Ch 13 EUROPEAN MIDDLE AGES MIDDLE AGES The fall of Rome in the mid 5th century ushered in the middle ages 500-1500 Classical Age -500 Middle Age 500-1500 Modern Age 1500present What is a dark age? What is a golden age? If historians 500 years from now looked at our society what would they call it? Are you sure? DARK AGE After the collapse of the Roman Empire Europe entered a dark age Trade disrupted Cities declined Common language lost Germanic tribes controlled Europe People owed loyalty to family and rulers not states or law codes Large territories were difficult to control MINI DBQ We will be writing a short DBQ essay on the following prompt “Should the early middle ages continue to be presented to high school and college students as a dark age?” Your essay must include an introduction paragraph which includes a thesis statement Thesis is an answer to the prompt WRITING TIPS Thesis statement – Answers the prompt If It’s in your thesis it must be in your paper If It’s not in your thesis it cant be in your paper Do exactly what the prompt is asking Avoid “I” statements, just remove them Make sure pronouns have antecedents You should use most of the documents Using your sources Introduce them (Historian Mike Smith argued…) Paraphrase and avoid quotes if possible Citation at the end of the sentence (…was built (doc D) FRANKS The Franks emerged as the dominant Germanic kingdom King Clovis – Ruled the Franks in the 400s and united Gaul (France) Converted to Christianity Charles “The Hammer” Martel expanded Frankish power and defeated a Muslim army at Tours ending Muslim expansion into Europe CHARLEMAGNE 768 – 814 C.E. Spread culture in Europe helping to end dark age Crowned Emperor of the Romans GOVERNMENT AND EDUCATION Charlemagne broke the empire into regions and had the rulers swear fidelity Created schools for the education of nobles, and brought together monks from all over the Empire Had a new edition of the Bible created which was easier to read DECLINE After Charlemagne's death his descendants were unable to maintain the Empire His grandsons fought each other for control and ultimately signed the Treaty of Verdun spliting the kingdom Many Frankish lands were eventually lost to groups such as Magyars, Slavs, and Muslims VIKINGS Peoples living in Scandinavia began raiding Europe due to population constraint Used Longboats to raid inland villages Would loot and pillage and then leave before retaliation Vikings or “Norsemen” settled in many parts of N. Europe FEUDALISM After Charlemagne's death large states disappeared in W. Europe Lands were controlled by local lords who exchanged land for service and loyalty Land was distributed in units called fiefs SOCIAL CLASS Social classes became very important and well defined King Owns all the Land Nobles Control the king’s land in exchange for service Knights Control the Noble’s land in exchange for military service Peasant Pay taxes in exchange for land to farm MANORIALISM Most people lived in communities called manors The lord owned the manor house and all of the land The serfs lived on the land and farmed it for the lord The serfs were obligated to give most the of the produce to the lord Manors were self contained and most peasants would not travel more than 20 miles in their lifetimes Life for peasants was extremely tough and most died at a young age FEUDALISM ACTIVITY What did the King and nobles do with all of those resources? What choices did peasants have in this system? How stable is this system? What role did the church play? KNIGHTS The strongest forces in battles in the middle ages were knights Used as shock forces in battle Knights became the predominant force on the battlefield with the invention of leather saddles and stirrups Knights were part of the upper class and therefore could afford good training and weapons WEAPONS Sword •Slashing and piercing weapon Shield •Defend •Push enemy Lance •Long spear to charge an enemy •Used on horseback Armor •Chain mail •Plate armor TRAINING Knights began training at age 7 At age 14 they became a squire or an assistant to another knight At age 21 they became a full fledged knight Knights received large fiefs from their lords which they assign to their peasants Knights were obligated to fight for their lord in return for the fief CHIVALRY Knights followed a code of conduct called Chivalry Honor Courage Bravery Gentlemanly conduct Knights were expected to fight for a particular lady COAT OF ARMS ACTIVITY Coat of Arms PP THE RISE OF ISLAM ARABIA Mostly desert except for coasts Most people were herders and traders called Bedouins RELIGIOUS