ENGG 413: Midterms
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Environmental Science
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field of science that studies the
interactions of the physical, chemical,
and biological components of the
environment
studies the relationship and effects of
these components with the organisms in
the environment
brings together the fields of:
o ecology
o biology
o zoology
o oceanography
o atmospheric science
o soil science
o geology
o chemistry
an interdisciplinary study of how natural
and man-made processes interact with
one another
ultimately affect the various biomes of
Earth
2. Ecosystem
- all of the organisms
- includes both living (biotic) and
non-living (abiotic) factors
- abiotic factors  balance of these
factors determines what can live in
a particular environment
- have an unusually large effect on
its ecosystem
3. Community  group of different species
that live together in one area
4. Population  group of the same species
that live in one area
5. Organism / Individual
Biogeochemical Cycles
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Main Goals: Environmental Science
1. To learn how the natural world works
2. To understand how we as humans
interact with the environment
3. To determine how we affect the
environment and finding ways to deal
with these effects on the environment
Environmental Scientists and Engineers
i.
ii.
iii.
understanding Earth processes
evaluating alternative energy systems,
pollution control, mitigation, natural
resource management, and effects of
global climate change
bringing a system approach to the
analysis of environmental science
Levels of Organization
1. Biome
- major
regional
or
global
community of organisms
- characterized by the climate
conditions and plant communities
that thrive there
biological community that is
formed in response to shared
physical climate
most common elements associated with
organic molecules
o carbon
o nitrogen
o hydrogen
o oxygen
o phosphorus
o sulfur
A. Water Cycle
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water from the land and oceans enters
the atmosphere by evaporation or
sublimation
water then condenses into clouds and
falls as rain or snow
precipitated water may enter freshwater
bodies or infiltrate the soil
cycle is complete when surface or
groundwater reenters the ocean
B. Carbon Cycle
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carbon dioxide gas exists in the
atmosphere and is dissolved in water
photosynthesis converts carbon dioxide
gas to organic carbon
respiration cycles the organic carbon
back into carbon dioxide gas
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long-term storage of organic carbon
occurs when matter from living
organisms is buried deep underground
o becomes fossilized
volcanic activity and human emissions
bring this stored carbon back into the
carbon cycle
D. Phosphorus Cycle
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C. Nitrogen Cycle
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nitrogen enters the living world through
free-living and symbiotic bacteria
o incorporate nitrogen into their
organic
molecules
through
specialized
biochemical
processes
certain species of bacteria are able to
perform nitrogen fixation
o nitrogen fixation  process of
converting nitrogen gas into
ammonia
(NH3),
which
spontaneously
becomes
+
ammonium (NH4 )
ammonium is converted by bacteria into
nitrites and then nitrates
nitrogen-containing molecules are used
by plants and other producers
o to make organic molecules such
as DNA and proteins
o nitrogen is now available to
consumers
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E. Sulfur Cycle
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C.1. Alterations: Nitrogen Cycle
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human activity
combustion of fossil fuels
o releases different nitrogen oxides
use of artificial fertilizers
o contain nitrogen and phosphorus
compounds
o washed into lakes, streams, and
rivers by surface runoff
atmospheric nitrogen is associated with
several effects on Earth’s ecosystems
o production of acid rain
o greenhouse gas effects  causes
climate change
o major effect from fertilizer runoff
 saltwater and freshwater
eutrophication
eutrophication  process whereby
nutrient runoff causes the overgrowth of
algae, the depletion of oxygen, and death
of aquatic fauna
phosphorus  essential nutrient for
living processes
o a major component of nucleic
acids and phospholipids
