Novel preparation of Fatliquoring agent using extract of Moringa stenopetala
Seed Oil, characterization of prepared Fatliquoring while studying its
Application of Leather Softening.
Research Proposal
By
Email address: seguey.shamena@amu.edu.et
Total Budget: 147,356.00 ETB Birr
Project duration: May 2022- December 2023
May, 2020
Arba Minch University
Ethiopia
1|Page
Title of the Research
Novel preparation of Fat liquoring agent using extract of Moringa
stenopetala Seed Oil, characterization of prepared Fat liquoring while
studying its Application of Leather Softening.
Project Code
Principal investigator
Seguye Shamena
Co-investigators
1. Mishamo
2. Fissaha Guesh
3. Add her another name of a person from your organization
Duration of the project
Place of the study
12 months
Leather industry development institute
Total cost of the project
147,356.00 ETB Birr
Source of funding
Arba Minch University
Address of principal
investigator
Mr. Seguye Shamena (M.Sc., Lecturer, Department of Chemistry)
Email: seguey.shamena90@amu.edu.et
Mobile: +251-9-16 30 11 62
Address of co-investigators
1. Mr.Mishamo……………………………………………………
2. .Mr. Fisseha Guesh (M.Sc. Lecturer, Department of Chemistry)
Email: fisseha.guesh@amu.edu.et
Mobile: +251-9-19 74 85 48
3. Adde hear one person from your organization
2|Page
ABSTRACT
Besides the industrial uses such as fine lubricant and perfumery, the fatty acids profile of the
moringa stenopetala seed oil with its high content of oleic acid may make it oil with high potential
for further industrial application and the seed contain up to 42 % oil which possess the high quality
(up to 72 % oleic – major fatty acid) of colorless oily liquid occurring as glyceride which is
convenient to lubrication of leather fibers after treated with Sulphuric acid as fatliqouring agent.
Lubricants or fatliquors are applied to the leather to make the fibers apart during drying in order
to reduce frictional forces within the fiber weave to obtain leathers with requisite main
characteristics such as feel, softness, water repellant (to certain extent), tear resistance, grain
crack resistance, elongation and tensile strength to the leathers. The Moring stenopetala seed will
be collected from Arba Minch, Wolayita And Konso and the dried moringa stenopetala seed will
be subjected for oil extraction using n-hexane in Soxhlet extraction methods, The extracted
moringa seed oil and moringa stenophetala fatliqoures will be subjected for the physical and
chemical characterization such as acid value, iodine value, saponification value and free fatty
acid content and moisture content. Moringa Stenophetala fatliquor will also be used in the
fatliqouring operation during the production of the goat leather and the Physico-mechanical
characterization of leather such as tensile strength, tear strength, percentage of elongation, grin
crackness, water absorption, shrinkage temperature etc. will be assessed to check the quality of
the moringa stenophetala fatliquor in order to recommend the moringa stenophetala fatliqoures
as one of the leather softening agent for leather industry.
Key words: Fatliqoures, Moringa Stenophetala, Mechanical Properties, Sulphitation.
3|Page
1. Introduction
1.1.
The Potential of Moringa Stenophetala
Moringa stenophetala belong to the family of Moringatious, is often referred to as the African
Moringa tree due to natively grow in Ethiopia and southern Kenya and it is locally named as
shiferaw or aleko, grows widely in southern Ethiopia mainly in the Keffa, Gamo, Bale, Sidamo,
Borana and Debub Omo zones areas and its leaves and root are used as a food (leaves), cure for
malaria, stomach problems and diabetes (leaves and roots) and as well as seeds are used in same
area to clean muddy water [1]. It has a wide range of adaptation from arid to humid climates with
a prospect to be grown in a wide range of land use classes and the potential growing area fall in a
rainfall range from 300-1400 mm per year. It is a strategic plant in being a unique food tree in
drought prone areas and is also political in linking countries in the horn with its high social and
economic value [2]. M. stenopetala is the most economically important species after M. oleifera
which is also used as vegetable food for human consumption and animal feed resources during dry
period [3].
