English
Quarter 1 – Module 3:
Reading on Related Studies
1
SHS Applied Subject: Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion
Quarter 1 – Module 3: Reading on Related Studies
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Module
3
Reading on Related Literature
Related literature is the sail that would give direction to whatever research
you’re engaged in. Reading on related literature will help you decide on what
specific topic from the broad subjects that’s making your research daunting.
Moreover, going through varied primary, secondary or even tertiary sources gives
you pointers on formulating your research objectives and questions.
Reading substantial body of literature, provides more background to your
investigation, allowing more understanding of the chosen research topic.
Furthermore, literature review gives you warning against copying existing
researches, but could duplicate with the intention of identifying and filling the gaps
in other studies.
.
According to Kim, YS (2018), review of related literature aids to “provide a
context for the research, justify the research, ensure the research hasn’t been
done, show where the research fits into the existing body of knowledge, enable the
researcher to learn from previous theory on the subject, illustrate how the subject
has previously been studied, highlight flaws in previous research, outline gaps in
previous research, show that the work is adding to the understanding and
knowledge of the field, help refine, refocus or even change the topic.”
Hence, after contemplating on research topic and before writing the
introduction, statement of the problem and other preliminary parts in research, it is
imperative that you do extensive reading/viewing of varied literatures so that you
would be ready and equipped with background knowledge of your research.
Learning Targets
To help you better prepare for your final research in Senior High
School, this module allows you to select, cite and synthesize related
literature using sources according to ethical standards (at least 4-6 local
and international sources). Specifically it aims to:
1. select relevant literature CS_RS11-IIIf-j-1;
2. cite related literature using standard style (APA, MLA or Chicago
Manual of Style) CS_RS11-IIIf-j-2; and
3. synthesize information from relevant literature CS_RS11-IIIf-j-3.
3
Vocabulary List
Review usually means an overview summarizing major parts and bringing
them together to build a picture of what's out there.
Literature means the major writings especially scholarly writings - on the topic.
Depending on your field "the literature" can include all sorts of things:
journal articles, books, published essays, government reports,
historical records, and statistical handbooks.
Literature review is a systematic and comprehensive analysis of books,
scholarly articles and other sources relevant to a specific topic providing
a base of knowledge on a topic.
Related Studies are studies, inquiries, or investigations already conducted to
which the present proposed study is relate or has some bearing or
similarity.
Related Literature is composed of discussions of facts and principles to which
the present study is related
Citation is a reference to a source used in your research. It is how you give
credit to the author for their creative and intellectual works that you
referenced as support for your research.
Primary sources are original materials on which other research is based.
Secondary sources are those that describe or analyze primary sources.
Tertiary sources are those used to organize and locate secondary and primary
sources.
Plagiarism is using someone else’s words or ideas as your own without
giving credit to that person or without citation.
Warming Up
Answer the following questions based on your previous knowledge studies
on Practical Research 1 and Practical Research 2. Choose the letter of the
correct answer. Use a separate sheet of paper for your answers.
1. A literature review is best defined as:
A. Doing an internet search on a topic and looking through the results.
B. The process of studying published research.
C. The process of studying published research and the written review
outlining what literature was reviewed.
D. The written component of a research project that discusses the existing
research the researcher reviewed.
2. Why does a researcher conduct a literature review?
A. To familiarize themselves with the field.
B. They are required to by other researchers.
C. They are paid to review it.
D. To reproduce existing research.
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3. If you are studying a specialized topic, like 'Common symptoms of mentally ill
children', but search for something broad, like 'Psychology of children', you are
likely to find
A. A large amount of relevant articles.
B. A small amount of relevant articles.
C. A large amount of non-relevant articles.
D. A small amount of non-relevant articles.
4. What should you do with the literature review?
A. Keep bibliographic for every source
B. Try to read everything
C. Reading but not writing
D. Failing to keep complete bibliographic
5. What’s the difference between literature review and a review of a literature
topic?
A. The review of a literature topic makes people aware of a masterpiece
and contribute to a contemporary debate, while the literature review has
a personal dimension that aims to develop the skills and abilities of the
researcher as well as having a public dimension.
B. the literature review makes people aware of a masterpiece and
contribute to a contemporary debate, while the review of a literature topic
has a personal dimension that aims to develop the skills and abilities of
the researcher as well as having a public dimension.
C. The review of a literature topic makes people learn information about
a research topic, while the literature review makes people learn
information about a masterpiece.
D. The literature review makes people learn information about their
subjects and the review of a literature topic makes people learn
information about novels, romance, etc.
Source: Quizizz. Quiz on Literature Review. Retrieved from
https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/5b6ec7c0d4812c0019cd9317/researc
h-methodologyliterature-review%20Retrieved%20July%2025
Retrieved July 25, 2020.
Learning About It
Reviewing related literature is one major activity in research that makes
you examine or study again concepts or ideas related to your research that people
managed to publish in books, journals, or other reading materials in the past.
Review of related literature involves analysis of different literature such as
published/printed materials like: reference books, textbooks, manuals,
encyclopedia, dictionaries, broadsheets, journals, periodicals electronic
references from the Internet that have some bearing to the research topic being
studied.
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Review of related study allows the research to compare and contrast his/her
findings with those of past studies. The studies can be in the form of theses,
dissertations or journal articles, among others.