o makes
up
the
supportive
components of our bones (as
calcium phosphate)
o also
reciprocally
exchanged
between phosphate dissolved in
the ocean and marine organisms
o exists as the phosphate ion in
nature
weathering of rocks and volcanic activity
 releases phosphate into the soil,
water, and air
o becomes available to terrestrial
food webs
phosphate enters the oceans in surface
runoff, groundwater flow, and river flow
phosphate dissolved in ocean water
cycles into marine food webs
o some phosphate from marine food
webs falls to the ocean floor,
forming sediment
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sulfur  an essential element for the
molecules of living things
o part of the amino acid cysteine
o involved in the formation of
proteins
o atmospheric sulfur is found in the
form of sulfur dioxide (SO2)
SO2 enters the atmosphere by:
o decomposition
of
organic
molecules
o volcanic activity & geothermal
vents
o burning of fossil fuels by humans
SO2 becomes available to terrestrial and
marine ecosystems
o when it is dissolved in precipitation
as weak sulfuric acid
o when it falls directly to Earth as
fallout
o when rocks weather
decomposition of living organisms
returns sulfates to the ocean, soil, and
atmosphere
E.1. Alterations: Sulfur Cycle
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burning of large quantities of fossil fuels,
especially from coal
o releases larger amounts of
hydrogen sulfide gas into the
atmosphere
when rain falls through this gas, it creates
the phenomenon known as acid rain
o damages the natural environment
by lowering the pH of lakes
o kills many of resident plants &
animals
acid rain  corrosive rain caused by
rainwater falling to the ground through
sulfur dioxide gas
o turns SO2 gas into weak sulfuric
acid
o affects
the
man-made
environment through the chemical
degradation of buildings
TOPIC 2: Water Environment
Hydrology
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study of water
science
that
encompasses
the
occurrence, distribution, movement, and
properties of the waters of the earth
water’s relationship with the environment
within each phase of the hydrologic cycle
deals with how much water can be
expected at any particular time and
location
Surface Water Hydrology
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focuses on the distribution of water on or
above the earth’s surface
encompasses all water in lakes, rivers,
and streams, on land and in air
describes movement and conservation of
water on earth
Zone of Aquifers
1. Unsaturated
- water drains down through the soil
and flows through the root zone
- also vadose or aeration zone
2. Saturated
- water continues to migrate
vertically down through the soil
- until the level at which all of the
openings or voids in the soils are
filled with water
- also phreatic or saturation zone
 water in this zone 
groundwater
Types: Aquifers
SWH: Processes
1. Evaporation  conversion of liquid
water from lakes, streams, and other
bodies of water to water vapor
2. Transpiration  water is emitted from
plants
3. Precipitation  water is released from
the atmosphere such as rain
4. Evapotranspiration  combined losses
of water due to transpiration and
evaporation
5. Surface Runoff
6. Overland Flow
7. Direct Runoff
8. Interflow  move laterally just below the
ground surface
9. Infiltration/Percolation

move
vertically through the soils to form
groundwater
Groundwater Hydrology
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deals with the distribution of water in the
earth’s subsurface, geological materials
(such as sand, rock, gravel)
1. Unconfined
- water table / phreatic aquifer
- the upper surface of the zone of
saturation in aquifers
- not confined by impermeable
geologic material
- recharge  process of infiltration
and migration, renewing the
supply of groundwater
- smaller void spaces in the
geological material just above the
water table  may contain water
 a result of interactive forces
between the water and the
soil
- capillary action  process of soil
drawing water above its static
level
- capillary fringe  zone in which
capillary action
2. Perched
- lens of water held above the
surrounding water table
 by an impervious geologic
layer
 e.g., bedrock or clay
3. Confined
- aquifers bounded both above and
below the saturated zone by
impermeable layers
- impermeable layers  called
confining layers
 aquicludes  essentially
impermeable to water flow
 aquitards

less
permeable than the aquifer
4. Artesian