Figure 1: The moringa stenophetala tree, and its seed
M. stenopetala seeds are triangular, have three wings, and are covered with a spongy, thick
yellowish seed coat (Figure 1). The kernel has a whitish-grey color and oval shape, and its
thickness decreases from the center towards either end along the length of the seed as shown on
figure [4]. According to the report of Eyassu Seifu 2014 a single 4 to 13-year-old M. stenopetala
tree can produce up to 4,500-10,000 seeds that weigh 2.3-5 kg from about 500-1,000 pods and the
seed contain 41.4 g/100g of fat and Eyassu Seifu 2012 reported that the average fat content of
moringa stanopetala seeds ranges from 39.3 – 44.3, which is higher than 33.6 and 27.5 g/100 g fat
reported for the common oil seeds, flax seed and safflower seed [4, 5].
1|Page
The seeds of the Moringa stenophetala tree contain a coagulant protein that can be used in the
treatment of industrial wastewater. For drinking water clarification, Moringa seeds is also used as
coagulant/flocculent agent due to its high content of a water-soluble cationic protein which able to
reduce turbidity. Oil extracted from Moringa can be used for water treatment, for drinking water
clarification and it is also used for textile wastewater treatment [6]. According to the report of
Asaminew Abiyu et.al (2018) moringa seed contain up to 42 % oil which possess the high quality
(up to 72 % oleic – major fatty acid) of colorless oily liquid occurring as glyceride which is
convenient to lubrication [7]. Besides the industrial uses such as fine lubricant and perfumery, the
fatty acids profile of the moringa seed oil with its very high content of oleic acid may make it oil
with high potential for further industrial application [8]. The seeds of M. stenopetala are packed
full of fixed oils (over 30% by weight) which are characterized by the predominant oleic acid
(around 75%) composition.
1.2.
Leather fatliqouring agent
In leather making processes, requires several chemical and mechanical steps to remove no
collagenous or unwanted materials matter except the collagen in pretanning operation and
pretanned raw materials are stabilized by chrome tanning agents, vegetable tannins, or syntans
tanning agents there for in order to produce soft leather, after tanning the leather is processed
through a fatliqouring step, which is designed to introduce oils and fats into the leather matrix
preventing the adhesion of fibers and increases the physico-mechanical properties to the leathers
[9]. A large quantity of water is eliminated during leather chrome tanning process, this will leaves
the leather hard intractable leather with difficult to rehydrate therefore Lubricants or fatliqours are
applied to the leather to make the fibres apart during drying in order to reduce frictional forces
within the fibre weave and therefore they are properly lubricated or fatliquored to obtain leathers
with requisite main characteristics such as feel, softness, water repellant (to certain extent), tear
resistance, break, grain crack resistance and tensile strength to the leathers [10]. Fatliquoring is
one of the key operations in the leather processing, it is an oil-addition process by which the leather
fibers are lubricated so that after drying they will be capable of slipping over one another and
producing an adequate compliance and softness [11]. Any fat or oil can be used as raw material
for making a fatliqouring agent, the commonly available oils are those of cod oil, castor oil,
neatsfoot oil, rapeseed oil, palm oil and sperm oil and all these oils have similar chemical structure
of triglycerides [12]. Fat-liquoring products are formulated from a variety of different raw
2|Page
materials, such as vegetable oil, alcohol and fatty acids, fish oil, paraffins, etc. Then, different
polar groups are added by sulphitation, sulphonation, phosphitylation, chlorination, etc. in order
to make them emulsifiable in water and to enable them to properly penetrate leather [13].
Keeping these in view, the aim of the current study is to extract and synthesizing the moringa
based fatliquor from moringa stenophetala seed oil and evaluate the efficiency of moringa based
fatliquor for leather softening through application and physico -mechanics characterization of
leather tanned with moringa stenophetala fatliquor.
