The first modern ___________ first appeared in Africa between 200,000 and 150,000 years ago Homo Sapiens All of the following are believed to be developments of the Paleolithic Age -the utilization of tools -origins of religion and decorative art -a social system with rough equality between the sexes -the controlled use of fire Punishments for crimes under the ______________________ were more severe for the lower classes. Code of Hammurabi The _________________ provided ancient Egyptians with an excellent artery of transportation. Nile River The focal points and sources of life for the ______________ were the Nile River and the pharoahs. Ancient Egyptians Ancient Egyptian history is divided into ____ major periods. 3 ___________ was the Egyptian god that was most closely associated with the mummification of the dead. Osiris One of the female pharoahs was ___________ Hatshepsut The tradition of the Hebrews states that they were descendants of the patriarch ___________________ who had migrated from Mesopotamia to the land of Palestine. Abraham ______________ chief contribution in Hebrew history was the establishment of Hebrew control over all of Palestine. King David _____________ most revered contribution to the Hebrew society was to construct a Temple. Solomon After the death of Solomon, tensions between the northern and southern tribes led to the establishment of two kingdoms, the kingdom of _____________ and ___________. Israel and Judah The destruction of Jerusalem in 586 B.C. and the Babylonian Captivity of the Hebrews occured at the hands of the_________. Chaldeans The greatest international sea traders of the ancient Near East were the__________. Phoenicians __________ art was primarily concerned with glorifying the king, hunting and war. Assyrian ___________ accomplished all of the following -the revision of the Persian law code. -rebuilding Babylon -defeating the Assyrians -destroyed Judah and carried the population into exile Nebuchadnezzar II The Persian Empire reached its largest territorial boundaries under ______________. Darius The ___________________ system of satrapies allowed for a sensible system of collecting tribute based on an area's productive capacity. Persian Empire ______________ stressed the free will and power of humans to choose between good and evil. Zoroastrianism Zoroastrianism, the evil spirit was known as_______________ Ahriman In____________ life resembled that of a military camp: -there was no class distinction -helots (slaves) were treated well and could be expected to lead long lives. -the government allowed for no representative procedures. -women were more secluded than in democratic Athens Sparta The neighbors of the Spartans who were free inhabitants and required to pay taxes and perform military service but who were not citizens of Sparta were ______________. Perioikoi The Athenian statesman who established the ten tribes and who weakened the aristocracy and increased the authority of the ordinary citizens was ________________. Cleisthenes At the Battle of ________, the Greeks won a decisive victory by aggressive attack against a stronger foe. Marathon At the Battle of ____________, the Spartans fought a noble holding action the last man. Thermopylae The_________________War resulted in the defeat of Athens and the collapse of its empire Peloponnesian The______________ were professional teachers who seemingly questioned the traditional values of their societies. Sophists __________ was condemned to death for corrupting the youth of Athens. Socrates ____________ troops rebelled when he made the decision to invade and capture India. Alexander the Great Among the most ill-treated of ______________ were those who worked in the Egyptian gold mines. Hellenistic Slaves An especially important cultural center with the largest library in ancient times was_______________ Alexandria The mystery cults and religions of the Hellenistic world helped pave the way for the success of________________ Christianity In the Hellenistic era, medicine progressed due to the use of ____________ and _____________. Dissection and Vivisection The____________ in the Hellenistic era were dispersed throughout the eastern Mediterranean region. Jews For the______________, Italy's geography made Rome a natural crossroads and an area easy to defend. Romans Rome was established in the first millennium B.C. on the plain of ___________ Latium As Rome expanded, it became Roman Policy to govern the provinces with officials known as ___________________ Consuls The_____________ in Roman society was the male head of the family. Paterfamilias The________ __________were the first formal codification of Roman law and customs. Twelve Tables The immediate cause of the First Punic War was Rome sending an army to ___________. Sicily The _______ _______ _______ saw Carthage carry a land war to Rome by crossing the Alps. Second Punic War The Roman senator who led the movement for the complete destruction of Carthage was_____________. Cato The result of the Third Punic War was the complete destruction and subjugation of_______________. Carthage The head of the Roman religious observances was the________ _________. Pontifex Maximus The reforms of _________ and _________ __________ resulted in further instability and violence as they polarized various social groups. Gaius and Tiberius Gracchus ________ ________ led military commands in Spain and especially Gaul that enhanced his popularity. Julius Caesar The First Triumvirate included__________, __________ and _________. Caesar, Crassus and Pompey By crossing the __________, Caesar showed that he was willing to disobey the direct orders of the Senate. Rubicon _________ held the title of imperator, consul, tribune and prineps. Augustus The successor to Augustus and first of the Julio-Claudian rulers was______________ Tiberius The largest area of Roman innovation in architecture was the use of _____________ on a massive scale. Concrete __________ _________ gladiatorial shows were government-backed spectacles used to content