- water in this aquifer type is under
pressure
- artesian  from French province
of Artois (Artesium in Latin)
 water flowed to the surface
of the ground from the well
- water in a confined aquifer may be
under considerable pressure
due to the impermeable nature of
confining layers
 restrict flow
 due to elevation differences
in aquifer
 analogous to a manometer
Sources: Water Pollution
1. Point Sources
- collected by a network of pipes or
channels
- conveyed to a single point of
discharge into the receiving water
- can be reduced or eliminated
through:
 waste minimization
 proper
wastewater
treatment
- e.g., domestic sewage / industrial
waste
2. Non-Point Sources
- multiple discharge points
- flows over the surface of the land
or
along
natural
drainage
channels to the nearest water
body
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occur during rainstorms or spring
snowmelt
 results in large flow rates
that make treatment even
more difficult
e.g., urban and agricultural runoff
3. Oxygen-demanding Materials
- oxygen is consumed when
organic substances are broken
down in water
- anything that can be oxidized in
the receiving water results in
consumption of dissolved O2
- usually biodegradable organic
matter, also includes certain
inorganic compounds
4. Nutrients
- nitrogen & phosphorus 
considered pollutants when they
become too much
- sources:
 phosphorus-based
detergents
 fertilizers
 food-processing wastes
 excrement
5. Pathogenic Organisms
- found in wastewater
- includes bacteria, viruses, and
protozoa excreted by diseased
persons or animals
6. Suspended Solids
- organic and inorganic particles
that are carried by wastewater into
a receiving water
- particles that settle at the bottom
as sediment
- e.g., eroded soil particles
7. Salts
- salts are often measured by
evaporation on a filtered water
sample
- total dissolved solids (TDS) 
salts and other matter that don’t
evaporate
8. Pesticides
- chemicals used by
households, or industry
farmers,
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used to regulate and control
various types of pests and weeds
e.g., herbicides, insecticides,
fungicides
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9. PPCPs
- pharmaceuticals
- personal care products
- class of compounds that are
applied externally or ingested by
humans,
pets,
and
other
domesticated animals
- released to the environment
through disposal to sewage
system
10. Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals
- has received significant interest
from the scientific community,
regulatory agencies, and the
general public
- e.g., polychlorinated biphenyls
and phthalates
- Bisphenol A (BPA) from plastics
- dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
(DDT) from pesticides
- vinclozolin from fungicides
- diethylstilbestrol
(DES)
from
pharmaceutical agents
14. Heat
- waters
released
by
many
processes such as electric power
industries are much warmer than
the receiving waters
15. Nanoparticles
- have unique optical, magnetic,
electrical, and thermal properties
- less than 100nm dimension
- humic material (plant and animal
matter)
- titania
particles
(painkilling
creams)
- fullerene nanotube composites
(manufacture of tires, tennis
rackets, and video screens)
- fullerene cages (cosmetics)
- protein-based
nanomaterials
(soaps,
shampoos,
and
detergents)
Water Quality Management
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11. Other Organic Chemicals
- hydrocarbons from combustion
processes and oil and gasoline
spills
- e.g., solvents used in dry cleaning
and metal washing
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12. Arsenic (element)
- naturally occurring element
- occurs in groundwater
 largely the results of
minerals
dissolving
naturally from weathered
rocks and soils, mainly
from iron oxides or sulfide
minerals
- geogenic,
biogenic,
anthropogenic sources
13. Toxic Metals
- heavy metals which enter through
discharge
- from
industrial
waste
and
wastewater treatment plants,
storm-water
runoff,
mining
operations
e.g., cadmium, chromium, copper,
nickel, lead, mercury
science of knowing how much waste is
too much for a particular water body
to know how much waste can be
tolerated / assimilated by a water body
must know the type of pollutants
discharged + the manner in which they
affect water quality
to protect the intended use of a water
body
o while using water as an economic
means of waste disposal within
the
constraints
of
its
assimilative capacity
Drinking Water Quality
i.
ii.