2. Statement of the problem
Most of the fatliqoures are prepared from petroleum and vegetable materials or seeds that have
high oleic acid content. But such means of fatliquor finding is not cost effective and notecofriendly. This research particularly used to replace the petroleum derived synthetic fatiquoring
because of the environmental effect of the synthetic fatiquoring agent. Moringa Stenophetala that
is widely cultivated in southern region is widely used as food purpose only the leave but the seed
part is not used as food rather than water treatment with minimum application but mostly it is
throughout as waste in most southern region. But it can be converted into fatliqouring agent after
subjecting the seed for extraction of the oil and then by making sulphitation of the oil. There is no
research done before about fatliqouring regarding the Moring stenophetala fatliqoures there for
this research is committed to produce the moringa stenophetala fatliqouring agent for leather
industry as leather softening agent. Furthermore, Moringa stenophetala seed for the sake of tanning
process is not yet introduced so far doing this research will include value added and multi
utilization of the seeds and its extracts.
3|Page
3. Objective of the research
3.1.
General Objective
The overall objective of this research is Novel preparation of Fat liquoring agent using extract of Moringa
stenopetala Seed Oil, characterization of prepared Fat liquoring while studying its Application of Leather
Softening.
3.2. Specific Objective
 To extract and characterize the physico-chemical properties of the extracted moringa seed oil
 To synthesize and characterize the M. stenophetala Sulphated fatliqouring agent
 To analyze the mechanical properties of moringa stenophetala fatliquored leathers.
 To compare the M. stenophetala fatliqouring leather with conventional fatliquored leather.
 To evaluate the efficiency of moringa based fatliquor for leather tanning process
4. Materials and Methods
4.1.Experimental site
The experiments for synthesis of moringa stenopetala fatliquor is will be conducted in Arba Minch
University chemistry research laboratory whereas the characterization of synthesized oil and
Moring stenopetala fatliquor and as well as the tanning process will be carried out in Arba Minch
University and Leather industry development institute in Addis Ababa.
4.2.Study area
The study will be conducted in Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples Regional State of
Ethiopia (SNNPR). The fresh seeds of will be collected from SNNPR, namely Arba Minch, Konso,
and Wolayita
4.3.
Apparatus and Instruments
Apparatus/Instruments to be used in this study include Polyethylene Bag, Goat crust leather,
Digital Balance, pH Meter, , Heating Mantle, Extraction Thimble, IR Spectrophotometer, Oven,
Hot Plate, Electronic Beam Balance, Magnetic Stirrer, Conical Flask, Hot Plate, Erlenmeyer
Flasks, Measuring Cylinder, Beakers, Electric Suction Pump, Whitman Filter Papers, Condenser
Connected to vacuum Pump, Soxhlet Apparatus, Rotary Evaporator, tensile testing machine,
shrinkage temperature tester, grinder.
4|Page
4.4.
Chemicals
All chemical reagents to be utilized in this work will be of analytical chemical grade. Chemicals
that will be used are Petroleum, n-hexane, Diethyl ether, Ethanol, Phenolphthalein indicator,
Alcoholic NaOH/KOH, HCl, Chloroform, Iodine, Glacial acetic acid, Na2SO3, KI, Tape and
distilled Water, Na2S2O3, Starch indicator, NH4Cl, NH4OH, Acid dye, BASYNTANS DLE 45 10,
sodium format, sodium bicarbonate, formic acid that
Plant material: Seed of M. stenopetala.
4.5.
Experimental methodology
4.5.1.
Collection and Processing of Seeds
The plant will be identified and authenticated by a botanist working in the Department of Biology,
who will confirm the kingdom, family and species of M. stenopetala seed using the standard
morphological characteristic features. Fresh and healthy seed of plant M. stenopetala will be
collected from Arba Minch, Konso, and Wolayita, SNNRP, Ethiopia. Then, seeds will be cleaned
and separated from foreign materials and impurities, sun dried until the casing splits and sheds the
seeds. The seed will further be dried in the oven at 60°C for 7 hrs. to a constant weight. The sheds
were blown away and separated from the nibs using a tray. Then, the seed will be crushed into a
paste to rupture the cell walls so as to release moringa seed oil for extraction [13].
