FORMULATING RESEAR
CH OBJECTIVES
LET’S REVIEW: PARTS OF CHAPTER I
TITLE
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
Background and Rationale
–
–
–
–
What is (problem situation)
What should be (desired condition)
What is already known about the problem
Questions still unanswered/information gaps
Objectives of the Study
Hypotheses, Theoretical and Conceptual F
ramework (when needed)
LET’S REVIEW: PARTS OF CHAPTER I
Operational Definition of Variables (when n
eeded)/Definition of Key Terms
Significance/Importance of the Study
– Relevance and usefulness of the study
– Expected contributions of the study to specific
groups or individual users
Scope and Limitation of the Study
– Scope and limits of the study in terms of subjec
t matter, the variables to be considered, and th
e study design
– Implications of these limitations to the results,
conclusions, and to the use of the findings
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
AND HYPOTHESES
Before a study is designed, its objectives must be
clearly stated. Research objectives specify what t
he researcher wants to do and find out.
They give focus to the study and specify the varia
bles that are going to be measured.
Once the research objectives have been formulat
ed, the researcher makes educated guesses to te
ntatively answer the questions implied in the obj
ectives.
These guesses are called hypotheses.
Examples of objectives stated in d
eclarative form:
To determine the extent of high school st
udents’ participation in school activities
To determine the relationship between ex
posure to advertising materials and expen
diture patterns of young professionals
To test the effectiveness of oresol in the tr
eatment of diarrhea
To determine the rate of flow of water in t
he irrigation canal (Engineering Research)
Examples of objectives stated in
question form:
To what extent do high school students pa
rticipate in school activities?
Is there a significant relationship between
exposure to advertising materials and exp
enditure patterns of young professionals
?
Is oresol effective in treating diarrhea?
What is the rate of flow of water in the irri
gation canal? (Engineering Research)
Examples of objectives stated in
question form:
What are the designs and specifications of the following technolog
ies that were evaluated:
a. cylindrical-type single-burner, top-lit updraft batch-type
gasifier stove?
b. cylindrical-type double-burner, top-lit updraft batch-type
gasifier stove (for household use)?
c. conical-type double-burner, top-lit updraft
batch-type gasifier stove (for household use)?
d. conical-type double-burner, top-lit updraft batchtype gasifier stove (for industrial use)?
Examples of objectives stated in
question form:
Are there significant differences among the following parameters
of the technologies evaluated:
a. fuel consumption rate?
b. percentage char produced?
c. specific gasification rate?
d. thermal efficiency?
e. electric energy consumption rate?
f. air flow rate?
g. superficial air velocity?
Types of Objectives
There are two kinds of objectives usually f
ormulated for a research study, the IMM
EDIATE/GENERAL objective and the SPE
CIFIC OBJECTIVE.
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
General Objective
– It directly relates to the research problem and st
ates clearly what to do and find out
– Usually, it is presented in similar form with the ti
tle
Specific Objectives
– It is sometimes viewed as sub-objectives which e
xplains the different specific goals of the study, t
he specific variables to be studied, and the types
of analysis to be done
– The variables are expressed in measurable terms
.
EXAMPLE 1
TITLE:
– Design and Evaluation of a Cassava Milling Machine
GENERAL OBJECTIVE:
– To design and evaluate the performance of a cassava milli
ng machine
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:
– 1. To design a low-cost cassava milling machine appropriat
e for medium-scale processors;
– 2. To evaluate the performance of the cassava milling mac
hine in terms of throughput capacity, fuel consumption ra
te, and labor requirement; and,
– 3. To analyze the operating cost and the return on invest
ment of the cassava milling machine.
EXAMPLE 2
TITLE:
– Design, Construction and Testing of a Three-Phase Low V
oltage Power Supply
GENERAL OBJECTIVE:
– To design, construct and test the performance of a three
-phase low voltage power supply
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:
– 1. To draw the basic block diagram of the circuit board;
– 2. To integrate each discrete component based on the bl
ock diagram;
EXAMPLE 2
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES (cont’n)
– 3. To calculate the component values, and determine the
circuit and active component parameters;
– 4. To test the designed circuit, evaluate the result and do
some modifications, when necessary;
– 5. To construct the actual circuit board; and,
– 5. To conduct final testing and evaluation of the circuit b
oard in terms of the expected and actual reading of the f
ollowing:
• a. Source Voltage;
• b. AC Output Voltage;
• c. DC Output Voltage;
• d. Current; and,
• e. Phase Angle.
EXAMPLE 3
TITLE
– Evaluation of the Different Rice Hull Gasifiers De
veloped at CPU APPROTECH Center
GENERAL OBJECTIVE
– To evaluate the different gasifier technologies d
eveloped at the Appropriate Technology Center
of Central Philippine University.
EXAMPLE 3
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
1. To evaluate the performance of each gasifier in t
erms of fuel consumption rate, fire zone rate, ther
mal efficiency, and power output;
2. To analyze whether or not the fuel consumption
rate, fire zone rate, thermal efficiency, and power o
f the gasifiers developed would have a significant d
ifference from each other;
3. To analyze the percentage gas emitted from the
gasifier such as carbon monoxide (CO), carbon diox
ide (CO2), oxygen (O2), and nitrogen oxide (NO);
EXAMPLE 3
4. To compare whether or not the gases emi
tted are within the DENR standards and anal
yze whether or not they have a significant di
fference with each other; and,
To analyze the cost return of operating each
technology.
EXAMPLE 4
TITLE
– Development and Evaluation of CPUCARES Pellet Mill f
or Animal Feed Production
GENERAL OBJECTIVE
– To design and evaluate the performance of an electric m
otor-driven pellet mill for animal feed production.
EXAMPLE 4
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
1. To evaluate the operating performance of the ma
chine in terms of pelleting time, pelleting capacity,
moisture loss of pellets produced and total solids, a
nd physical parameters of pellets like particle size, s
hape and bulk density;
2. To analyze the quality of pellets produced based
on fines (%) and pellet durability index (PDI, %); an
d
3. To analyze the cost of investing in pellet feed pro
duction using the CPUCARES pellet mill.
EXAMPLE OF OPERATIONAL DEFINIT
ION OF TERMS
Title of the Study: Evaluation of the Rice Husk Utilization of Selected Techn
ologies and Its Impact to Environmental Conservation in the Province of
Iloilo
EXAMPLE OF SIGNIFICANCE
OF THE STUDY
Title of the Study: Design and evaluation of a Pellet Mill for
Animal Feed Production
EXAMPLE OF SIGNIFICANCE
OF THE STUDY
Title of the Study: Evaluation of the Rice Husk Utilization of Sel
ected Technologies and Its Impact to Environmental Conser
vation in the Province of Iloilo
EXAMPLE OF SCOPE AND LIMITATIO
N OF THE STUDY
Title of the Study: Evaluation of the Rice Husk Utilization of Sel
ected Technologies and Its Impact to Environmental Conser
vation in the Province of Iloilo