palatable  water that does not impart a
taste or odor and is pleasant to drink
potable

free
of
chemicals,
microorganisms, and other contaminants
and is safe to drink
Drinking Water: Description
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1. Physical
a. appearance of water
b. color
c. turbidity
d. temperature
e. taste
f. odor
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3. Mixing or Rapid Mixing
- chemicals are quickly and
uniformly dispersed in the water
2. Chemical
a. components
b. concentrations
3. Microbiological
a. free from pathogens (diseaseproducing organisms)
4. Radiological
a. naturally
species
occurring
a process of coagulant to
destabilize a stabilized charged
particle
properties: trivalent, nontoxic,
insoluble in neutral pH
factors: pH and dose
commonly
used
coagulants
include aluminum and ferric ion
radioactive
Drinking Water: Treatment Process
1. Sediment Filters  trap rust, dirt, and
pipe scale
2. Carbon Filters  remove odor, tastes,
and chlorine
3. Reverse Osmosis  removes 95-99%
of total dissolved solids, sub-micron
particles, and fluoride
4. Ultraviolet Sterilization  ensures
safe, high-quality water
Terms: Water Treatment
1. Coagulation
- used to remove turbidity, color, and
bacteria from drinking water
- goal: to change the surface charge
on the particles so they can stick
together
 to form larger particles that
will settle by gravity
- larger particles and dissolved ions
are removed by gravity settling
or precipitation
- removal of particulate matter
2. Coagulant
- chemical added to water to cause
particles to coagulate
 forms precipitate, trapping
impurities
 precipitate
&
trapped
impurities settle to bottom
4. Flocculation
- precipitates must be brought into
contact with one another to form
flocs
- mixing technique that promotes
agglomeration and assists in the
settling of particles
5. Hardness
- used to characterize a water that
does not lather well
- causes a scum in the bath tub and
leaves hard, white, crusty deposits
[scale]
- resulted by reactions of Ca and
Mg with the soap
6. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
- amount of dissolved oxygen
needed by aerobic biological
organisms to break down
organic material in a given water
sample
- at certain temperature over a
specific time period
7. Ion Exchange Softening
- reversible exchange of an ion on a
solid phase with an ion of the like
charge in an aqueous phase
8. Sedimentation
- required treatment process when
surface water contains high
turbidity
9. Sedimentation Basins
- also ‘clarifiers’ or ‘settling tanks’
- usually rectangular or circular with
either a radial or upward water
flow pattern
-
sludge withdrawn from the bottom
of sedimentation basins may be
discharged back to the river
10. Sludge
- semi-solid slurry
- can be produced as:
 sewage
sludge
from
wastewater
treatment
processes
 settled
suspension
obtained from conventional
drinking water treatment
and
other
industrial
processes
- solids separated from suspension
in a liquid
Clean Water Act: Purposes
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1996  only 51% of the classified rivers
still met the standards for their most
beneficial use
domestic wastewater is the principal
cause of organic pollution (at 48%) of our
water bodies
only 3% of investments in water supply
and sanitation were going to sanitation
and sewage treatment
Metro Manila was second to the lowest
in sewer connections among major cities
in Asia
31% of all illnesses in the country are
attributed to polluted waters
Management of Water Quality
11. Filtration
- process by which flows slowly
through a bed of granular media
 sand, anthracite coal or
garnet
- used for particles that were too
small to settle or somehow
escaped removal due to fluid
patterns
12. Disinfection
- kill pathogens present in water
that would cause mild to fatal
illness if ingested
- not the same as sterilization
- kills bacteria, viruses, protozoa,
amoebic cysts
-
based on watershed, river basin or water
resources region
management
areas
with
similar
hydrological, hydrogeological, meteorological or geographic conditions are to
be designated by the DENR
o affect the reaction and diffusion
of pollutants in water bodies
Control of Wastewater Discharges
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all owners or operators of facilities that
discharge wastewater are required to get
a permit to discharge
o from the DENR or the Laguna
Lake Development Authority
existing industries without any permit are
given 12 months to secure a permit
Republic Act 9275
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The Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004
act providing for a comprehensive water
quality management and for other
purposes
aims to protect the country’s water
bodies from pollution and land-based
sources
provides for a comprehensive and
integrated strategy to prevent and
minimize pollution
o through a multi-sectoral and
participatory approach involving
all stakeholders
Addressing of Domestic Wastewater
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preparation of a national program on
sewage and septage management by
DPWH and LGUs
preparation of a priority list
o basis for the allotment of funds on