4.5.2. Method of Extraction of M. stenophetala seed Oil
After the removal of seed hull and other impurities, the seeds (approximately 300 g) will be
crushed and then about 50g of crushed seed fed to a Soxhlet extractor fitted with a 1.0 L roundbottom flask and a condenser. The extraction will be executed on a heating mantel for 6 h with 0.5
L of n-hexane ((boiling point 40–60oC). The solvent will be distilled off under vacuum in a rotary
evaporator at 55 oC and will be centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 20 minutes to remove suspended
particles and the oil obtained will be stored under refrigeration (4oC), until used for further
analyses[15]. The process of extraction will be repeated until sufficient quantity of the oil will be
obtained.
5|Page
Moring stenophetala seed
Drying
Removing Husks and kernel
Further Drying in oven
Grinding the dried seed
Extraction of oil
Characterization of Oil
 Acid value, pH
 Iodine value
 Saponification value
 Free Fatty Acid
 pH, Viscosity, Density
 Fatty % composition By GC-MS
 FTIR

Mechanical characterization of leather
 SEM Analysis
 Tensile strength, Elongation & elasticity
 Tear strength (single and double edge
 Shrinkage temperature
 Crackness of grain &
Sulphitation of Oil
Sulphated fatliquors
Characterization of Sulphated fatliquors






Acid value
Iodine value
Saponification value
Free Fatty Acid
pH,
FTIR
Figure 2. Frame work of the experiment and test
4.5.3. Physico - Chemical Characterization of M. Stenophetala Seed Oil
The Physico-chemical characterization of the extracted M. stenophetala seed oil such as moisture,
acid value, Iodine value, saponification value and free fatty acid content of the oil will be
performed the following procedure.
4.5.3.1.Determination of percentage yield Moringa Stenophetala Seed oil
Twenty gram of crushed Moringa Stenophetala Seed will be placed in a filter paper and inserted
in the center of the extractor. 250 mL of normal Hexane will be weighed and poured into a round
6|Page
bottom flask. The flask will be heat at 68°C. The solvent boiled and vaporized through the vertical
tube into the condenser at the top. The condensate dropped onto the thimble in the center
containing the solid sample to be extracted. The extract seeped through the thimble into the round
bottom flask via the siphon. At the end of extraction, the sample will then remove from the tube,
dried in an oven, cooled in the desiccators and weighed to determine the amount of oil extracted.
The triplicate experiment will be conducted to increase the amount of oil. The same procedure is
following by using the % yield of Moringa Stenophetala Seed oil will be calculated as follows
[14].
% yeild =
𝑌1 − 𝑌2
∗ 100
𝑌1
Where Y1 – is the weight of moringa stenophetala seed powder
Y2 - is the weights of extracted oil.
4.5.3.2.Determination of Moisture Content of Moringa Stenophetala Seed oil
About Ten gram of cleaned moringa seed oil will be take and dry in an oven at 80°C, weighed at
one-hour intervals. The process of drying and weighing will be repeated until a constant weight
will obtain. The moisture content was calculated as follows [14].
% moisture =
W1 − 𝑊2
∗ 100
𝑊1
Where W1 = is the weight of M. stenopetala seed oil before drying
W2 = the weights of oil after drying respectively.