DIVERSITY IN ARABIA Many religions were present in Arabia in the early 600s Christianity Orthodox Coptic Jews Zoroastrians Polytheistic faiths MUHAMMAD Born in 570 C.E. into a powerful clan Started working as a caravan trader at an early age Around 40 years old Muhammad was visited by the angel Gabriel Gabriel revealed a new prophecy which Muhammad memorized and began preaching SPREAD OF ISLAM Muhammad's ideas quickly spread across the region His ideas made the elites in Mecca nervous He fled from Mecca to Yathrib to avoid persecution from authorities This was known as the “hijrah” or flight A few years later Muhammad and 10,000 followers reentered Mecca FAITH OF ISLAM Islam – “Submission to the will of Allah” Muslim – “ One who has submitted” Holy book of Islam Qur’an Muslims consider the Arabic text to be the literal word of God Muslims try to memorize the Qur’an in Arabic Even if they don’t speak FOUNDATIONS OF ISLAM Muslims must follow the Five Pillars There is only one God and Muhammad is His messenger Muslims must pray five times daily toward Mecca Must pay “Zakat” a tax for the poor Muslims must fast during the holy month of Ramadan Muslims must make a pilgrimage to the holy site of Mecca The Kaaba in Mecca LIFE FOR MUSLIMS Live a humble life Be tolerant and generous Do not eat pork or drink alcohol Jihad – Struggle to defend the faith Greater Jihad – Internal struggle to live well and overcome base desires Lesser Jihad –Struggle to defend Islam Dar al-Islam – House of Islam Dar al-Harb – House of War May be violent or not The vast majority of Muslims see this as requiring a HOLY TEXTS The most important text to Muslims is the Qur’an This is the direct revelation from God recited to Muhammad Hadith – Traditions of the prophet Sayings and other stories attributed to the prophet or his followers There are four major collections and they are not universally accepted by all Muslims CRASH COURSE ISLAM WORLD RELIGIONS NOTEBOOK Create an entry for Judaism in your World Religions Notebook Include the following Origins (Location and story of how the religion began) Important symbols of the faith Prophet (Describe three major prophets of this faith Map (Map at the time of this religion’s beginning and height. Shaded for each) Demographics (How many people in the world follow this faith? List the top three countries and KORAN BY HEART QUR’AN AND HADITH WRITING ASSIGNMENT You will explore passages in the Qur’an and Hadith to better understand the diversity present in Islam Choose one of the Five Pillars or another topic (marriage, dress, food, etc…) Find passages from the Qur’an and passages from the Hadith that address this topic Use the University of Southern California Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement http://cmje.usc.edu/religious-texts/home/ Answer the following How does the Qur’an treat this topic? How does the Hadith complement it? Are there differences between the two? How do you understand the difference between the Qur’an, which Muslims consider the revealed word of God, and the Hadith, which are the sayings of God’s messenger, Muhammad, who Muslims believe is an exemplar of proper Muslim behavior? Place the treatment of the subject by these texts within the context of what we have learned about Islam. Why would these rules and laws exist given the world Muslims lived in? ISLAM EXPANDS Expansion 622-632 Expansion 632-661 Expansion 661-750 MUHAMMAD’S SUCCESSORS Muhammad did not appoint a successor Muslims selected Abu-Bakr “Caliph” The next 3 caliphs are known as the Rightly Guided Caliphs EXPANSION Muslim armies were well organized and powerful They were also fighting weakened neighbors such as the Byzantines and Sassanids People were tired of persecution by previous state religions and Muslims were very tolerant to conquered peoples CRISIS When the last rightly guided Caliph died different groups fought for control of the Muslim community Two branches of Islam were created after the Umayyad family took power SCHISM Sunni Party of the Umayyad family Believe Muslims should follow Muhammad’s example Muslim rulers do not need to be related to Muhammad Shi’a Believe that Caliphs should be related to Muhammad Feel that Ali should have been the second leader of Islam See divinity in the ruler of the community WHAT DO THE FOLLOWING WORDS HAVE IN COMMON? Algebra Cotton Guitar Lemon Soda Sofa ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION TRADE Muslims expanded trade throughout the middle East and into Europe Textiles, Metalwork, Jewelry, Perfume, and spice were a few goods Muslims traded Ideas