an annual basis by the national
government
o for
the
construction
and
rehabilitation of required facilities
LGUs provision of land including road
right of the way for the construction of
sewage and/or septage treatment
facilities
o raise funds for their maintenance
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formulation
of
guidelines
and
standards for the collection, treatment
and disposal of sewage by the DOH
o + guidelines for the establishment
and operation of centralized
sewage treatment system
provision of water supply and
connection of existing sewage lines
by MWSS and other agencies
o subject to the payment of
sewerage service charges/fees
within 5 years
Discouragement of Wastewater Discharge
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wastewater charge  economic
instrument developed in consultation with
all concerned stakeholders
charge is expected to encourage
investments in cleaner production and
pollution control technologies
o to reduce the amount of pollutants
generated and discharged
allows effluent trading per management
area
giving of rewards, fiscal and non-fiscal
incentives to:
o those
whose
wastewater
discharge is better than the water
quality criteria of the receiving
body of water
o those who develop and undertake
outstanding
and
innovative
projects
in
water
quality
management
Provision of Safeguards
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put up an environmental guarantee
fund (EGF) as part of their environmental
management plan
EGF  finance the conservation of
watersheds and aquifers, emergency
response, clean up, or rehabilitation
3. operating facilities that discharge
regulated water pollutants without the
valid required permits
4. disposal of potentially infectious medical
waste into sea by vessels
5. unauthorized transport or dumping into
waters of sewage sludge or solid waste
6. transport, dumping or discharge of
prohibited chemicals, substances or
pollutants listed under RA 6969
7. discharging regulated water pollutants
without the valid required discharge
permit
8. noncompliance of the LGU with the
Water
Quality
Framework
and
Management Area Action Plan
9. refusal to allow entry, inspection and
monitoring as well as access to reports
and records by the DENR
10. refusal or failure to submit reports
and/or designate pollution control officers
11. directly using booster pumps in the
distribution system or
a. tampering with the water supply
in such a way to alter or impair the
water quality
12. operate facilities that discharge or allow
to seep, willfully or through grave
negligence,
prohibited
chemicals,
substances, or pollutants listed under RA
6969, into water bodies
13. undertake activities or development and
expansion of projects, or operating
wastewater treatment/sewerage facilities
in violation of PD 1586 and its IRR
Fines and Penalties
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Prohibited Acts: RA 9275
1. discharging or depositing any water
pollutant to the water body
a. impede natural flow in the water
body
2. discharging, injecting or allowing to enter
into the soil
a. groundwater pollution
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fined for every day of violation, the
amount of not less than ₱10,000 but not
more than ₱200,000
o upon the recommendation of e
Pollution
Adjudication
Board
(PAB)
o for those who will commit
prohibited acts
punished by imprisonment of not less
than 2 years and not more than 4 years
+ a fine of not less than ₱50,000 and not
more than ₱100,000 per day of violation
o for those who will willfully fail to
undertake clean-up operations
punished with imprisonment of not less
than 6 years and 1 day and not more
-
than 12 years + a fine of ₱500,000 per
day
o failure or refusal to clean up which
results in serious injury or loss
of life or lead to irreversible
water contamination
a fine of not less than ₱500,000 but not
more than ₱3,000,000 + criminal charges
o for gross violation
Water Body Classifications
1. Class AA
- Public Water Supply Class I
- intended primarily for waters
having watersheds
- uninhabited and/or otherwise
declared as protected areas
- require only approved disinfection
to meet the latest PNSDW
BOD Calculation: Formulas
𝐵𝑂𝐷𝑡 = 𝐵𝑂𝐷𝑢 − 𝐵𝑂𝐷𝑟
𝐵𝑂𝐷𝑟 = 𝐵𝑂𝐷𝑢 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡
𝐵𝑂𝐷𝑡 = 𝐵𝑂𝐷𝑢 (1 − 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 )
𝐵𝑂𝐷5 =
-
𝐷0 − 𝐷5
𝑃
D  dissolved oxygen concentration
P  decimal volumetric fraction of
wastewater used
BOD: Sample Problems
1. A sample of wastewater has an ultimate
BOD of 280 mg/L and a 5-day BOD of
240 mg/L. Calculate the 20-day BOD of
this sample.
2. Class A
- Public Water Supply Class II
- intended as sources of water
supply requiring conventional
treatment to meet the latest
PNSDW
2. Determine the 5-day BOD for a 15 mL
sample that is diluted to a total volume of
300 mL when the initial DO concentration
is 8mg/L and after 5 days, has been
reduced to 2mg/L.
3. Class B
- Recreational Water Class I
- intended for primary contact
recreation,
e.g.,
bathing,
swimming
3. A wastewater stream has a BOD of 4,000
mg/L. Calculate the flowrate of BOD (in
kg/hr) if the wastewater has a flowrate of
5,000 m3/hr. Assume, if necessary, the
density of wastewater as 1.05 g/cm3.