4.5.3.3. Determination of Acid Value of Moringa Stenophetala Seed oil (AOCS, 2015)
The acid value is used to determine the amount of free fatty acid in a fat. To determine the Acid
value, a mixture of 95% ethanol and diethyl ether in a ratio of 1:1 v/v will be prepared. 2 g of the
oil sample will be dissolved in 25 mL ethanol-diethyl ether mixture prepared and were heated on
the heating plate till to boil. The solution obtained will be titrated against 0.1N KOH solution using
5 drops of phenolphthalein as indicator until a pink color. The volume of KOH used will be noted
the total acidity in mg KOH/gm of the oil will be calculated using the equation [15]
Acid value =
Where; V = the volume of KOH,
7|Page
56.1.× V × N
W
N = concentration KOH and
W= weight in gram of the sample
4.5.3.4. Determination of Iodine Value of Moringa Stenophetala Seed oil
To determine the iodine value (measure of the degree of unsaturation of an oil, fat) 3g of oil will
dissolved in 5ml carbon tetra chloride CCl4 (chloroform) in a glass stoppered conical flask and 25
ml Wij’s solution (reagent that contain iodine in glacial acetic acid) will be added and the flask
will allowed to stand for 30 minutes at 200oC in a closed cupboard. When the reaction is
completed, 15 mL 10% KI solution and 50 mL distilled water will add. Finally, the free iodine
liberated will titrate with 0.1N sodium thiosulphate using two drops of starch solution as indicator,
until the blue color formed disappeared. The volume of 0.1N thiosulphate will be recorded.
Similarly, under the same condition a blank determination will be set up [16]. The result will be
calculated using the following equation:
Iodine value =
126.900(A − B)
W
Where; W = the weight of oil used in the test,
A = volume of 0.1N thiosulphate used for the blank determination and
B = volume of 0.1N thiosulphate used for the titration.
4.5.3.5.Determination of Saponification Value of M. stenopetala Seed Oil
To determine saponification value of moringa seed oil, 2 g of oil added to 25 mL of 0.5N ethanolic
potassium hydroxide solution and the reflux condenser was attached to the flask. Then the mixture
was heated, and as soon as the ethanol boils, the flask was occasionally shaken using magnetic
stirrer until the oil was completely dissolved, and the solution was boiled for half an hour. After
the oil was completely dissolved, 5 drops of phenolphthalein indicator will be added and the hot
oil solution obtained was slowly titrated with 0.5N hydrochloric acid. Similarly, a blank
determination was carried out upon the same quantity of potassium hydroxide solution at the same
time and under the same conditions. The final result was calculated using equation:
Saponification value =
Where W = weight of oil (g),
M = concentration of HCL,
Va = volume of HCL used in the test
8|Page
56.1 ∗ M(Vb − Va)
W
Vb = volume of HCL used in blank
4.5.3.6. Determination of free fatty acid
The free fatty acid content of MS. Seed oil and MS fatliquor will be determine by using rapid
direct FTIR spectroscopy method and the sample will be prepared by hydrolyzing the oil with
enzyme in an incubator at 60 oC and 200 rpm and the hydrolyzed sample will be finally analyzed
by FTIR spectroscopy for free fatty acid quantitation [17].
4.6. Synthesis of Moringa Seed Oil Fatliqoures by Sulphitation
40 ml of concentrated Sulphuric acid will added drop-wise from a clamped burette into 200g of
seed oil with constant stirring using mechanical stirrer at 20°C temperature. The reaction will be
carried out slowly for 3 hours. The sulphated product will shake with 400 mL of10% sodium
chloride solution and then kept in a separating funnel overnight. The bottom layer will be discarded
to obtain fatliquors. The pH of the fatliquor will adjusted to pH 5.0 by adding 20ml, 30% sodium
hydroxide solution and the resulting fatliquor will be bottled and stored at room temperature [18].
4.7. Fatliquor application
4.7.1. Sample preparation for application of Fatliqouring
Cow hide, Goat and Exotic skins will be processed by a conventional method at Leather Industry
development institute (LIDI). The skins will be re-soaked in 10% sodium chloride for 20 minutes
and will be processed with basic chromium sulphate into wet-blue by a conventional method. The
wet blue hides/skins will then be processed in the fatliqouring operation Leather Industry
development institute (LIDI). Percentages of chemicals were calculated on the shaved skin weight
basis [12].
9|Page
Table:1 Application of process fatliqouring agent in cow, Goat, and Exotic skin wet-blue leather
Processing
Duration (min)
Washing
Water
%
Comments
15
100 drained
Water
Sodium formate
Sodium bicarbonate
20
15
60
100
1.5
1 pH raised to
5.0-5.5 and water
was drained
Washing
Water
10
100 drained
Neutralization
Re-tanning, fat liquoring and dyeing
Water
Basyntan DLE 45 10
M.S.fatliquor
Acid dye
Formic acid
20
45
90
45
90
Washing with water
25
4.8.
