
:
Rajgangpur, Sundargarh, 770017
Phone Number
:
6372661168
Email Id
:
1921109114_ee@pmec.ac.in
CGPA
:
8.74
Examinations taken
:
CAT- No
GATE- No
Placement Details
:
TATA Power
39
APPENDIX – B
BIO-DATA
Name
:
Debasish Pani
Father’s name
:
Uma Kanta Pani
Date of Birth
:
03/12/1997
Nationality
:
Indian
Sex
:
Male
Company placed
:
Nil
Permanent Address
:
Aska, Sai Shanti Nagar, Ganjam, 761110
Phone Number
:
7677244551
Email Id
:
1921109120_ee@pmec.ac.in
CGPA
:
8.8
Examinations taken
:
CAT- No
GATE- No
Placement Details
:
TATA Power
40