were also exchanged and the Muslim world was seen as a center of learning ISLAMIC WORLD C.E. 814 GOVERNMENT AND SOCIETY The Islamic Empire split into 3 parts Baghdad (Iraq) Cairo (Egypt) Cordoba (Spain) Qur’an discouraged slavery WOMEN'S ROLES “Men are the managers of the affairs of woman” Each family member had specific roles Men provided for the family Women maintained the home and raised the children Women could own property and go to school Modern practices concerning women vary widely across the Muslim world MARRIAGE Marriages were arranged Men could have several wives Over time some Muslims have begun limiting the rights of woman while others have expanded them SCIENTIFIC ACHIEVEMENTS Medicine - knowledge among the best in the world Dissection, drugs, study of disease Geography – Due to experience in trade Muslims had good maps and tools Compiled maps from abroad Used astrolabe Muslims continued the old Greek and Roman philosophical and scientific tradition Mathematics – Base 10 number system still used today Invented Algebra “Al-Jabr” ARTS Most art focused on geometric designs and patterns instead of people Architecture – Mosques became more elaborate and built minarets The Thousand and One Nights Collection of Muslim stories told around the world Ch 14 THE FORMATION OF WESTERN EUROPE FORMATION OF WESTERN EUROPE Has there ever been something you believed in so strongly that you were willing to fight for it? Would you be willing to die for a cause? THE CHURCH In the Middle Ages the Catholic Church became very organized and powerful and was always a central part of people’s lives The church had ranks similar to feudalism to organize clergy Pope Arch-bishops Bishops Priests Monks CANON LAW The church was a governing body for all people in religious and political matters Popes used the threat of excommunication and interdiction to control followers Excommunication – Banishment from the church (Essentially a sentence to hell) Interdict – The Church’s refusal of sacraments to a whole town or region (used against kings to make a population side with the church over their king) CONFLICT BETWEEN KINGS AND POPES With the rise of Church power and the strengthening of monarchies conflicts began to arise The policy of Lay Investiture became a major point of contention between popes and worldly rulers Lay Investiture was the king’s right to appoint bishops in a kingdom Popes felt it was their right to appoint all Bishops CRUSADES Muslim Turks captured Jerusalem in the early 1000s The Byzantine Empire felt threatened and asked the Pope for assistance The Pope asked European Christians to capture the Holy Land The Crusades were initially successful but ultimately failed to keep Jerusalem POPE’S SPEECH AT CLARENDON 1095 "Although, O sons of God, you have promised more firmly than ever to keep the peace among yourselves and to preserve the rights of the church, there remains still an important work for you to do. Freshly quickened by the divine correction, you must apply the strength of your righteousness to another matter which concerns you as well as God. For your brethren who live in the east are in urgent need of your help, and you must hasten to give them the aid which has often been promised them. For, as the most of you have heard, the Turks and Arabs have attacked them and have conquered the territory of Romania [the Greek empire] as far west as the shore of the Mediterranean and the Hellespont, which is called the Arm of St. George. They have occupied more and more of the lands of those Christians, and have overcome them in seven battles. They have killed and captured many, and have destroyed the churches and devastated the empire. If you permit them to continue thus for awhile with impurity, the faithful of God will be much more widely attacked by them. On this account I, or rather the Lord, beseech you as Christ's heralds to publish this everywhere and to persuade all people of whatever rank, foot-soldiers and knights, poor and rich, to carry aid promptly to those Christians and to destroy that vile race from the lands of our friends. I say this to those who are present, it meant also for those who are absent. Moreover, Christ commands it. "All who die by the way, whether by land or by sea, or in battle against the pagans, shall have immediate remission of sins. RESULTS OF THE CRUSADES Kings and lords in Europe expanded power and nation states developed The Catholic Church lost power and prestige Ideas and culture spread Expansion of Trade with the Middle East Goods such as spice, sugar, dyes… CRASH COURSE - CRUSADES Were the