Foreign and local literature and studies are part of your review of related
literature. As much as possible there should be a balance between these two.
Just like related literature and related studies, in the discussion part of RRL, you
may combine foreign and local literature and studies so long as you have arranged
them thematically, chronologically, methodological or theoretical.
How to write a literature review
A literature review is a survey of scholarly sources on a specific topic. It
provides an overview of current knowledge, allowing you to identify relevant
theories, methods, and gaps in the existing research.
Writing a literature review involves finding relevant publications (such as
books and journal articles), critically analyzing them, and explaining what you
found. There are five key steps:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Search for relevant literature
Evaluate sources
Identify themes, debates and gaps
Outline the structure
Write your literature review
A good literature review doesn’t just summarize sources – it
analyzes, synthesizes, and critically evaluates to give a clear picture of the state
of knowledge on the subject.
Why write a literature review?
When you write a thesis, dissertation, or research paper, you will have to
conduct a literature review to situate your research within existing knowledge.
The literature review gives you a chance to:
Demonstrate your familiarity with the topic and scholarly context
Develop a theoretical framework and methodology for your research
Position yourself in relation to other researchers and theorists
Show how your research addresses a gap or contributes to a debate
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Source: Pubrica.com (Jun 14, 2019). The importance of literature
review in research writing. Retrieved from
https://medium.com/@pubricahealthcare/the-importance-of-literaturereview-in-research-writing-67f5af941650. Retrieved July 22, 2020.
Steps in Writing Review of Related Literature
Step 1: Search for relevant literature
Before you begin searching for literature, you need a clearly defined topic.
Example: Impact of social media among Generation Z
Make a list of keywords
Start by creating a list of keywords related to your research question.
Include each of the key concepts or variables you’re interested in, and list any
synonyms and related terms. You can add to this list if you discover new keywords
in the process of your literature search.
Keywords example
Social media, Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Snapchat, TikTok
Body image, self-perception, self-esteem, mental health
Generation Z, teenagers, adolescents, youth
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Search for relevant sources
Use your keywords to begin searching for sources. Some useful databases
to search for journals and articles include:
Your university’s library catalogue
Google Scholar
JSTOR
EBSCO
Project Muse (humanities and social sciences)
Medline (life sciences and biomedicine)
EconLit (economics)
Inspec (physics, engineering and computer science)
You can use boolean operators to help narrow down your search:
AND to find sources that contain more than one keyword (e.g. social media
AND body image AND generation Z
OR to find sources that contain one of a range of synonyms (e.g. generation
Z OR teenagers OR adolescents)
NOT to exclude results containing certain terms (e.g. apple NOT fruit)
Step 2: Evaluate and select sources
You probably won’t be able to read absolutely everything that has been written on
the topic – you’ll have to evaluate which sources are most relevant to your
questions.
For each publication, ask yourself:
What question or problem is the author addressing?
What are the key concepts and how are they defined?
What are the key theories, models and methods? Does the research use
established frameworks or take an innovative approach?
What are the results and conclusions of the study?
How does the publication relate to other literature in the field? Does it confirm,
add to, or challenge established knowledge?
How does the publication contribute to your understanding of the topic? What
are its key insights and arguments?
What are the strengths and weaknesses of the research?
Make sure the sources you use are credible, and make sure you read any
landmark studies and major theories in your field of research.
Take notes and cite your sources
It is important to keep track of your sources with citations to avoid
plagiarism. It can be helpful to make an annotated bibliography, where you compile
full citation information and write a paragraph of summary and analysis for each
source. This helps you remember what you read and saves time later in the
process.
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Step 3: Identify themes, debates, and gaps
To begin organizing your literature review’s argument and structure, you
need to understand the connections and relationships between the sources you’ve
read. Based on your reading and notes, you can look for:
Trends and patterns (in theory, method or results): do certain approaches
become more or less popular over time?
Themes: what questions or concepts recur across the literature?
Debates, conflicts and contradictions: where do sources disagree?
Pivotal publications: are there any influential theories or studies that
changed the direction of the field?
Gaps: what is missing from the literature? Are there weaknesses that need
to be addressed.
Example of trends and gaps in reviewing the literature on social media and body
image, you note that:
Most research has focused on young women.
There is an increasing interest in the visual aspects of social media.
But there is still a lack of robust research on highly-visual platforms like
Instagram and Snapchat – this is a gap that you could address in your own
research.
Step 4: Outline your literature review’s structure
Depending on the length of your literature review, you can combine several
of these strategies (for example, your overall structure might be thematic, but each
theme is discussed chronologically).
Chronological
The simplest approach is to trace the development of the topic over
time. However, if you choose this strategy, be careful to avoid simply listing
and summarizing sources in order.
Thematic
If you have found some recurring central themes, you can organize
your literature review into subsections that address different aspects of the
topic.
For example, if you are reviewing literature about inequalities in
migrant health outcomes, key themes might include healthcare policy,
language barriers, cultural attitudes, legal status, and economic access.
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Methodological
If you draw your sources from different disciplines or fields that use a
variety of research methods, you might want to compare the results and
conclusions that emerge from different approaches. For example:
Look at what results have emerged in qualitative versus quantitative
research
Discuss how the topic has been approached by empirical versus
theoretical scholarship
Divide the literature into sociological, historical, and cultural sources
Theoretical
A literature review is often the foundation for a theoretical framework.
