«The morphological structure of words in
English language»
Prepared by: Rasulov Sh
PLAN
INTRODUCTION
1.1
The concept of derivation and its main points
1.2
General characteristics of word formation
The morphemic structure of English Language
2.1
Prefixes
2.2
Suffixes
2.3
Compound words in English Language
CONCLUSIONS
INTRODUCTION
The goal is to learn the original word formation of words. Until recently, artificial words,
studied mainly from a formal point of view, that is, in terms of expression and content,
remained unstudied. This should not be the case, because the uniqueness of word formation is
the variety of its connections and any one-sided consideration.
In this article, the lexical-semantic system of the Latin English language is considered as "the
whole field of semantic relations of lexical elements, the specificity of the types of
interactions, terms and forms of interaction with each other and with elements of other
aspects of the language." linguistic expression leads to different semantic verbal signs".
linguistic English word morphemic
Although the synopsis is sufficiently processed and scientists, but there are always new words
in the language, so there is a need for their research and a detailed examination of educational
tools. As long as the language is developed, this outline will remain relevant.
Word formation is important not only in English grammar, but also in lexicology, phonetics,
and other linguistic disciplines.
The summary consists of an introduction, main text divided into two sections and three
subsections and conclusions.
1.1 The concept of derivation and its main points
The term "word formation" has two main meanings, which should be clearly distinguished. In
the first sense, it is used to express the continuous formation of new words in a language. It is
in a state of constant development and consists of separate language processes, including the
process and creation of new words. This process is called "word formation".
In the second sense, the term "derivation" refers to the field of science dealing with the
process of formation of new lexical compounds.
The subject of the research is the study of the word formation process of new lexical
combinations and the means of this process (supplements, preffixes, suffixes, etc.).
Together, lexical words form the basis of language. Words change in speech according to
grammatical rules. It defines a word as a linguistic unit depending on the angles of approach
to many criteria. In the lexical sense, it is defined as a naming unit that has a lexical-semantic
content and is formed to express a concept. In this regard, the word has a wide lexical and
grammatical range: parts of speech can change depending on the value of the word, and some
forms of its value are preserved, for example. night is nightly.
A word is a part of a phrase, the closest grammatical unit, through which it is realized in a
sentence. So, this contrast has a twofold character: a morpheme is a word combination (or
phraseological unit).
A morpheme is a direct part of a word.
1.2 General description of word formation
A morpheme is a combination of a meaning and a phonetic form. However, a morpheme,
unlike a word, is not an autonomous unit, although some words may consist of only one
morpheme. Of course, there are two or three (sometimes more) morphemes in an English
word. For example, the word students has three morphemes - its root "stud" with a value of
"learning" suffix-ent with the value of active action and end with -s plural grammatical
meaning. Further segmentation of morphemes leads to distinguishing only some nonessential sound systems.
Free and dependent morphemes. A morpheme as a part of speech is more bound than free.
This is understandable, because in this case the part must belong to the whole.
A free morpheme regularly plays with the model language and can be used independently
without changing its value. The verbs to stand and to stand are free morphemes that retain the
relevant lexical-semantic meaning. These morphemes can be called minimal free forms.
However, the root of a stand can be part of other words, e.g. stand up The morphological
condition changes in such a way that the verb tolerant actually consists of two free
morphemes, the preposition and the verb are related, the participle free form and the
subordinate morpheme are not used alone -ing.
Vocabulary, concepts initially called every day, usually consists of a free morpheme, forming
a single word, e.g. the history of these words shows that their grammatical changes in some
cases reflect the presence of two morphemes - man - men, but such cases in the language a
little
The affixed root (prefix and suffixes) forms the basis of the word. A simple base is the same
root word that can often be used separately, e.g. surprise, change, note, appearance. If the
main stem is an affix and it does not homogenize any free word of the same stem, it is a
subordinate stem. Thus, the widely used speech and the lexical-semantic set surrounding it transfer, exchange, deduce, deceive, attract, etc. The prefix can only be separated formally.
The root remains, ducted from Latin - "am" and does not form a single word. It depends on
the frame and the call. This phenomenon is natural, because the basis of borrowed words was
formed and followed the path of historical development in another language, e.g. courage,
faculty, honest, mature, royalty, feeling, un-cert-ain .
Roots are basic elements that do not qualify for further analysis after removal of functional
affixes.
In English, the root is often the same as the word. The phonetic phenomenon occurs most
often in monosyllabic words, e.g. target, cat, get, hat, pig, pack. Conformity to the form of the
root word is the result of historical development patterns of English words in the late
medieval period, when endings were disappearing. As a result of this process, English words
do not have formal features (endings) that indicate membership in a certain part of speech.
Most monosyllabic words are derivational roots from which new, derivational words are
formed.