Crusades a military operation or a pilgrimage? What were some of the motivations of the crusaders? Why did the crusaders attack Constantinople? CHURCH REFORM In the early 1100s commoners and clergy realized there were many problems in the church Illiterate or immoral clergy Simony (Selling church positions) Kings using lay investiture Popes such as Gregory VII and Leo IX enacted reforms Created laws against simony and immoral behavior Created the Papal Curia Reformed the papacy to resemble a kingdom CATHEDRALS During the early 1000s Gothic architecture emerged and many magnificent churches were built These cathedrals could take hundreds of years to build ROMANESQUE CHURCHES Bamburg – Built in 1012 Mainz Cathedral Started 975 Mainz Cathedral started 975 Collegiate Church in Tum - 1140 GOTHIC CATHEDRALS Reims Cathedral Started 1211 Saint Chapelle – Consecrated 1248 Cologne Cathedral Built 1248 - 1880 Notre Dame built 1163-1345 Amiens 1220 - 1270 WESTMINSTER ABBEY Started - 960 Gothic Architecture – 13th century MEDIEVAL RELIGION ASSIGNMENT Create a chart of the four crusades What was the objective of the crusade? Who organized and led the crusade? What did the crusade accomplish? Choose a European gothic cathedral What is the name and location of the cathedral? What years was it built? Who built or paid for the cathedral? What are some unique elements of the cathedral? WORLD RELIGION NOTEBOOK - CHRISTIANITY Include the following Origins (Location and story of how the religion began) Important symbols of the faith Prophet (Describe major prophets of this faith) Map (Map at the time of this religion’s beginning and height. Shaded for each) Demographics (How many people in the world follow this faith? List the top three countries and how many followers are in that country) What are the major beliefs of this faith? What are the major sects or divisions in this faith (How did they split and what are their differences in belief?) FIRST CRUSADE 1096 – 1099 Crusaders marched from Europe to Palestine Crusaders captured Jerusalem and slaughtered all the Jews and Muslims in the city The crusaders established several kingdoms called ‘Crusader States’ CRUSADERS People joined the crusade for many reasons Religious zeal Salvation Adventure Economic opportunity OTHER CRUSADES 2nd Crusade (1147-1150) The Turks re-conquered Edessa Europeans led another crusade to recapture the city The crusade failed and the Europeans returned home in disgrace Muslims soon took Jerusalem in 1187 3RD CRUSADE 1189-1191 Richard I of England, Phillip II of France, Frederick Barbarossa of HRE Barbarossa drowned on the way Richard and Phillip argued and Phillip turned back Richard, on his own, was unable to defeat Saladin and negotiated a truce allowing Christians into Jerusalem 4TH CRUSADE 1202 – 1204 By this time crusaders had lost their zeal and many simply wanted wealth Crusaders attacked the Christian city of Constantinople on their way to Jerusalem Children's Crusade – Many of the poor in Europe were caught up by religious zeal and marched toward the Holy Land Being unprepared they were quickly killed or sold into slavery long before reaching Palestine This story is apocryphal RESULTS OF THE CRUSADES Kings and lords in Europe expanded power and nation states developed The Catholic Church lost power and prestige Ideas and culture spread Expansion of Trade with the Middle East Goods such as spice, sugar, dyes… CRASH COURSE Crusades CHANGES IN MEDIEVAL SOCIETY TOWNS Most people in the Middle Ages live on farms or small communities With growing trade towns and cities began to develop NEW PROSPERITY Population began to increase in Europe Climate improved 3 Field crop rotation Horse Plows Great Clearances Many forests in Europe were cleared for farmland TOWN LIFE Towns were still small compared to modern standards Cities were located on hills for defense Land was at a premium and buildings were built up instead of out Sanitation became a huge problem as waste was dumped in the streets BLACK DEATH From 1347 – 1351 a deadly disease spread through Europe The disease was called the Great Mortality or Great Dying The disease came from Asia and spread quickly because of poor sanitation The plague killed between 1/3 to ½ the population of Europe EFFECTS OF THE PLAGUE Labor became more valuable and peasants gained power and serfs left manors Peasant revolts erupted all over Europe Jews were blamed for spreading the plague Many Jews sought refuge in Poland The Church lost prestige DEATH TOLL Medieval Historian Philip Daileader The trend of recent research is pointing to a figure more