You can use it to discuss various theories, models, and definitions of key
concepts.
Step 5: Write your literature review
Like any other academic text, your literature review should have
an introduction, a main body, and a conclusion. What you include in each depends
on the objective of your literature review.
Introduction
The introduction should clearly establish the focus and purpose of the
literature review.
The introduction is usually a single paragraph. Your introduction should
give an outline of…
why you are writing a review, and why the topic is important
the scope of the review — what aspects of the topic will be discussed
the criteria used for your literature selection (e.g.. type of sources used,
date range)
the organizational pattern of the review.
Reiterate your central problem or research question and give a brief summary
of the scholarly context. You can emphasize the timeliness of the topic (“many
recent studies have focused on the problem of x”) or highlight a gap in the literature
(“while there has been much research on x, few researchers have taken y into
consideration”).
Body
You can use a subheading for each theme, time period,
methodological approach. The body could include paragraphs on:
historical background
methodologies
previous studies on the topic
mainstream versus alternative viewpoints
principal questions being asked
general conclusions that are being drawn.
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or
Conclusion
Usually a single paragraph. Your conclusion should give a summary of:
the main agreements and disagreements in the literature
any gaps or areas for further research
your overall perspective on the topic.
As you write, you can follow these tips:
Summarize and synthesize: give an overview of the main points of
each source and combine them into a coherent whole.
Analyze and interpret: don’t just paraphrase other researchers—
add your own interpretations where possible, discussing the
significance of findings in relation to the literature as a whole.
Critically evaluate: mention the strengths and weaknesses of your
sources
Write in well-structured paragraphs: use transition words and topic
sentences to draw connections, comparisons and contrasts.
Example of a paragraph in a literature review
Body image issues have been widely associated with social media usage,
particularly in young women. The relation between media depictions and body
image concerns is well-established; a meta-analysis by Grabe, Ward and Hyde
(2008) concluded that exposure to mass media is linked to body image
dissatisfaction among women. However, in an era of rapidly changing digital
technologies, the mass media paradigm is no longer adequate for understanding
how people engage with images, and the findings of older studies like this one may
not be generalizable to younger generations. In light of this changing landscape,
researchers have become increasingly interested in the specific effects of social
media.
Perloff (2014) theorizes that the interactive aspects of social media may
influence its impact on body image, and mentions that young women are among
the most active social media users. Several empirical studies have focused on
Facebook usage in adolescent girls (Tiggermann & Slater, 2013; Meier & Gray,
2014) and in young adult women (Smith, Hames, & Joiner, 2013; Fardouly et al.,
2015; Cohen, Newton-John & Slater, 2017), while a systematic review by Holland
and Timmerman (2016) confirmed a relationship between social networking and
body image for both women and men.
Across these studies, there is consistent evidence that body image issues
are influenced not by social media usage in general, but by engagement with the
visual and interactive aspects of these platforms. Nonetheless, there is a lack of
robust research on more highly-visual social media (HVSM) such as Instagram
and Snapchat that have gained more recent popularity among younger
generations.
Source: Shona McCombes. June 25, 2020. How to write a literature review. Retrieved from
https://www.scribbr.com/dissertation/literature-review/. Retrieved July 25, 2020. Scribbr
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Characteristics of a good Literature Review
1. Materials/ the literature used must be as recent as possible.
2. Materials/ the literature used must be as objective and as unbiased
as possible.
3. Materials/ the literature used must be relevant to the study.
4. Materials/ the literature used must not be too few nor too many.
Components of the literature review
Objective of the literature review
Overview of the subject under consideration.
Clear categorization of sources selected into those in support of your
particular position, those opposed, and those offering completely different
arguments.
Discussion of both the distinctiveness of each source and its similarities
with the others.
Source: Upstate Library (June 2, 2020). Literature Review: Purpose of a Literature Review.
Retrieved from https://uscupstate.libguides.com/c.php?g=627058&p=4389968. Retrieved
July 20, 2020.
Citing Sources
Writing a literature review can be a daunting task for students as it entails
lots of reading to the part of the student researcher. Alongside with lots of reading,
it is necessary recognize the authors of the literatures that you have selected which
have some bearing to the study. Prieto (2017) provides this guide to help student
researchers in citing sources:
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1. Primary sources are original materials on which other research is based,
including:
original written works – poems, diaries, court records, interviews,
surveys, and original research/fieldwork, and
research published in scholarly/academic journals.
2. Secondary sources are those that describe or analyze primary sources,
including:
reference materials – dictionaries, encyclopedias, textbooks, and
books and articles that interpret, review, or synthesize original
research/fieldwork.
3. Tertiary sources are those used to organize and locate secondary and
primary sources.
Indexes – provide citations that fully identify a work with information
such as author, titles of a book, artile, and/or journal, publisher and
publication date, volume and issue number and page numbers.
Abstracts – summarize the primary or secondary sources,
Databases – are online indexes that usually include abstracts for each
primary or secondary resource, and may also include a digital copy of
the resource.
Source: Mary Woodley ( June 1, 2020). Three Types of Resources.
Retrieved from https://libguides.merrimack.edu/research_help/Sources.
Retrieved July 25, 2020. MsQuad.
A citation is a way of giving credit to individuals for their creative and
intellectual works that you utilized to support your research. It can also be used to
locate particular sources and combat plagiarism. Typically, a citation can include
the author's name, date, location of the publishing company, journal title, or DOI
(Digital Object Identifer).