Although the root is to some extent independent of the word, it always affixes the related
elements of the structure. And suffix and prefix with semantic load, but they are not used as
independent linguistic units.
An extra derivational element (structure) at the end of a word (between the stem and the
ending) that is or is a productive part of word formation. The adverb has a lexical-semantic
meaning, but is not used separately, so there is no evidence for a specific part of speech.
However, if the same word with different suffixes belongs to the same sentence, the suffixes er and -est are added for different lexical-grammatical groups of words, for example, higher
and superior suffixes. added: bigg-er - the biggest-most, sweet -er - the sweetest. Pure
semantic changes in the word occur by changing the suffix and allow the word to refer to a
part of the sentence: it is possible to collect, it is possible to collect. Finally, different adverbs
can form both simple and double opposites of different clauses, for example: cold - cold-ish
(adjective) - cold-like (adverb) - coldness (noun).
Because for each suffix that has a lexical-semantic meaning, the use of the second one in
certain word groups leads to the corresponding parts of speech. These affixes are an
important type of word formation that has historically dominated English.
A prefix is a morpheme that precedes the root word and changes its value. Prefixes in modern
English are always derivational. A prefix hardly helps to distinguish parts of speech, except
when it is present as part of the status of a verb or phrase, for example, dress - to undress,
dust - adust, float - float. Sometimes the transitive and intransitive verbs are combined with a
prefix
MORPHEMIC STRUCTURE OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE
2.1 Prefixes
A prefix is a modification of the base to which the prefix is added as a word formation.
Prefixes differ in origin: they can come from their own language or from another language be. By changing the lexical meaning of the word, the prefix often changes the grammatical
nature of the word as a whole, so a simple word and its prefix-derivative in most cases belong
to a part of speech, for example. .: abuse – dis-abuse, approval – dis- approval, belief – disbelief.
English prefixes are affixes (i.e., bound morphemes that provide lexical meaning) that are
added before either simple roots or complex bases (or operands) consisting of (a) a root and
other affixes, (b) multiple roots, or (c) multiple roots and other affixes. Examples of these
follow:
undo (consisting of prefix un- and root do)
untouchable (consisting of prefix un-, root touch, and suffix -able)
non-childproof (consisting of prefix non-, root child, and suffix -proof)
non-childproofable (consisting of prefix non-, root child, root proof, and suffix -able).
The lexical-semantic prefix is determined by the method of transmission based on the color
value that reflects the mode of action, place, time, degree of completion, etc.
For example: The prefix a-, derived from the Old English preposition an, is used with nouns,
adjectives and verbs, and is a condition, situation, e.g. afloat, agaze, alike, anew, asleep,
awake.
In modern English, the prefix be- is mainly used to form verbs. Among them:
1) Subtransitive verbs that add a prefix meaning "everywhere, everywhere", e.g. belays,
beset, bedeck.
2) After transitive verbs, the value of finality or redundant actions, for example, to becall, to
betray.
3) subgroup, where the prefix leads to the transitive transformation of intransitive verbs, e.g.
to bespeak, to bethink.
4) subgroups formed by prefixing a transitive verb with the general meaning "to create,
make", for example. belate, belittle.
With the help of the prefix be- nouns are also formed from adjectives that mean neglect, e.g.
beneaped.
And also, a large group of morphemes used as prefixes are created later period - ante, extra-,
hyper-, intra-, meta-, para, tetra-. This phenomenon is related to the development of
technology, and the participation of these formative elements continues today. Some classical
words are used as independent words in English, but these elements do not have an
independent value, they are not used alone, but are an element of word formation.
Summarizing all of the above, it should be noted that prefixation is widely used due to the
lack of endings in English. The flattening of case endings and the loss of verb suffixes led to
deep lexical differences that resulted from the use of prefixes.
2.2 Suffixes
A suffix is a string of letters that goes at the end of a root word that changes or adds to its
meaning. They are one of the two main types of affixes, along with prefixes, which are
groups of letters at the front of a word that change its meaning.
In English, adverbs can also indicate whether a word is a noun, a verb, an adjective, or an
adverb. From the below example we can see that suffixes include -able, -al, er, est, -full and ible. All of these can be attached to the end of a root word to change it in some way.
Below we have given examples of adverbs from different word groups. Because there are
many different types of adverbs, teaching adverbs in groups or single-syllabic phrases makes
it easier for children to learn them. As you teach some of these adverbs, you can encourage
your students to add them or use them in different words.
1. Common verb suffixes
Verbs are usually defined as "action words" that indicate an action or state of being, and can
often be recognized by their place in a sentence. Therefore, common verb adverbs are used to
describe an action that happened in the past, present, or future.