the masses. Imperial Rome's Early Christianity was molded into a broader religious movement by______ _________ Paul Thomas The emperor who said, "Live in harmony, make the soldiers rich, and don't give a damn for anything else" was_________ _________. Septimius Serverus The Edict of Milan was Constantine's document officially tolerating the existence of ________________. Christianity The Council of Nicaea in 325 defined Christ as being "of the same substance" as ______. God The father of hermit monasticism was ___________. St. Anthony The basic rule for western monastic living was developed by__________. Benedict Benedictine monasticism was characterized by? -an ideal of moderation -the communal life -isolated, self-sustaining communities -vows and rules Pope______ ___ _______ was responsible for all of the following: -creating the Papal States -recognizing the Byzantine emperor as the rightful ruler of Italy. -supporting the work of Christian missionaries in England. -becoming Bishop of Rome Gregory the Great One of the greatest nuns of the seventh monastery, and founder of the Whitby monastery was___________ St. Hilda Justinian's most important contribution to Western civilization was his_____________ Codification of Law The cardinal principle of the Islamic faith is that there is only God and his prophet is ______________ Muhammad Muslim societies abide by a strict code of law, much of it derived from the holy book_________, and regulating all aspects of Muslim life. This law code is called _________. Qur'an Shari'a Regarding sexuality, the Catholic Church in the Early Middle Ages could not enforce_________ _________ Clerical Celibacy The Treaty of _________ divided the Carolingian Empire in 843. Verdun One of the most famous Vikings, who discovered Greenland, was _____ ___ ____ Eric the Red _________ of medieval Europe was primarily a complex system of vassalage by which the weak sought protection and sustenance from powerful local nobles. Feudalism The major obligation of the lord to the vassal was economic support and protection either _______ or through ________ __ ______. Militarily or through grants of land The peasants life during the Middle Ages was largely determined by the _________ Seasons Drinking water in the cities of the Middle Ages usually came from _______ Wells The first university to be founded in Europe appeared in ___________ Bologna William of Normandy's survey of his new royal possessions in England was recorded in the ________ ________ Domesday Book The founder of the Mongol Empire was ________ ________ Genghis Khan _______ ________ refers to the process by which secular lords took a decisive role in choosing prelates for church offices. Lay Investiture Pope Gregory VII claimed that popes had the right to depose _______ and _______ Kings and Emperors The papacy reached its zenith of power in the thirteenth century during the papacy of ___________ Innocent III The___________ __________ of the Catholic Church made the church an integral part of the people's lives from birth to death. Sacramental System Pope _________ at the Council of Clement in 1095 promised remissions of sins for joining the crusades to recapture the Holy Land. Urban II The ________ ________ was most devastating in Italy. Black Death The overall result of the _______ _______ is it badly damaged the faith of many Christian believers. Great Schism The_________ _________ is known as that period in the history of the Catholic Church marked by the creation and feuding of multiple popes. Great Schism ___________ refers to the art of dying. Ars Moriendi Concerning ______ - _______ relationships in the Middle Ages parents lavished considerable attention and affection on their offspring. Parent-Child The most revolutionary thing of the thirteenth and fourteenth-century was the invention of _______. Clocks Women benefitted from the _______ _______ because there were new employment opportunities. Black Death The word_________ means rebirth. Renaissance _________ _________ in the Renaissance included a revival in trade. Economic Development Two key areas of Renaissance technological innovation were ________ and ________ working Mining and Metal ________ during the Renaissance were used to express wealth and power of an aristocratic family. Mining and Metal The reintroduction of _______ in the fourteenth century occurred largely as a result of the shortage of labor created by Black Death. Slavery __________ ideas as expressed in The Prince achieve a model for a deeply religious conception of the religious sanctity of the state. Machiavelli's A subject of particular interest to fifteenth-century humanists was the ________ _________ Greek Language __________ _________ played a leading role in perfecting movable type for printing. Johannes Gutenberg ___________ painted Rome's Sistine Chapel ceiling. Michelangelo The event that eventually led to________ break with the church was widespread sale of indulgences by preaching monks. Luther's Luther's ideas were spread primarily through_________ Sermons Concerning the sacraments of the Catholic Church, Luther rejected all of them except________ and _______, or the Lord's supper. Baptism and Communion The_______ doctrine of transubstantiation opposed by Luther holds that at communion the bread and wine are miraculously turned into the body and blood of Jesus. Catholic When ________ reached India, he announced he was searching for Christians and spices. Vasco da Gama In the 1440s, among the first profits the__________ derived from their maritime exploration and returning ships came from the sale of slaves. Portuguese In reality, the___________ made the natives of the new world slaves of the Spanish. The__________ trade connected the Americas, Europe, and Africa. Triangular The Chinese dynasty which replaced the Ming in the seventeenth century and which came from Manchuria was the________. Qing The most valuable product from the West Indies was________. Sugar The financial center of Europe in the seventeenth century was __________. Amsterdam