A citation style dictates the information necessary for a citation and how the
information is ordered, as well as punctuation and other formatting.
How To Do I Choose A Citation Style?
There are many different ways of citing resources from your research. The
citation style sometimes depends on the academic discipline involved. For
example:
1.
APA (American Psychological Association) used by Education,
Psychology, and Sciences, is an author/date based style. This means emphasis is
placed on the author and the date of a piece of work to uniquely identify it.
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APA 7th Edition
Material Type
In-text
Citation
A book
(Sapolsky,
2017)
Chapter in
an edited book
(If the chapter
is from an
authored
book, use the
book citation)
An article in a
print journal
(Dillard, 2020)
An article in
an electronic
journal
(Grady et
al., 2019)
A website
(Bologna,
2019)
(Weinstein,
2009)
Bibliography
Sapolsky, R. M. (2017). Behave: The
biology of humans at our best and worst.
Penguin Books.
Dillard, J. P. (2020). Currents in the study
of persuasion. In M. B. Oliver, A. A. Raney,
& J. Bryant (Eds.), Media effects:
Advances in theory and research (4th ed.,
pp. 115–129). Routledge.
Weinstein, J. (2009). “The market in Plato’s
Republic.” Classical Philology, 104(4), 439458.
Grady, J. S., Her, M., Moreno, G.,
Perez, C., & Yelinek, J. (2019).
Emotions in storybooks: A comparison
of storybooks that represent ethnic and
racial groups in the United
States. Psychology of Popular Media
Culture, 8(3), 207–
217. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm000018
5
Bologna, C. (2019, October 31). Why
some people with anxiety love watching
horror movies.
HuffPost. https://www.huffpost.com/entry
/anxiety-love-watching-horrormovies_l_5d277587e4b02a5a5d57b59e
2. MLA (Modern Language Association) is most often applied in the
arts and humanities, particularly in the USA.
In-text Citation
Material Type
Author's name
in text
Author's name
in reference
Two authors'
names in
reference
In-text Citation
Magny develops this argument (67-69).
This argument has been developed elsewhere (Magny
67-69).
The most notorious foreign lobby in Washington is the
"Sugar Mafia" (Howe and Trott 134).
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Quotation
found in
indirect or
"secondhand"
source
The philosopher Alain states that "admiration is not
pleasure but a kind of attention. . ." (qtd. in Magny 66).
Works cited
Material Type
Book in print
eBook
An article in a
print journal
An article in an
electronic
journal
A encyclopedia
entry
A government
publication
An interview
you conducted
A film/DVD
A Page on
a Website with
no author
A Page on
a Website with
an author
Artwork - from
website
Works Cited
Card, Claudia. The Atrocity Paradigm: A Theory of Evil.
Oxford UP, 2005.
Gaither, Milton. Homeschool: An American
History. Palgrave Macmillan, 2017. SpringerLink, doiorg.pitt.idm.oclc.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95056-0.
Doggart, Julia. "Minding the Gap: Realizing Our Ideal
Community Writing Assistance Program." The
Community Literacy Journal, vol. 2, no. 1, 2007, pp. 7180.
Sherrard-Johnson, Cherene. "'A Plea for Color': Nella
Larsen's Iconography of the Mulatta." American
Literature, vol. 76, no. 4, 2004, pp. 833-869, doi:
10.1215/00029831-76-4-833.
“Patanjali.” Benét’s Reader’s Encyclopedia, edited by
Bruce Murphy, 4th ed., HarperCollins Publishers, 1996,
p. 782.
United States, Federal Maritime Commission. Hawaiian
Trade Study: An Economic Analysis. Government
Printing Office, 1978.
Brandt, Deborah. Personal interview. 28 May 2008.
(Note: List the interview under the name of the
interviewee)
Note: This depends on the focus of your work. Please
see the MLA Style blog for a detailed explanation.
"Stunning Lakeside View on Lake
Erie." VisitPA, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, 7 June
2018, www.visitpa.com/article/stunning-lakeside-viewslake-erie.
Del Castillo, Inigo. "How Not to Kill Your Houseplants,
According to Botanists." Apartment Therapy, 29 Jan.
2020, www.apartmenttherapy.com/houseplant-tipsbotanists-36710191.
Sherald, Amy. Former First Lady, Michelle Obama.
2018. National Portrait Gallery,
npg.si.edu/object/npg_NPG.2018.15.
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3. Chicago/Turabian style is generally used by Business, History, and
the Fine Arts
Material Type
A book in print
An article in a
print journal
An article in an
electronic
journal
A website
Notes/Bibliography Style
Note Style: 1. Michael Pollan, The Omnivore's Dilemma:
A Natural History of Four Meals (New York: Penguin,
2006), 99–100.
Duplicate Note: 2. Pollan, Omnivore's Dilemma, 3.
Bibliography: Pollan, Michael. The Omnivore's Dilemma:
A Natural History of Four Meals. New York: Penguin,
2006.
Note Style: 1. Joshua I. Weinstein, "The Market in
Plato’s Republic," Classical Philology 104 (2009): 440.
Duplicate Note: 2. Weinstein, "Plato’s Republic," 452–
53.
Bibliography: Weinstein, Joshua I. "The Market in
Plato’s Republic." Classical Philology 104 (2009): 439–
58.
