1
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nf
or
mat
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onf
orDeci
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on
Maki
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Sol
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ew Quest
i
ons
11.
Amongt
hegoal
sofanor
gani
z
at
i
on,ac
ent
r
alonei
st
oc
r
eat
eandi
nc
r
eas
ev
al
ue.Cos
t
ac
count
i
ngs
y
s
t
emsar
edes
i
gnedt
opr
ov
i
dei
nf
or
mat
i
ont
odec
i
s
i
onmak
er
si
nt
he
or
gani
z
at
i
onwi
t
ht
hei
nf
or
mat
i
ont
heyneedt
oacc
ompl
i
s
ht
hi
sgoal
.Ther
ef
or
e,t
he
des
i
gner
soft
hecos
tac
c
ount
i
ngs
y
s
t
em needt
ounder
s
t
andhowv
al
uei
sc
r
eat
edi
nt
he
or
gani
z
at
i
oni
nor
dert
odes
i
gns
y
s
t
emsf
ort
hei
rpar
t
i
c
ul
aror
gani
z
at
i
on.
12.
Fi
nanc
i
alac
count
i
ngi
sdes
i
gnedt
opr
ov
i
dei
nf
or
mat
i
onaboutt
hefi
r
mt
oex
t
er
nalus
er
s
.
Ex
t
er
nal
us
er
si
nc
l
udei
nv
es
t
or
s
,c
r
edi
t
or
s
,gov
er
nmentaut
hor
i
t
i
es
,r
egul
at
or
s
,
c
us
t
omer
s
,c
ompet
i
t
or
s
,s
uppl
i
er
s
,l
aboruni
ons
,ands
oon.Cos
tacc
ount
i
ngs
y
s
t
ems
ar
edes
i
gnedt
opr
ov
i
dei
nf
or
mat
i
ont
oi
nt
er
nal
us
er
s(
manager
s
)
.
Thi
sdi
ffer
enc
ei
si
mpor
t
ant
,bec
aus
ei
taffect
st
hedes
i
gnoft
hes
y
s
t
ems
.Fi
nanc
i
al
ac
count
i
ngs
y
s
t
emsar
ebas
edons
t
andar
dsorr
ul
es
.Thi
sal
l
owst
heus
ert
ocompar
e
t
her
es
ul
t
sofdi
ffer
entfi
r
ms
.Manager
i
alacc
ount
i
ngs
y
s
t
emsdonotr
equi
r
er
ul
es
.Eac
h
fi
r
mi
sf
r
eet
odev
el
opmanager
i
al
ac
c
ount
i
ngs
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s
t
emst
hatbes
ts
er
v
et
heneedsoft
he
dec
i
s
i
onmak
er
s(
manager
s
)
.
13.
B
Pr
ov
i
di
ngcos
ti
nf
or
mat
i
onf
orfi
nanc
i
alr
epor
t
i
ng
A
I
dent
i
f
y
i
ngt
hebes
ts
t
or
ei
nac
hai
n
C
Det
er
mi
ni
ngwhi
c
hpl
antt
ous
ef
orpr
oduc
t
i
on
14.
Thev
al
uec
hai
ni
st
hes
etofac
t
i
v
i
t
i
est
hatt
r
ans
f
or
msr
awr
es
our
c
esi
nt
ot
hegoodsand
s
er
v
i
cesendus
er
spur
c
has
eandc
ons
ume.Thes
uppl
yc
hai
ni
nc
l
udest
hes
etoffi
r
ms
andi
ndi
v
i
dual
st
hats
el
l
sgoodsands
er
v
i
c
est
ot
hefi
r
m.Thedi
s
t
r
i
but
i
onc
hai
ni
st
hes
et
offi
r
msandi
ndi
v
i
dual
st
hatbuy
sanddi
s
t
r
i
but
esgoodsands
er
v
i
cesf
r
om t
hefi
r
m.
Sol
ut
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onsManual
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er1
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awHi
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15.