like 45–50% of the European population dying during a fouryear period. There is a fair amount of geographic variation. In Mediterranean Europe, areas such as Italy, the south of France and Spain, where plague ran for about four years consecutively, it was probably closer to 75–80% of the population. In Germany and England ... it was probably closer to 20% PRIMARY SOURCES – THE BLACK DEATH For each source Briefly describe the source What can we learn about the plague and its effects on society? PRIMARY ACCOUNTS Agnolo di Tura - 1351 They died by the hundreds, both day and night, and all were thrown in ... ditches and covered with earth. And as soon as those ditches were filled, more were dug. And I, Agnolo di Tura ... buried my five children with my own hands ... And so many died that all believed it was the end of the world. PRIMARY ACCOUNTS Boccaccio How many valiant men, how many fair ladies, breakfast with their kinfolk and the same night supped with their ancestors in the next world! The condition of the people was pitiable to behold. They sickened by the thousands daily, and died unattended and without help. Many died in the open street, others dying in their houses, made it known by the stench of their rotting bodies. Consecrated churchyards did not suffice for the burial of the vast multitude of bodies, which were heaped by the hundreds in vast trenches, like goods in a ship’s hold and covered with a little earth. MICHELE DI PIAZZE - 1347 The sailors brought in their bones a disease so violent that whoever spoke a word to them was infected and could in no way save himself from death... Those to whom the disease was transmitted by infection of the breath were stricken with pains all over the body and felt a terrible lassitude. There then appeared, on a thigh or an arm, a pustule like a lentil. From this the infection penetrated the body and violent bloody vomiting began. It lasted for a period of three days and there was no way of preventing its ending in death. • Art changed to reflect the dread and death • Birth of “Danse Macabre” or dance of death • These served to remind people of the fragility of life Danse Macabre by Bernt Notke (late 1400s) Dance of Death - 1493 HANS HOLBEIN Series of woodcuts (1500s) ROBERT OF AVESBURY - 1360 In 1349 over six hundred men came to London from Flanders... Each wore a cap marked with a red cross in front and behind. Each had in his right hand a scourge with three nails. Each tail had a knot and through the middle of it there were sometimes sharp nails fixed. They marched naked in a file one behind the other and whipped themselves with these scourges on their naked bleeding bodies. PIETER BRUEGHEL THE ELDER, THE TRIUMPH OF DEATH (C. 1562) CRASH COURSE - DISEASE How do cities and agriculture effect the spread of disease? What effect does war have on disease? What effect does trade have on disease? What were some of the long term consequences of the Black Death? BLACK DEATH ACTIVITY Who was most susceptible to getting plague and why? How did plague affect each of the following and why? Catholic Church? The rich (nobles and kings) Peasants Jews Merchants? COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION Trade began to expand in Europe again With new business structures and lending systems commerce rapidly expanded Universities – Muslim learning began to spread into Europe and many universities were founded Literature – Writers began using vernacular language (local regional languages, not Latin) Dante Alighieri –Divine comedy Geoffrey Chaucer – The Canterbury Tales GUILDS A guild is a group of people all working in the same occupation 2 Types of guilds arose Merchant Guilds Craft guilds In order to work you had to join the guild Guilds would protect their members and set standards for work STEPS TO JOIN A GUILD Apprentice Journeyman Parents would send a child to live with a master and learn the trade Lasted 2-7 years Began to earn a wage To become a master had to create a masterpiece and be accepted by the guild Master Owns his own shop Is a part of the guild Ch 14 sec 3,4 THE GROWTH OF NATIONS ENGLAND Roman legions withdraw from England in 450 CE Angles and Saxons migrated into England from the continent Anglo-Saxons Angle-Land “England” CONFLICT FOR POWER Germanic kingdoms fought Vikings for control of England mixing their culture as they did so Ultimately the Anglo-Saxons chose Edward the Confessor to be their king WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR Edward was related to Normans living on the coast of France Edward died without an heir and William of