Note Style: 1. Gueorgi Kossinets and Duncan J. Watts,
“Origins of Homophily in an Evolving Social
Network,” American Journal of Sociology 115 (2009):
411, accessed February 28, 2010, doi:10.1086/599247.
Duplicate Note: Kossinets and Watts, “Origins of
Homophily,” 439.
Bibliography: Kossinets, Gueorgi, and Duncan J. Watts.
“Origins of Homophily in an Evolving Social
Network.” American Journal of Sociology 115 (2009):
405–50. Accessed February 28, 2010.
doi:10.1086/599247.
Note Style: 1.“Google Privacy Policy,” last modified
March 11, 2009,
http://www.google.com/intl/en/privacypolicy.html.
Duplicate Note: “Google Privacy Policy.”
Bibliography: Google. “Google Privacy Policy.” Last
modified March 11, 2009.
http://www.google.com/intl/en/privacypolicy.html.
Source: University of Pittsburgh Library System (July 21, 2020). Citation Style.
Retrieved from https://pitt.libguides.com/citationhelp. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
In-text citations in APA and MLA
An APA in-text citation includes the author’s last name and the publication
year. If you’re quoting or paraphrasing a specific passage, you also add a page
number.
An MLA in-text citation includes the author’s last name and a page number.
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The two styles also have different rules about when to shorten citations with
“et al.” Check the table to compare in-text citations for APA and MLA.
APA
MLA
1 author
(Taylor, 2018, p. 23)
(Taylor 23)
2 authors
(Taylor & Kotler, 2018, p. 23)
(Taylor and Kotler 23)
3–5
authors
First citation: (Taylor, Kotler, Johnson, & Parker,
2018, p. 23)
Subsequent citations: (Taylor et al., 2018, p. 23)
(Taylor et al., 2018, p. 23)
(Taylor et al. 23)
6+ authors
(Taylor et al. 23)
Other key difference between APA and MLA
Aspect
Writing the Author’s
name
APA System
Full surname first, then
followed by initials of first
and middle name
Writing the title of
the reading material
Italicized title with only the
beginning word capitalized
(exception: capital for every
proper noun)
Writing the
copyright date
Written after the author’s
name
MLA System
Full surname first,
followed
by full first name, and
optional
initial of the middle name
Underlined or italicized
title with all content words
capitalized
Written after the
publisher’s name
Source: Shona McCombes (February 19, 2020). APA vs MLA: The key
differences. Retrieved from https://www.scribbr.com/citing-sources/apa-vsmla/. Retrieved Ju;y 25, 2020. Scribbr.
Plagiarism
Always remember that the following are considered plagiarism:






Turning in someone’s work as your own.
Failing to put quotation in quotation marks.
Copying words or ideas from someone else without giving credit.
Giving incorrect information about the source of the quotation.
Changing words but copying the sentence structure of a source without giving
credit.
Using a previous assignment or essay as a new assignment
In order to avoid plagiarism, you should know when to paraphrase and when
to quote.
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How to paraphrase in five steps:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Read the passage several times to fully understand the meaning
Note down key concepts
Write your version of the text without looking at the original
Compare your paraphrased text with the original passage and make minor
adjustments to phrases that remain too similar
5. Cite the source where you found the idea
Example:
Original passage
“The number of foreign and domestic tourists in the Netherlands rose above
42 million in 2017, an increase of 9% and the sharpest growth rate since
2006,
the
national
statistics
office
CBS
reported
on
Wednesday” (DutchNews.nl, 2018).
Paraphrased version
According to the national statistics office, the Netherlands experienced
dramatic growth in tourist numbers in 2017. More than 42 million tourists
travelled to or within the Netherlands that year, representing a 9% increase
– the steepest in 12 years (DutchNews.nl, 2018).
The text is rewritten in your own words
The meaning of the text did not change
The source is cited correctly according to APA in-text citation rules
Paraphrasing tips
The five steps to paraphrasing may seem straightforward, but writing an idea in a
different way than the published version can be difficult. These are four tricks you
can apply to help you do so.
1. Start your first sentence at a different point from that of the original source
2. Use synonyms (words that mean the same thing)
3. Change the sentence structure (e.g. from active to passive voice, simple to
compound or complex, etc.)
4. Break the information into separate sentences
We have applied these four tips to the example below.
Original quote:
“But the hearing was about more than Facebook; it exposed a critical turning
point as the power, sophistication and potential exploitation of technology
outpaces what users, regulators or even its creators expected or seem
prepared to handle” (Roose & Kang, 2018, para. 11).
18
Paraphrased version:
The hearing made it apparent that the expectations of creators, regulators
and users have been rapidly eclipsed by technology in general, not only
Facebook. Such technologies now extend beyond what these parties are
able to manage, due to their immense influence, potential for exploitation and
sophistication (Roose & Kang, 2018, para. 11).
1. Start your first sentence at a different point from that of the original source
In the example, you can see that we started by introducing the context (the
hearing) followed by the last part of the original sentence: the expectations of
creators, regulators and users. In fact, the key pieces of information are
mentioned in a completely different order.