Thecust
omer
sofc
os
tacc
ount
i
ngar
emanager
s
,f
r
om pl
antmanager
st
ot
heCEO.
16.
Val
ueaddedac
t
i
v
i
t
i
esar
eac
t
i
v
i
t
i
est
hatc
us
t
omer
sper
c
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easaddi
ngut
i
l
i
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yt
ot
he
goodsors
er
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i
c
est
heypur
c
has
e.Nonv
al
ueaddedact
i
v
i
t
i
esdonotaddv
al
uet
ot
he
goodsors
er
v
i
c
es
.Byc
l
as
s
i
f
y
i
ngcos
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st
hi
sway
,t
hecos
tacc
ount
i
ngs
y
s
t
em canhel
p
t
hemanageri
dent
i
f
yar
eas(
pr
oc
es
s
es
)t
hatcanbei
mpr
ov
ed,l
ower
i
ngcos
t
sandaddi
ng
v
al
uet
ot
heor
gani
z
at
i
on.
17.
Ans
wer
swi
l
lv
ar
y
,buts
houl
di
nc
l
udes
omeoft
hef
ol
l
owi
ng:
Ti
t
l
e
Maj
orRes
pons
i
bi
l
i
t
i
esandMaj
orDut
i
es
Chi
effi
nanc
i
alofficer(
CFO)
.
.
.
.
.
 Managesent
i
r
efinanceandac
c
ount
i
ngf
unct
i
on
T
r
eas
ur
er
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
 Managesl
i
qui
das
s
et
s
 Conduct
sbusi
nes
swi
t
hbank
sandot
her
fi
nanc
i
ali
ns
t
i
t
ut
i
ons
 Ov
er
s
eespubl
i
ci
s
s
uesofs
t
ockanddebt
Cont
r
ol
l
er
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
 Pl
ansanddes
i
gnsi
nf
or
mat
i
onandi
nc
ent
i
v
e
s
y
s
t
ems
I
nt
er
nal
audi
t
or
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
 Ens
ur
esc
ompl
i
anc
ewi
t
hl
aws
,r
egul
at
i
ons
,and
c
ompanypol
i
c
i
esandpr
oc
edur
es
 Pr
ov
i
desc
ons
ul
t
i
ngandaudi
t
i
ngs
er
v
i
ceswi
t
hi
n
t
hefi
r
m
Cos
tac
count
ant
.
.
.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
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.
.
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 Rec
or
ds
,meas
ur
es
,es
t
i
mat
es
,andanal
y
z
es
c
os
t
s
 Wor
k
swi
t
hfi
nanc
i
alandoper
at
i
onalmanagert
o
pr
ov
i
der
el
ev
anti
nf
or
mat
i
onf
ordec
i
s
i
ons
18.
No.Sar
banes
Ox
l
eyi
sal
awandv
i
ol
at
i
onsofi
tar
el
egali
s
s
ues
.Codesofet
hi
c
sar
e
neces
s
ar
yt
ohel
pac
c
ount
ant
sandmanager
si
dent
i
f
ys
i
t
uat
i
onst
hatmi
ghtdev
el
opi
nt
o
et
hi
c
alc
onfl
i
ct
s
,under
s
t
andwhatt
heycoul
ddoi
nt
hes
es
i
t
uat
i
ons
,andt
ol
ear
nwhatt
o
dowhent
heybel
i
ev
et
hatanet
hi
calv
i
ol
at
i
onhasoc
c
ur
r
ed.
2
Fundament
al
sofCos
tAccount
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ng
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i
onordi
s
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i
but
i
onwi
t
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i
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ut
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ysi
sandDi
scussi
onQuest
i
ons
19.
Wewoul
dnotagr
ee.Ther
ol
eofacc
ount
ant
si
st
ohel
pmanaget
heor
gani
z
at
i
on.Par
tof
t
hatr
ol
ei
st
or
epor
tr
es
ul
t
s
.Anot
herpar
ti
st
odes
i
gns
y
s
t
emst
hatas
s
i
s
tot
her
manager
si
nmak
i
ngdec
i
s
i
onst
oi
mpr
ov
eper
f
or
mance.Thi
sr
ol
er
equi
r
est
hat
ac
count
ant
sunder
s
t
andhowv
al
uei
sc
r
eat
edi
nt
hei
ror
gani
z
at
i
ons
.
