parasitology
Bacteria are single-celled organisms with a small size. Bacteria can
be found everywhere. They can be found practically everywhere on
the earth and are essential to the planet's ecosystems. Some
organisms are able to survive at extremes of temperature and
pressure. Bacteria abound in the human body, which is thought to
have more bacterial cells than human cells. The majority of bacteria
in the body are harmless, and some can even be beneficial.
Brucella abortus, Brucella melitensis, Brucella suis, Brucella canis,
Brucella ovis, Brucella neotomae, and Brucella microti are the seven
terrestrial Brucella species, and Brucella ceti and Brucella
pinnipedialis are the two marine Brucella species.
Brucellosis can affect nearly any organ in your body, including the
reproductive system, liver, heart, and central nervous system.
Chronic brucellosis can cause problems in a single organ or all over
your body. Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart chambers
is one possible consequence.
Tetanus is caused by a common soil bacterium called Clostridium
tetani. C. elegans vegetative cells Tetani are generally rod-shaped
and up to 2.5 m long, but as they form spores, they grow and
become tennis racket- or drumstick-shaped.
Tetanus is a bacterial infection caused by Clostridium tetani. The
bacteria create a poison (toxin) that causes painful muscular
contractions when they enter the body.
Spiral-shaped, "S"-shaped, or curved, rod-shaped Campylobacter
bacteria are the most common. The genus Campylobacter
currently has 17 species and 6 subspecies, with C. pneumoniae
being the most commonly documented in human infections. C.
jejuni (subspecies jejuni) and C. jejuni (subspecies jejuni).
In Europe and the United States, Campylobacter jejuni is one of the
most common causes of food poisoning. The great majority of
cases happen on their own, not as part of a larger outbreak.
Haemophilus influenzae is a Gram-negative, coccobacillary,
facultatively anaerobic pathogenic bacteria belonging to the
Pasteurellaceae family. H. During an influenza pandemic in 1892,
Richard Pfeiffer was the first to describe influenzae.
Once upon a time, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) was the
most prevalent bacterial illness among children. Meningitis,
bacteremia, and pneumonia are only a few of the disorders caused
by Hib (infection of the lungs).
Corynebacterium is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria, the majority
of which are aerobic. They're bacilli, and in various stages of life,
they're club-shaped, which gave rise to the genus name.
Corynebacterium bovis, which causes mastitis in dairy cows, and
Corynebacterium renale, which causes genitourinary infections in
many animals, are two more corynebacteria that cause disease in
animals (particularly cows).
Lactobacillus bacteria can be found in the human gut, mouth, and
vaginal cavity. They are commonly included in probiotic
supplements and are regarded as "good bacteria." They may
contribute to excellent health. The capacity of these bacteria to
create lactic acid as a consequence of glucose metabolism
distinguishes them. Lactobacillus is a bacterial genus with about
200 species.
Lactobacillus bacteria have long been employed in the production
of fermented dairy products. Lactobacillus is essential for
gastrointestinal health since it is involved in vitamin synthesis,
natural antibiotic manufacturing, immune defense, digesting,
procarcinogen detoxification, and a variety of other functions.
Klebsiella pneumoniae is a bacteria that thrives in the intestines of
humans and does not cause sickness. However, if K. When
pneumoniae spreads to other parts of the body, it can cause
pneumonia, bloodstream infections, meningitis, and urinary tract
infections, among other things.
Klebsiella pneumoniae is a non-motile, encapsulated, lactosefermenting, facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped Gram-negative
bacterium. On MacConkey agar, it appears as a mucoid lactose
fermenter.
Meningococcus, also known as Neisseria meningitidis, is a bacteria
that causes meningococcal meningitis in humans, which are its only
natural hosts. The bacteria are spherical, with diameters ranging
from 0.6 to 1.0 m (micrometre; 1 m = 106) and are often seen in
pairs, with adjacent sides flattened. They have a high gramnegative count.
Meningococci can infect the lining of the brain and spinal cord, and
they can enter the nasopharynx and bloodstream.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) is a tuberculosis-causing
pathogenic bacteria belonging to the Mycobacteriaceae family.
Robert Koch first found M. in 1882. Because of the presence of
mycolic acid, TB has an unique waxy coating on its cell surface.
When someone with untreated active tuberculosis coughs, speaks,
sneezes, spits, laughs, or sings, this can happen. Despite the fact
that tuberculosis is contagious, it is difficult to contract.
Mycobacterium leprae is the bacterium that causes leprosy, often
known as "Hansen's disease," a chronic infectious disease that
affects the skin, eyes, nose, and muscles and damages peripheral
nerves.