2. Use as many synonyms as possible
Synonyms are words or phrases that means the same thing. Our example uses
several synonyms:



“exposed a critical turning point” → “made it apparent”
“outpaces” → “rapidly eclipsed”
“power” → “immense influence”
3. Change the sentence structure
For example, if the sentence was originally in the active voice, change it to
passive. The active voice is when a sentence is led by the subject (the thing
doing the action). When the object (the thing receiving the action) leads the
sentence, that sentence is written in the passive voice.
“Technology outpaces what users, regulators or even its creators
expected” → “The expectations of creators, regulators and users have been
rapidly eclipsed by technology“
5. Break the information into separate sentences
Although paraphrasing will usually result in a word count roughly the same as
an original quote, you may be able to play with the number of sentences to
make the text different.
In this example, one long sentence was broken into two. The opposite could
also be the case, i.e. if the original quote is comprised of two sentences, you
may be able to combine the information into one.
Source: Courtney Gahan (October 31, 2019) How to paraphrase
sources. Retrieved from https://www.scribbr.com/citing-sources/howto-paraphrase/. Retrieved July 25, 2020. Scribbr.
19
Formats in summarizing and paraphrasing
1. Idea Heading Format
The summarized idea comes before the citation
Example: Bench marking is a useful strategy that has the potential to help public
officials improve the performance of local services (Folz, 2004; Ammons, 2001).
2. Author Heading Format
The summarized idea comes after the citation. The author’s name/s is/are
connected by an appropriate reporting verb.
Example: The study of Kabilan, Ahmad and Abidin (2010) shows that the
students perceived FB as an online environment to expedite language learning
specifically English. Donmus (2010) asserts that educational games on FB
fecundate learning process and make students’ learning environment more
engaging.
3. Date Heading Format
The summarized idea comes after the date when the material was published.
Example: In their 2004 study on the impact of participatory development
approach, Irvin and Stansbury argue that participants can be valuable to the
participants and the government in terms of the process and outcomes of
decision making.
Source: Marian A. Habla(Jul 23, 2017). Basics in summarizing.
Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/marian10788/basics-ofsummarizing. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
Keeping You in Practice
After having gone through the different concepts about review of related
literature, it’s now time to put your knowledge into practice.
Practice Task 1: On Selecting Related Literature and Studies
1a. Sourcing out
Listed below are possible sources of information for your research. Identify
each item as primary, secondary or tertiary source by checking the appropriate
column. Use a separate sheet for your answers.
Reference Materials
Primary
Source
1. Diary/journal
2. Research journals
20
Secondary
Source
Tertiary
Source
3. Thesis/dissertation
4. Books
5. News articles
6. Book reviews
7. Research abstract
8. Surveys
9. Speeches
10. Bibliography
1b. Knowing the Purpose
Cite least three purposes of literature review. On a separate sheet of paper,
copy the diagram and fill in the boxes with the needed answers.
Literature Review
Source: Cam Sur Senior High School English Teachers (2017).
Contextualized Module on Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion.
Camarines Sur Division
1c. CC (Comparison and Contrast)
In the given Venn diagram, write the similarities in the overlapping part and
differences in the circle part to compare and contrast related review and related
studies. On a separate sheet of paper, copy the diagram and fill in the circles
with the needed answers.
Related
Literature
Related Studies
21
1d. Trying it out
Search, download and compile two research journals and two literatures of a topic
you’re interested to study. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper. Take
note of the criteria in choosing your sources.
Research Journals:
1.
2.
Literature
1.
2.
Practice Task 2: On Citing Related Literature and Studies
2a. Evaluating Resources
Identify the type of information source, name of the author, publication data and topic
or focus of the research or literature you have recently searched. On a separate
sheet of paper, copy and fill in the table with the required answers. .
RE Form (Resource Evaluation)
Learner’s Name:
Date:
Type of Source
(Study or Literature)
Title
Author/s
Date published
URL
Date data retrieved
Source: Cam Sur Senior High School English Teachers (2017).
Contextualized Module on Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion.
Camarines Sur Division
2b. MLA vs APA
Instruction: Using the sources of information (2 literatures & 2 studies) you have
researched and downloaded, write the proper format of referencing appearing in the
notes. On a separate sheet of paper, copy and fill in the table with the required
answers. .
MLA Style
APA Style
2 literatures
22
2 studies
Source: Cam Sur Senior High School English Teachers (2017).
Contextualized Module on Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion.
Camarines Sur Division
2c. Fill Out the Car!
Instruction: Using the sources of information (2 literatures & 2 studies) retrieved by
the students from on line sources, verify if these sources pass the CAR (currency,
authority and relevance) test by writing proofs for each criterion. On a separate
sheet of paper, copy and fill in the table with the required answers. .
2 Literatures
2 Studies
1.
1.
2.
2.
1.
1.
2.
2.
1.
1.
2.
2.
Currency
Authority
Relevance
Source: Cam Sur Senior High School English Teachers (2017).
Contextualized Module on Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion.
Camarines Sur Division
Practice Task 3: On Synthesizing Related Literature and Studies
3a. Who said so?
Instruction:
a. Choose a particular idea from your researched and downloaded related
literatures and studies. Write the lines of the statement in the first row
b. Rewrite the same using the three different formats.
c. On a separate sheet of paper, copy and fill in the table with the required
answers. .
23
Cited information:
Author Heading
Format
Date Heading
Format
Idea Heading
Format
Source: Cam Sur Senior High School English Teachers (2017).
Contextualized Module on Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion.
Camarines Sur Division
3b. In your own words!