110.
Thecal
c
ul
at
i
onofc
os
tdependsont
hedec
i
s
i
onbei
ngmade.Ther
ef
or
e,t
hefi
r
s
t
ques
t
i
ont
oas
ki
s
,“
Whatdec
i
s
i
on(
ordec
i
s
i
ons
)ar
ey
out
r
y
i
ngt
omak
e
?”
111.
Cos
t
st
haty
ouc
oul
das
kt
ober
ei
mbur
s
edmi
ghti
nc
l
udet
hef
uel
,as
har
eoft
he
mai
nt
enanc
ecos
t
s
,“
wearandt
ear
,
”ordepr
ec
i
at
i
on,andi
ns
ur
anc
e.T
oav
oi
d
di
s
agr
eement
s
,i
twoul
dbenec
es
s
ar
yt
onegot
i
at
eanagr
eement(
ev
eni
fonl
y
i
nf
or
mal
l
y
)bet
weeny
ouandy
ourf
r
i
endc
ons
i
der
i
ngal
lf
ac
t
or
s
.Forex
ampl
e,y
oumi
ght
agr
eet
hats
hes
houl
dpayf
ort
hegasandanyot
hersuppl
i
es(
e.
g.
,oi
l
)neededont
he
t
r
i
p.
I
fy
ouar
egoi
ngal
ong,y
oumi
ghtc
hanget
heagr
eementsot
haty
ous
pl
i
tt
hes
ecos
t
s
.
Al
t
er
nat
i
v
el
y
,y
oumi
ghtsayt
hatbecaus
ey
ouar
egoi
ngany
way
,s
hec
anr
i
deal
ongf
or
not
hi
ng.
112.
Al
t
houghi
ti
snott
he“
j
ob”ofacc
ount
i
ngt
odet
er
mi
nes
t
r
at
egy
,ac
c
ount
i
ngpr
ov
i
des
i
mpor
t
anti
nf
or
mat
i
ont
ot
hos
ewhododet
er
mi
nes
t
r
at
egy
.I
ft
hec
os
tacc
ount
i
ngs
y
s
t
em
pr
ov
i
desi
nacc
ur
at
ei
nf
or
mat
i
on,t
hefi
r
m mayendupwi
t
hanuni
nt
endeds
t
r
at
egy
,
bec
aus
emanager
sar
emak
i
ngdec
i
s
i
onsbas
edonf
aul
t
yi
nf
or
mat
i
on.
113.
Ex
ec
ut
i
v
eper
f
or
manc
eev
al
uat
i
ons
y
s
t
emsar
edes
i
gnedf
oras
pec
i
fi
ccompany
’
s
needs
.Thes
y
s
t
emss
houl
dbefl
ex
i
bl
et
oadaptt
ot
hec
i
r
c
ums
t
ancest
hatex
i
s
ti
nt
hat
c
ompany
.Acommons
etofac
count
i
ngpr
i
nc
i
pl
eswoul
dt
endt
or
educefl
ex
i
bi
l
i
t
yand
us
ef
ul
nes
soft
hes
es
y
s
t
ems
.Asl
ongasal
lpar
t
i
esk
nowt
heacc
ount
i
ngbas
i
sus
edby
t
hes
y
s
t
em,t
heex
ac
tr
ul
esc
anbedes
i
gnedi
nwhat
ev
ermannert
hepar
t
i
esdeem
appr
opr
i
at
e.
Sol
ut
i
onsManual
,Chapt
er1
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r
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ght2020©McGr
awHi
l
l
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at
i
on.Al
l
r
i
ght
sr
eser
v
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epr
oduc
t
i
onordi
s
t
r
i
but
i
onwi
t
houtt
he
pr
i
orwr
i
t
t
encons
entofMc
Gr
awHi
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l
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at
i
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114.