Suffix
Meaning
Example
-ed
past tense of a verb
jumped
-en
become
soften
-ing
present tense of a verb
walking
-er
comparative
bigger
-ise
to cause or become
popularise
2. Common adverb suffixes
Adverbs have the same name as verbs, but have a different function: they describe how an
action is performed. Adverbs can modify or add detail to a verb, an adjective, or even an
entire sentence. The following common adverbs can be used to show how an action happens,
for example, whether it happens quickly or slowly.
Suffix
Meaning
Example
-ly
the manner something is done
quickly
-ward
in a certain direction
forward
-wise
in relation to
clockwise
4. Common noun suffixes
A noun is a word that names things, animals, people, places, and feelings. Nouns also form
the basis of many sentences. Knowing different nouns allows people to communicate their
ideas better and more clearly. Below are some commonly used noun phrases and their
meanings.
Suffix
Meaning
Example
-ness
a state or quality
happiness
-ment
action or result of
enjoyment
-eer
engaged in something, associated
with something
volunteer
-er
someone who performs an actor
dancer
-ion
the action or process of
celebration
-ity
the state or condition of
equality
-or
a person who is something
investigator
-sion
state or being
confusion
-ship
position held
internship
-th
state or quality
warmth
2.3 Compound words in English Language
The English language is full of compound words, so understanding them is an important part
of the learning process. Whether you're proficient in English or a beginner, you'll use them
constantly in your everyday language.
Therefore, you should easily recognize them, which is actually much simpler than it seems.
In other words, you combine two or more words to form a new word that has its own
meaning.
For example, "water" and "melon" have specific meanings when used separately. But if you
combine them, you get a new word with a completely different meaning - "watermelon".
Therefore, watermelon is a compound word.
However, this is an example of a compound word. There are several types of compounds and
each of them is formed in a different way. Let's learn more about them.
Types of compound words
The "watermelon" is a closed compound word, it is one of the three types of compound
words. The rest are open compounds and hyphenated compounds. Here is more information
about each type of compound.
Closed compound words
Did you even know that "watermelon" is a compound word? Although it is one word, it was
originally created by combining two words. The English language is full of closed
compounds like "watermelon", which are used so often that it is hard to guess that they are
actually two words.
The fact is that most closed compound words used to be written as two words with a space or
hyphen between them. However, the many used eventually became one word.
Other examples of closed compound words are airplane, cardboard, bedroom, grandparents,
football, fireman, etc.
Open compound words
Unlike closed compound words, open compound words are still written as two words with a
space between them. However, this makes them difficult to recognize. The only way they can
be distinguished from two ordinary words standing next to each other is if they form a new
word with a specific meaning.
These compounds are usually nouns made up of a modifying adjective and another noun or
two nouns.
For example, "ice cream". This compound is a noun made up of two nouns "ice" and
"cream". Both nouns have a different meaning than "ice cream" when used separately. But
when you read them together, you almost always think of a dessert called "ice cream" rather
than "ice" and "cream".
Other open combinations include full moon, hot dog, living room, life jacket, school bus, cell
phone, coffee mug, dining table, post office, high school, and more.
Hyphenated compound words
Hyphenated compound words are formed by joining two or more words with a hyphen. Often
they precede the noun they modify, in which case they are modifying adjectives. However,
they can be nouns and stand alone in a sentence.
For example, the hyphenated "full-time" modifies the noun that follows it and has a different
meaning than "full" and "time." Whether a full-time writer, full-time worker, or full-time
freelancer, the conjunction "full-time" modifies the nouns "writer," "worker," and
"freelancer."
Other hyphenated combinations include father-in-law, mother-in-law, Merry-go-round, longterm, one-and-a-half, topical, over-the-counter, check-in, double, sixty-seven.
CONCLUSIONS
This essay allowed us to achieve the goal of the question posed: to determine what this word
formation means in English word formation, to identify the most important means of word
formation and to consider its further use. from newly created words.
The goal stated in the introductory essay can be achieved by processing scientific articles and
articles by researchers working with dictionaries and other aids to modern English grammar
and lexicology.
This essay contributed to the conclusion that the most common means of word formation in
English are suffixes based on the addition of a root suffix.
In addition to the original English, the language is still dominated by native dialects. With the
help of adverbs, nouns (both common nouns and proper, abstract and proper), adjectives,
verbs, etc.
The next most common means of word formation in English prefixes is based on the
combination of the initial stems of the adjective. It had a number of advantages, since in
English it helps to distinguish between infinitive and prefixed parts of speech. Prefixes,
unlike suffixes, do not change the grammatical nature of the word, and newly formed words
belong to the same parts as their stem.
The third means is compound word formation, which is based on the addition of two or more
stems, while further changes can be made to the newly formed content. Some scholars favor
composition because they consider it the most effective word-formation tool in English. The
most active means of forming a new composition is the addition of two, and sometimes more
bases. They form words, compound nouns, adjectives, verbs, numbers, etc.
Thus, as can be seen from this essay, English language has enough powerful and effective
means of word formation to complement vocabulary speech.