The aetiologic agent of leprosy, which affects the skin and
peripheral nerves, is Mycobacterium leprae. The virus is now
detected in over 100 nations, with the majority of cases occurring
in high-burden areas against a low-burden background.
Pseudomonas is a species of bacteria (germ) that can be found in
a variety of places, including soil and water. Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, one of the many diverse varieties of Pseudomonas, is
the one that most commonly causes infections in people. It can
cause infections in the blood, lungs (pneumonia), or other regions
of the body following surgery. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a gramnegative, aerobic, non-spore-forming rod that can cause infections
in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals.
Its proclivity for infecting immunocompromised hosts,
extraordinary adaptability, antibiotic resistance, and a diverse array
of dynamic defenses make it a difficult organism to treat in modern
medicine.
Streptococcus pneumoniae is the organism that causes
pneumococcal illness (pneumococcus). When people with
pneumococcal disease cough or sneeze, they can spread the
bacterium to others. Pneumococcal infection symptoms vary
depending on whatever area of the body is infected. Fever, cough,
shortness of breath, chest pain, stiff neck, disorientation, increased
sensitivity to light, joint pain, chills, ear ache, insomnia, and
irritability are some of the symptoms. Pneumococcal illness can
result in hearing loss, brain damage, and death in severe situations.
Pneumococcal illness can be found all over the world. In
underdeveloped countries, pneumococcal disease is more
common.
Treponema is a genus that includes both pathogenic and
nonpathogenic species. Syphilis (T pallidum subsp pallidum), yaws
(T pallidum subsp pertenue), endemic syphilis (T pallidum subsp
endemicum), and pinta (T pallidum subsp endemicum) are the four
treponematoses caused by human pathogens (T carateum).
It's a spirochaete bacterium that causes syphilis, bejel, and yaws,
among other disorders. It can only be passed from person to
person.
Streptococci are spherical or ovoid facultative anaerobes or
obligate anaerobes that live in pairs or chains. They are nonmotile,
gram-positive, nonspore-forming, catalase-negative creatures.
Streptococcus is a genus with over 20 species and a complicated
categorization system.
Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive, round-shaped
bacterium that belongs to the Firmicutes family. It is a common
member of the body's microbiota, commonly found in the upper
respiratory tract and on the skin.
It is the most common cause of abscesses (boils), furuncles, and
cellulitis in the skin and soft tissues. Although most staph infections
aren't dangerous, S. aureus can be. Serious infections, such as
bloodstream infections, pneumonia, and bone and joint infections,
can be caused by aureus.
Ticks, lice, fleas, mites, chiggers, and mammals all carry the
rickettsiae bacteria, which are obligately intracellular Gramnegative bacteria. Rickettsiae, Ehrlichia, Orientia, and Coxiella are
among them. These zoonotic diseases produce infections that
spread throughout the body via the bloodstream to a variety of
organs.
A parasite is an organism that lives inside another organism, known
as the host, and frequently causes harm to it. For survival, it is
completely reliant on its host. A parasite cannot survive, grow, or
multiply without a host. As a result, it rarely kills the host, although
it can transmit infections, some of which are lethal. Unlike
predators, parasites are typically much smaller than their hosts and
multiply at a higher rate.
Parasites of the Ascaris genus live in the intestine. Infected people
pass Ascaris eggs in their feces (poop). Worm eggs are deposited
on soil when an infected person defecates outside (for example,
near bushes, in a garden, or in a field), or when an infected person's
feces is used as fertilizer. The worm eggs can then develop into a
parasitic form that can infect other people. Ingesting the worm
eggs causes ascariasis. This can occur when contaminated dirtcovered hands or fingers are placed in the mouth, or while eating
vegetables or fruits that have not been thoroughly peeled, washed,
or cooked.
Taenia saginata, sometimes known as the beef tapeworm, is a
zoonotic tapeworm belongs to the genus Taenia and the order
Cyclophyllidea. In humans, it causes taeniasis and cysticercosis,
while in cattle, it causes taeniasis and cysticercosis.
Humans contract taeniasis from the tapeworm species Taenia
saginata (beef tapeworm), Taenia solium (pork tapeworm), and
Taenia asiatica (Asian tapeworm). These tapeworms can infect
humans if they eat raw or undercooked beef (T. saginata) or pork.