Al
t
houghnot
f
or
pr
ofi
tor
gani
z
at
i
onsar
enots
eek
i
ngt
omak
eapr
ofi
t
,t
heymus
tr
emai
n
fi
nanc
i
al
l
yv
i
abl
et
oacc
ompl
i
s
ht
hei
rmi
s
s
i
ons
.Cos
tac
c
ount
i
ngi
nf
or
mat
i
onc
anhel
p
manager
sofnot
f
or
pr
ofi
tor
gani
z
at
i
onsbyhi
ghl
i
ght
i
ngt
hec
os
t
sofv
ar
i
ousac
t
i
v
i
t
i
es
,
i
dent
i
f
y
i
ngs
our
c
esofr
ev
enue,andmeas
ur
i
ngper
f
or
manceofmanager
s
.I
nt
er
msof
or
gani
z
at
i
onals
ur
v
i
v
al
,c
os
tac
count
i
ngi
nf
or
mat
i
onc
anbej
ustas(
ormor
e)i
mpor
t
ant
f
oranot
f
or
pr
ofi
tasf
oraf
or
pr
ofi
tfi
r
m.
115.
Ai
r
l
i
nesar
ec
har
ac
t
er
i
z
edbyt
heneedt
oownas
ubs
t
ant
i
alamountofc
apac
i
t
yc
os
t
s
.
Manager
satai
r
l
i
nesr
equi
r
ev
er
ys
ophi
s
t
i
c
at
edl
oadmanagementi
nf
or
mat
i
ont
hat
pr
edi
ct
st
henumberofpas
s
enger
sfl
y
i
ngonapar
t
i
c
ul
arr
out
eonapar
t
i
c
ul
arday
.I
ft
hey
s
etas
i
ngl
epr
i
c
et
hatwoul
dc
ov
ert
hei
rc
os
t
sgi
v
enac
er
t
ai
nnumberofpas
s
enger
s
,
t
heyr
i
s
kfl
y
i
ngwi
t
hempt
ys
eat
s
.Oncet
hepl
anet
ak
esoff,t
heyc
annots
el
l
t
hes
eat
.
Ther
ef
or
e,t
heyneedafl
ex
i
bl
epr
i
c
i
ngs
y
s
t
em.Suc
has
y
s
t
em r
equi
r
esdet
ai
l
edc
os
t
i
nf
or
mat
i
onaboutpas
s
enger
sandai
r
c
r
af
t
.
Thecos
t
sar
eunl
i
k
el
yt
obemuc
hdi
ffer
entamongpas
s
enger
s
.Thev
ar
i
abl
ecost
sar
e
r
el
at
i
v
el
yl
ow(
perpas
s
enger
)andma
yi
nc
l
udef
oodandbev
er
age,s
omebaggage
handl
i
ngcos
t
,s
omet
i
c
k
etpr
oc
es
s
i
ngc
os
t
s
,and,dependi
ngont
hepl
ane,a(
v
er
y
)s
mal
l
amountoff
uel
.
116.
Thecos
tac
c
ount
i
ngi
s
s
uesf
orHos
t
es
sBr
andsar
et
hes
ameasf
orTheAM Bak
er
yi
n
t
hes
ens
et
hatmanager
satHos
t
es
sBr
andswantt
hes
amek
i
ndofi
nf
or
mat
i
onas
Adam:whatar
et
hec
os
t
sofpr
oduc
t
s
,whoi
sper
f
or
mi
ngt
hebes
t
,ands
oon.
Thecos
tac
c
ount
i
ngi
s
s
uesar
edi
ffer
enti
nt
hes
i
z
eandc
ompl
ex
i
t
yoft
heoper
at
i
onsat
Hos
t
es
scompar
edt
oTheAM Bak
er
y
.
117.
I
ndec
i
s
i
onmak
i
ng,manager
sors
uper
v
i
s
or
sma
ywi
s
ht
ot
ak
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Fundament
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28
Fundament
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30
Fundament
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32
Fundament
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