Instruction: Paraphrase information from the related literatures and/or studies
researched and downloaded. On a separate sheet of paper, copy and fill in the
table with the required answers. .
Information taken from literatures or studies:
Author Heading
Format
Date Heading
Format
Idea Heading
Format
Source: Cam Sur Senior High School English Teachers (2017).
Contextualized Module on Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion.
Camarines Sur Division
3c.Time to Review
Based on your prepared research matrix, write a draft on a separate sheet of
paper of your review of related studies and literature.
Be guided with the
Questions under Critical Evaluation of the Literature.
Critical Evaluation of the Literature
Finally, after having written your literature review, use the questions below for
critiquing what you have done. Make sure you check the correct cell. If your answer
is no, you need to revise your work to make necessary changes and after which,
submit a well-written review of related literature.
24
Questions
YES NO
1. Have you organized your material according to issues?
2. Is there a logic to the way you organized your material?
3. Does the amount of detail included on an issue relate to its
importance?
4. Have you been sufficiently critical of design and methodological
issues?
5. Have you indicated when results were conflicting or
inconclusive and discussed possible reasons?
6. Have you indicated the relevance of each reference to your
research?
Additional Task
Research in a Matrix
Choose five (5) local studies/literature and five (5) foreign studies/literature then
summarize each by filling in the rows with the required information. On a separate
sheet of paper, copy and fill in the table with the required answers.
Title of Study
Objective
Research
Design
Respondents
Instrument
Significant
Findings
Cooling Down
Choose the letter of the correct answer based on what you have
learned about this module. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
1. What is the critical analysis of the relationship among different works?
A. Abstract
B. Introduction
C. Literature Review D. Method
25
2. The review of related literature includes which of the following type of research
sources?
A. Primary Sources
B. Secondary Sources
C. Online Sources
D. All of the above
3. What’s the purpose to do a literature review about your research topic?
A. To show command of the subject area and understanding of the problem, to
learn information about a literature topic, to be informed of your results.
B. To demonstrate skills on library searching, to find information about your
subjects, to identify your sample.
C. To form the foundations of the research, to show command of the subject
area and understanding of the problem, to justify the research topic, design
and methodology.
D. To justify the research topic, design and methodology, to justify your selection
of the topic, to justify your academic studies.
4. What information must your ‘the review of literature’ have?
A. The use of all relevant sources and resources or evidence from the literature.
B. The results obtained from the analysis of a literature topic.
C. The use of all relevant research instruments existing in the literature.
D. The results obtained from the application or research instruments and data
analysis.
5. Which of this is a question which the literature review world NOT answer?
A. What are the key sources?
B. What are the major issues and debates about the topic?
C. What are the major research approaches and procedures?
D. What are the epistemological and ontological grounds for the discipline?
6. Which one is an example of an inside reference?
A. Robert Stevens Branson
B. Leki, I. (1998). Academic writing: Exploring processes and strategies. (2nd
Ed). UK: CambridgeUniversity Press.
C. Academia writing
D. (Silva and Matsuda, 2002 p.259.)
7. Which one is an example of a quotation?
A. As Eguchi & Eguchi (2006) and Icassatti (2006) mentioned students showed
enthusiasm while using these strategies,
B. This tool focuses on ‗creative expression‘ since students have opportunity to
express their ideas.
C. “privileging linguistic features over ideas” (Silva and Matsuda, 2002 p.259.)
D. Students had to fulfil the elements a magazine should include (see appendix
A)
8. The review of related literature allows us to identify the questions that are still needed to
be answered regarding a research topic. Which of the following roles of RRL does this
refer to?
A. The RRL leads to definitions of problems, selection of methods, and
interpretation of findings.
B. The RRL reports contribution of others to the study.
C. The RRL states the stand of the researcher on conflicting views relative to
the study.
D. The RRL provides sources of significant problems.
26
9. The review of related literature prevents researchers to reiterate the discussions that
had already been made by previous researchers.
Which of the following roles of RRL does this refer to?
A. The RRL points out authoritative evidences supportive of the study.
B. The RRL states the stand of the researcher on conflicting views relative to
the study.
C. The RRL leads to definitions of problems, selection of methods, and
interpretation of findings.
D. The RRL helps us conceptualize and justify the research because an
extensive review can assure no duplication.
10. The review of related literature enables researchers to look through research
instruments from previous researches that can also be used to answer their own
research questions. Which of the following roles of RRL does this refer to?
A. The RRL helps us conceptualize and justify the research because an
extensive review can assure no duplication.
B. The RRL leads to definitions of problems, selection of methods, and
interpretation of findings.
C. The RRL provides source of significant problems.
D. The RRL states the stand of the researcher on conflicting views relative to
the study.
Source: Quizizz. Quiz on Literature Review. Retrieved from
https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/5de451e8644873001bc86394/reviewof-related-literature. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
Learning Challenge
Final Task: Review, Write and Revise
It’s now time to refine your RRL. Go over your draft of RRL. Edit and revise it
before submission to your teacher. Use a separate sheet for your RRL.
The following rubric will be used to assess your literature review.
Indicators
1. Cited literature and studies are adequate and relevant to
the research problem.
2. Related literature and studies are recent (five years ago to
present year of the study)
3. Foreign literature, studies, literature and local studies are
present.