4. Class C
- Recreational Water Class II
- fishery water for the propagation
and growth of fish and other
aquatic resources
- for boating and fishing
- for agriculture, irrigation, and
livestock water
5. Class D
- navigable waters
6. Unclassified
- classification shall be based on
the beneficial use as determined
by
the
Environmental
Management Bureau (EMB)
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TOPIC 3: Air Pollution
Air Pollution
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-
contamination of the indoor or outdoor
environment by any chemical, physical or
biological agent
modifies the natural characteristics of the
atmosphere
pollutant emissions
o natural
o area
o stationary
o mobile
Kinds: Air Pollution
1. Ambient
- mainly caused by combustion of
fuels and waste, industrial
activities, and natural dust
- consists of fine particles and
harmful gases
- currently
the
greatest
environmental risk to health
 causing mainly cardiovascular and respiratory
diseases
- widespread, affects all
- around 4.2 million deaths occur
each year due to ambient air
pollution
 mainly
from
noncommunicable disease
 43% - chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease
 38% - heart disease
 20% - stroke
- leading cause of morbidity in 2008
2. Household
- main cause of air pollution:
cooking and heating by burning
unclean fuels
- leads to emission of fine
particulate matter and noxious
gases
- other forms: radon, tobacco
smoke,
carbon
monoxide,
formaldehyde
- causes around 3.8 million deaths
each year
27% - heart disease
26% - pneumonia
20% - pulmonary disease
18% - stroke
Types: Air Pollution
1. Outdoor
a. Power Plants
b. Construction & Road Dust
c. Brick Kilns
d. Emissions
e. Transportation
f. Biomass Burning
g. Open Waste Burning
h. Industries
2. Indoor
a. chemicals released from building
and refurnishing materials
b. animal hair and dander
c. chemicals from cleaning products
d. particulate
matter,
carbon
monoxide, and other gases from
cooking foods
e. chemical fumes from paints and
solvents
f. outdoor air pollutants
g. mold and bacteria
h. cigarette smoke
i. combustion gases from fireplaces
& wood-burning stoves
j. fumes and carbon monoxide from
attached garage
k. gases including radon seeping
through foundation
Factors: Air Pollutants on Human Health
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
nature of pollutants
concentration of pollutants
duration of exposure
stage of health receptor
age group of the receptor
Air Pollution Control
-
using equipment
collecting pollutants using equipment
destroying the pollutants by thermal or
catalytic combustion
changing the pollutants to less toxic form
releasing
pollutants
through
tall
chimneys / stack for greater dispersion
Republic Act 8749
-
-
The Philippine Clean Air Act
act providing for a comprehensive air
pollution control policy and for other
purposes
stationary sources, motor vehicle,
smoking, other mobile sources
Air Quality Management System
-
Air quality monitoring and information
network
Integrated air quality improvement
framework
Air quality control action plan
Air Sheds
Management of non-attainment areas
Air quality control techniques
Emission charge system
Air quality management fund
Air pollution research and development
program
TOPIC 4: Solid Waste
Land Pollution
- destruction or a decline in quality of the
earth’s surface
- as a result of human actions
Solid Waste Management
- Minimize waste generation
- Maximize the collection efficiency of
waste
- Reduce the waste volume requiring
disposal and maximize the economic
value of waste
- Develop and adopt environmentally
sound treatment and disposal methods
Waste Management Hierarchy
i.
Prevention
ii.
Minimization
iii.
Reuse
iv. Recycling
v. Energy Recovery
vi. Disposal
Disposal Sites
1. Open Dump
- solid wastes are disposed of in a
manner that does not protect the
environment
- susceptive to:
 open burning
 surface and groundwater
contamination
 detrimental to the natural
beauty of the land
 deteriorating soil quality
and are exposed to
scavengers
2. Landfill
- sites designed to store garbage
- minimizes the effects of trash on
human
health
and
the
environment
Republic Act 9003
-
Ecological Solid Waste Management Act
of 2000
an act providing for an ecological Solid
Waste Management program, creating
the necessary institutional mechanisms,
declaring certain prohibited acts.
