Intonation
- the rise and fall of the voice in speaking
Functions:
-indicating the attitudes and emotions of
the speaker.
-signalling the diff between statements
and questions.
-between diff types of questions, focusing
attention on important elements of the
spoken message.
-helping to regulate conversational
interaction.
Asking questions
R- yes or no questions
F- Wh-questions
“Are you going to school tomorrow?”
“Why are you going to school tomorrow?”
Using tag questions
R- confirm
F- assert
“It’s a beautiful day, isn’t it?”
“He didn’t go to school yesterday, did he?
Making statements
F- those state facts or information; not
statements which clarify or emphasize
“I’ve been playing the violin for five years”
Listing things
R- items on a list
F- final item
“I love chocolate, strawberry, and pistachio
ice cream”
Expressed feelings
R- high-energy emotions
F- boredom, sarcasm, and disinterest
“I can’t believe he gave you a ride home!”
“Ugh! It’s Monday again.”
Stressing importance
R- on specific words in a sentence to
emphasize their importance
“I hope you got the red scarf”
“I hope you got the red scarf”
Contrasting
R- on two things you want to contrast
“I thought he liked dogs but he actually
likes cats”
Juncture
I.Close Juncture
- normal smooth shift from one sound to
another without intervening pause.
1. Within a syllable
Ex: God, love, do, everyone
2. Within a word
Ex: Stress-ing, con-so-nant, diph-thong
II.Open Juncture
- signals a slight stoppage intervention of
the last sound of the first word and a
blending start with the first sound of the
second word
Ex: that stuff-that’s tough, I scold-ice cold
III.Terminal Juncture
- indicates pauses or delays of varied
lengths to delimit or divide specific
structural units:
1.Single Bar Juncture
-change of places of juncture=change of
meaning of the sentence
*My teacher said/the doctor is pregnant.
*My teacher/ said the doctor/ is pregnant.
2.Double Bar Juncture
-longer pause between thought groups in
a sentence
*Dr. Jose Rizal// our national hero// was
born on JUne 19, 1861.
*After eating// the dogs all disappeard.
*Andrei// for example// is a very good
student.
3.Double Cross Juncture
-characterizes a drop in pitch. Pausing
time responds to a need for semi-colon,
colon, or period
*To err is human # to forgive is divine.
* Study your lessons # otherwise# I’ll fail
you.
Stress
R1: every word 1 stress
Ex: hamstring, sing
R2:1st nouns w/ two syllables
Ex: TABle, HUman, CARpet
R3: 1st adjectives w/ two syllables
Ex: UGly, YELlow, FANcy
R4: 2nd verbs with two syllables
Ex: conVENE , purSUE , preVENT
R5: 1st adverb w/ three syllables
Ex: BEAUtifully, INStantly, NORmally
R6: next to the suffix
-sion, ian, ious, ic, ient, ial, able, ia, and
-ish
Ex: deCIsion, fruItion, ciVILian, reLIgious,
erRAtic, inGREDient, ofFIcial, DOable,
rePLEnish, acaDEmia
R7: 2nd start from suffix (right to left)
-cy, -ty, -phy, -gy, -al
Ex: auTOcracy, norMAlity, geOgraphy,
biOlogy, indisPENsable
R8: suffix itself is stressed
-ade, -ee, -eer, -ese, -que, and -oon
Ex: inVADE, agREE, pioNEER, malTESE,
obLIQUE, balLOON
R9: 1st syllable compound noun
Ex: BASketball, SWIMwear, BEDroom
R10: 2nd syllable reflexive pronouns
Ex: himSELF, ourSELVES
R11: 2nd component of idiom verbs
Ex: Keep ON, picks ON, backed ON
R12: 2nd component of compound verbs
Ex: inPUT, overTHROW, outNUMBER
R13: 1st syllable two nouns
Ex: PAPER towels, FLOWER girl, TAX
collector
R14: Have forms are stressed
Ex: you HAVE, our school HAS, he HAS
R15: demonstratives are stressed
Ex: THAT, THOSE, THESE, THIS
R16: Interrogatives are stressed
Ex: WHEN, HOW, WHY, WHO, WHAT
R17: negative prefixes are stressed
Ex: IRregular, MISquote, UNconcern
R18: if a word is both a noun and verb
Noun- 1st , Verb- 2nd
Ex: DIgest-diGEST, OBject-obJECT,
ADdress-adDRESS, PERmit-perMIT