The largest tapeworms that can infect people are Diphyllobothrium
latum and related species (the fish or broad tapeworm). They can
grow up to 30 feet long. While the majority of infections are
asymptomatic, proglottid migration can induce intestinal blockage
and gall bladder illness. The tapeworm is diagnosed by examining
eggs or segments of the tapeworm in a stool sample under a
microscope. Diphyllobothrium can be treated with safe and
effective drugs. Infections are spread through the consumption of
raw or undercooked fish. Diphyllobothrium larvae-infected fish can
be moved and consumed anywhere in the world. The parasite can
be killed by properly freezing or frying fish.
The human whipworm, Trichuris trichiura, is a roundworm that
causes trichuriasis in humans. The whipworm gets its name from
the fact that it resembles a whip with large grips on the back end.
The whipworm has a thick posterior anus and a tiny anterior
esophagus. The worms are normally pink, with a short anterior end
that attaches to the host. These worms range in size from 3 to 5
centimeters in length. In most cases, the female is larger than the
male. The parasite appears to be particularly dangerous to children,
and poor sanitation is linked to a high illness burden. The frequency
of human whipworm is quite high in countries of Asia and Africa
where hygienic conditions are poor.
Prions are prion-like organisms that are made up of the prion
protein. These elongated fibrils (green) are thought to be
aggregations of the infectious prion's protein. Prions assault nerve
cells, resulting in neurodegenerative diseases of the brain. Glazed
eyes and excessive body trembling are "mad cow" signs.
Mumps is a viral infection that mostly affects the saliva-producing
glands near the ears. One or both of these glands may enlarge as
a result of mumps. Mumps immunization has become
commonplace. The number of instances has declined considerably
since then.
Mumps can be dangerous, but most people recover in two weeks.
Many people who are afflicted have fatigue and aches, as well as a
fever and swollen salivary glands on one side of their face.
Nipah virus, also known as Nipah henipavirus, is a bat-borne virus
that causes Nipah virus infection in humans and other animals, a
fatal disease. In South and Southeast Asia, the Nipah virus has
caused numerous illness epidemics.
Fruit bats, commonly known as flying foxes, are the natural animal
reservoir for NiV. Pigs and humans are both known to be infected
with the Nipah virus.
Lassa fever is a zoonotic (animal-borne) acute viral infection. Sierra
Leone, Liberia, Guinea, and Nigeria are among the countries where
it is endemic. The "multimammate rat" (Mastomys natalensis), the
animal vector for Lassa virus, is found throughout the region,
putting neighboring countries at danger.
Lassa virus is transmitted to people by infecting broken skin or
mucous membranes through direct or indirect contact with
contaminated rodent excreta on floors, home surfaces, food, or
water.
Measles is a highly contagious viral respiratory infection. It is
distinguished by a prodrome of fever (as high as 105°F or 40°C)
and malaise, as well as cough, coryza, and conjunctivitis (the three
"C"s), a pathognomonic enanthema (Koplik spots), and a
maculopapular rash.
The rash often occurs 14 days after a person has been exposed.
Measles is caused by a highly contagious virus known as
morbillivirus.
BSE (bovine spongiform encephalopathy) is a degenerative
neurological condition in cattle caused by infection with a prion, an
unique transmissible agent. The transmissible agent's nature isn't
well understood. The most widely recognized explanation currently
holds that the agent is a mutated form of prion protein, a normal
protein. The normal prion protein transforms into a pathogenic
(harmful) form for unknown reasons, causing damage to cattle's
central nervous system.
A fungus is any eukaryotic organism, including microbes such as
yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These
organisms are classed as a kingdom distinct from the other
eukaryotic kingdoms, which include Plantae, Animalia, Protozoa,
and Chromista according to one traditional taxonomy.
Candida albicans is an opportunistic human fungal infection.
Despite being a natural component of our gastrointestinal flora, C.
albicans can invade nearly every human tissue and organ, causing
severe, invasive infections.
Candida albicans is a normal gastrointestinal pathogen; it is also
the most prevalent fungal pathogen in humans, producing mucosal
and systemic infections, particularly in immunocompromised
people.
Cryptococcus species are encapsulated yeasts that can be found all
over the world and are frequently linked to environmental
exposures such as pigeon droppings, soil, water, and specific foods.
Filobasidiella neoformans, a filamentous fungus, is its teleomorph.
Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii are two
Cryptococcus species that usually cause sickness in people.
Although C neoformans was discovered as a human pathogen in
the late 1800s, it was not recognized as a common cause of human
disease until the late 1970s.
Coccidioides is a dimorphic fungus, which means it may take on
two different forms depending on the environment: yeast or mold.
Coccidioides forms a mold (mycelium) with branching septate
hyphae in the soil. Mycelia grow quickly during the rainy season,
but they are also the least infectious form of the organism.