Prohibited Acts: RA 9003
1. littering, throwing, dumping of waste
matters in public places, such as roads,
sidewalks, canals, esteros or parks, and
establishment, or causing or permitting
the same
2. undertaking activities or operating,
collecting or transporting equipment in
violation of sanitation operation and
other requirements or permits set forth in
or established
3. open burning of solid waste
4. causing or permitting the collection of
non-segregated or unsorted waste
5. squatting in open dumps and landfills
6. open dumping, burying of biodegradable
or non-biodegradable materials in floodprone areas
7. unauthorized removal of recyclable
material intended for collection by
authorized persons
8. mixing of source-separated recyclable
material with other solid waste in any
vehicle, box, container or receptacle
used in solid waste collection or disposal
9. establishment or operation of open
dumps
10. manufacture, distribution or use of nonenvironmentally acceptable packaging
(NEAP) materials
11. importation of consumer products
packaged
in
non-environmentally
acceptable materials
12. importation
of
toxic
wastes
misrepresented as ‘recyclable’ or ‘with
recyclable content’
13. transport and dumping in bulk of
collected
domestic,
industrial,
commercial, and institutional wastes in
areas other than centers or facilities
14. site preparation, construction, expansion
or operation of waste management
facilities without an Environmental
Compliance Certificate
a. Presidential Decree 1586
b. land use plan of the LGU
15. construction of any establishment within
200 meters from open dumps or
controlled dumps, or sanitary landfills
16. construction or operation of landfills or
any waste disposal facility on any aquifer,
groundwater reservoir or watershed area
Hazardous Waste
-
-
substances without any safe commercial,
industrial, agricultural or economic usage
shipped, transported or brought to the
country of origin for dumping and
disposal into or in transit through any part
of the territory
present unreasonable risk and/or injury
to health, safety, and environment
Hazardous Waste: Classifications
1. Listed
a. F-list  from nonspecific
sources, spent solvents
i. 28 specific chemicals
b. K-list  from specific sources &
industrial processes; employ
chemicals that result in the
generation of unstable waste,
i. 100 types
c. U-list  discarded commercial
chemicals, container, and spill
residues
d. P-list  any included in the other
lists that may be categorized as
acutely hazardous
2. Characteristic Wastes
a. Ignitability
b. Corrosivity
c. Reactivity
d. Toxicity
3. Universal Waste Water
a. Battery
b. Pesticides
c. Mercury-Containing
d. Bulb
4. Mixed Waste Water
a. Radioactive
b. Hazardous Waste Component
Addressing of Toxic Wastes
1. Waste Management
a. Waste minimization
b. Detoxification and neutralization
of waste by treatments
c. Destruction of combustible waste
by incineration
d. Solidification of sludge and ash
e. Disposal of residues in landfills
2. Incineration
a. achieve 99.99% destruction and
removal efficiency of hazardous
components in wastes
b. carbon dioxide, ash, vapors
c. types:
i. liquid injection system
ii. rotary kilns
3. Solidification or Stabilization
a. converts the waste into an
insoluble, hard rock material
b. additive materials are used to
reduce the mobility of pollutants in
the waste
c. residues that are left out are
solidified
to
reduce
the
leachability
4. Leachate
a. contaminated water
b. liquid that takes in substances
from the material through which it
passes
i. often makes the liquid
harmful or poisonous
5. Disposal Methods
a. land disposal
b. underground disposal
c. deep-well injection
d. based on the evaluation of
economics and pollution potential
risks
Republic Act 6969
- Toxic Substances and Hazardous and
Nuclear Wastes Control Act of 1990
- an act to control toxic substances and
hazardous and nuclear wastes, providing
penalties for violations, thereof, and for
other purposes
Prohibited Acts: RA 6969
1. knowingly use a chemical substance or
mixture which is imported, manufactured,
processed or distributed in violation of
the act
2. failure or refusal to submit reports,
notices or other information, access to
records as required, or permit inspection
of establishment where chemicals are
manufactured, processed, stored or
otherwise held
3. failure or refusal to comply with the premanufacture
and
pre-importation
requirements
4. cause, aid or facilitate, directly or
indirectly, in the storage, importation, or
bringing into Philippine territory of any
amount of hazardous and nuclear wastes