4. Synthesis of the reviewed literature and studies is wellorganized, concise (not too long nor too short) and is based
on the researchers’ logical analysis of the cited materials.
5. The sources of the cited literatures and studies are
appropriately acknowledged and or credited.
6. Proper format and mechanics are observed.
27
5
4
3
2
1
7. Correct grammar is observed.
Score
Adapted with revision:
University of San Jose Recoletos (2016). Research Rubric for Final
Oral Defense. Retrieved from
https://usjr.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Form-5b-ResearchRubrics-Final-Oral-Defense.pdf. Retrieved July 26, 2020.
Points to Ponder
Review of related literature is indispensable in research. By reading
related studies and literature, you as a researcher, become equipped with the
background knowledge about your chosen topic. Its importance cannot be
undermined since it:
establishes connection of your research to the situations of the world
offers theories or concepts underlying your research and to
learn from them
uncovers the relation of your research with previous research
studies
provides information on the accuracy or relevance of your research
questions
enables you to familiarize with technical terms related to your
research.
Remember also that it is imperative as a researcher to take note of
the following while gathering your relevant studies and literature:
author/researcher
publication data/URL
date retrieved (from online sources)
objectives
research design
respondents
instruments
significant findings
28
Answer Key
WARMING UP
1. C
2. A
3. C
4. A
5. C
Practice Task 1: On Selecting Related Literature and Studies
1a. Sourcing out
Reference Materials
Primary
Source
Secondary
Source
Tertiary
Source
1. Diary/journal
2. Research journals
3. Thesis/dissertation
4. Books
5. News articles
6. Book reviews
7. Research abstract
8. Surveys
9. Related literature
10. Bibliography
1b. Knowing the Purpose
1. Demonstrate your familiarity with the topic and scholarly context.
2. Develop a theoretical framework and methodology for your research.
3. Show how your research addresses a gap or contributes to a debate.
1c. CC (Comparison and Contrast)
Related Literature
Related Studies
-analysis of published
materials like
reference books,
textbooks, manuals,
encyclopedia,
dictionaries,
broadsheets, diaries,
etc.
-comparison and
contrast of your
research with other
studies
-theses, disserations,
journal articles
29
Similarities:
-
Part related review of related literature
Sources of information
Both should be cited
1d. Trying it out
Answers may vary
Practice Task 2: On Citing Related Literature and Studies
2a. Evaluating Resources
Answers may vary
2b. MLA and APA
Answers may vary
2c. Fill Out the Car!
Answers may vary
Practice Task 3: On Synthesizing Related Literature and Studies
3a. Who said so?
Answers may vary
3b. In your own words!
Answers may vary
3c. Time to Review
Answers may vary
Additional Task: Research in a Matrix
Answers may vary
COOLING DOWN
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
C
D
C
B
D
6. D
7. C
8. D
9. D
10. B
.
Final Task: Review, Write and Revise
Answers may vary
30
References
Cam Sur Senior High School English Teachers (2017). Contextualized Module on
Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion. Camarines Sur Division.
Courtney Gahan, C. (2019). How to paraphrase sources. Retrieved from
https://www.scribbr.com/citing-sources/how-to-paraphrase/. Retrieved July 25,
2020. Scribbr.
Habla, M. A. (Jul 23, 2017). Basics in summarizing. Retrieved from
https://www.slideshare.net/marian10788/basics-of-summarizing. Retrieved July
25, 2020.
Kim, YS. (2018). The importance of literature review in research writing
Retrieved from https://owlcation.com/humanities/literature_review. Retrieved
July 21, 2020.
Lyons, K. (2020). How to write a literature review. Retrieved from
https://library.concordia.ca/help/writing/literature-review.php. Retrieved July 10,
2020. Concordia University Library.
McCombes, S. (2020). APA vs MLA: The key differences. Retrieved from
https://www.scribbr.com/citing-sources/apa-vs-mla/. Retrieved Ju;y 25, 2020.
Scribbr.
McCombes, S. (2020). How to write a literature review. Retrieved from
https://www.scribbr.com/dissertation/literature-review/. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
Scribbr.
Pubrica.com (2019). The importance of literature review in research writing.
Retrieved from https://medium.com/@pubricahealthcare/the-importance-ofliterature-review-in-research-writing-67f5af941650. Retrieved July 22, 2020.
Quizizz. Quiz on Literature Review. Retrieved from
https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/5de451e8644873001bc86394/review-of-relatedliterature. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
Quizizz. Quiz on Literature Review. Retrieved from
https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/5b6ec7c0d4812c0019cd9317/researchmethodologyliterature-review%20Retrieved%20July%2025. Retrieved July 25,
2020.
University of Pittsburgh Library System (July 21, 2020). Citation Style. Retrieved
from https://pitt.libguides.com/citationhelp. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
University of San Jose Recoletos (2016). Research Rubric for Final Oral Defense.
Retrieved from https://usjr.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Form-5bResearch-Rubrics-Final-Oral-Defense.pdf. Retrieved July 26, 2020.
Upstate Library (June 2, 2020). Literature Review: Purpose of a Literature Review.
Retrieved from https://uscupstate.libguides.com/c.php?g=627058&p=4389968.
Retrieved July 20, 2020.
Woodley, M. (2020) Three Types of Resources, Retrieved from
https://libguides.merrimack.edu/research_help/Sources. Retrieved July 25,
2020. MsQuad.
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