Normandy claimed the throne William invaded in 1066 and defeated the new Anglo-Saxon king at Hastings This is the beginning of the modern nation of England BATTLE OF HASTINGS Fought between William I and Harold II Harold’s army fought a Danish army 2 weeks previously weakening it Harold’s army was composed of infantry made up of minor nobles with armor and battleaxes William’s army was composed of archers, infantry and powerful cavalry The English had the high ground and held a strong shield wall After a Norman attack and retreat they pursued and lost their formation weakening them William ordered his archers to attack and many English were killed Harold was hit in the eye with an arrow and killed, and most of his army fled WILLIAM AS KING Centralized power Created the first national census “Domesday Book” Had vassals pay money instead of giving feudal service HENRY II (1154-1189) Reformed legal system Over time these reforms became known as “common law” ENGLISH KINGS When Henry died Richard the Lionhearted was king followed by John John ruled from 1199-1216 John lost all of England’s French lands earning the nickname John “soft sword” The nobles in England revolted against his taxes and forced him to sign Magna Carta MAGNA CARTA Magna Carta guaranteed the rights of the nobles and limited the power of the king Trial by Jury No taxation without approval of the nobles Everyone is protected by law Later King Edward I created Parliament (a collection of nobles and lords) to raise taxes Parliament was split into a House of Lords and House of Commons HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR King Edward III claimed the French throne after the last Capetian king died This led to the Hundred Years’ War (13371453) England invaded and won many battles but ultimately lost the war Warfare changed dramatically in this war The English used large amounts of common foot soldiers and archers The French relied upon the ideals of chivalry and raised large armies of knights and nobles NEW TACTICS English tactics were shown to be effective at three major battles Crecy Poitiers Agincourt The battles proved to be the end of chivalry and the age of knights CRECY 1346 English army – ~14,000(mostly longbowmen) French army – ~30,000 (mostly knights and Genoese crossbowmen) Casualties: French – ~2,000 – 4,000 knights unknown common soldiers English – 100 - 300 French crossbowmen moved to attack and realized they were outranged by English longbows The French knights not waiting for the crossbowmen to move closer impetuously charged and were devastated by arrows FRANCE In the Hundred Years War the French could not unite against the English A peasant girl named Joan of Arc had visions from God telling her to lead the French to victory She led the army and lifted the siege of Orleans saving France Joan then led the French prince to accept the crown of France at Reims Joan was then captured by the Burgundians and handed over to the English She was tried in church court, found guilty of heresy, and burned at the stake in 1430 The French king did nothing to save her The war then came to an end in 1453 SPAIN Spain was originally composed of Castile, Leon, Navarre, Aragon, and Muslim holdings Reconquista – Spanish kingdoms began conquering Muslim holdings throughout Spain Castile united Spain and all Muslims and Jews were expelled from the country in 1492 CONDITION OF JEWS Jews were subject to constant legal uncertainty and potential violence Jews were blamed for plague Jews were resented for successful business Many kingdoms expelled Jews DIVISION IN THE CHURCH The Pope and French king Philip IV disagreed over the appointments of bishops The Pope ordered the king to obey him Philip had the Pope kidnapped and he died The French then ordered the new Pope to live in Avignon in France GREAT SCHISM Babylonian Captivity (1309-1378) Time when the papacy was in Avignon After this the church was weakened They elected a pope who proved to be unpopular so they elected another pope These 2 excommunicated each other To resolve the issue a 3rd pope was elected The German emperor resolved this by forcing all 3 to resign and 1 pope was elected JOHN WYCLIFFE AND JAN HUS John Wycliffe argued that Jesus was the head of the church not the pope Inspired by this Jan Hus preached in Bohemia (modern day Czech Republic) the idea that the Bible was all important not church leaders He was tried in an English court and found not guilty of heresy He was tried as a heretic and burned at the stake In England the king supported Wycliffe while in Bohemia the emperor did not support Hus