100
10
4 mixed in hot water
2
1.5 bath exhaustion was
checked and then
drained
100 processed re-tanned
leathers were dried
and staked
after conditioning
Physico-mechanical characterization Moringa based fatliquored and finished
leather.
Sampling preparation, conditioning and assessment of chemical and physico-mechanical
characteristics of Moringa based fatliquored and finished leather will be conducted according
International Standards of Organization (ISO) methods. ISO 2419:2002 (IULTCS/ IUP 1 and IUP
3) for test samples preparation and conditioned, ISO 2589:2002 for determination of thickness of
test piece. ISO 3376:2002 IULTCS/IUP 6 for measurement of tensile Strength and percentage
elongation of the finished leather will be determined by using, IUP 8 for measurement of tear load
– Double edge tear. and IUP/16 for defemination of shrinkage temperature up to 100oC.
10 | P a g e
5. Benefit and Beneficiary
Major benefits of fat liquoring include
Beneficiaries of this research are:
 Universities and charitable foundations
 Local governments
 Community groups
 Leather industries, Leather institutions
 Research institutes
 Researchers and finally all the communities
6. Dissemination of the output
Audiences
Internal audiences: departmental colleagues; service users (students, academic staff, professional
services); senior managers (budget holders!).
External audiences: leather industries/institutions; professional colleagues; funders; local
community.
Communication channel
 Publications in journal articles, conference papers, books, book chapters etc.
 Meetings of professional associations.
 Sharing information through online and electronic communication, social media or on
organization’s website.
 Discussing project activities on local radio, TV, Press release etc.
 Summarizing findings in progress reports for funders.
 Presentations at national conferences, community events and forums.
 Workshops, posters and library website.
11 | P a g e
7. Work Plane
Activity
Proposal
Development and
securing funds
Site observation and
selection
Sample collection
and preparation
Preparation and
synthesis of
fatliqouring agents
Characterization of
the extracted oil and
synthesized sample
Leather production
using M. stenopetala
fatliqouring agent in
LIDI Addis Ababa
Collection of the
results after
Characterization of
the product
Organization,
summarization and
final project writeup.
12 | P a g e
June.
July
Durations
August Sept Oct
Dec.
Nov
January
Feb
March
April
8. Research Budgets Breakdown
A. Stationery and materials
S.
No
Items
Unit
Quantity
Unit price
(ETB)
Total (ETB)
1
Flash (32GB)
No.
4
800
3200
2
CD_RW
No.
3
50
150
3
Moring seed
Moringa
stenopetala
300g
3*200
600
4
Sample holder
polyethylene
bag
3 * 200
600
600
Sub-total:
A.
4550 ETB
Transport expenses
No.
Description
Departure
Destination
# of
trips
Total
# liters
Distance in of petrol
k.m
Unit price
1
Researchers
Arba Minch
Konso
4
4*4*100
300
24 ETB
2
Researchers
Arba Minch
Wolayita
4
5*4*130
300
Total
price
7200
7200
“
4
Researcher
Arba Minch Addis
Ababa
3
3*4*505
800.25
“
Sub-total
B.
19,206
33,606 ETB
Personal expenses
# of days
Cost/day
# of
individuals
Total expense
(ETB)
No.
Perdiem
Qualification
1
Project
members
Lecturers
15
700
4
42,000
2
Driver
Driver
10
200
1
2000
3
Laboratory
assistance
BSc
10
700
1
7000
Sub-total
13 | P a g e
51,000 ETB
C.
No
Parameters
Type of analysis
Number of
samples
Cost per
sample
Total Price
1
Stich Tear resistance
3
3 *500
1500
2
Water absorption
3
3*400
1200
3
Grain cracking
3
3*500
1500
4
Percentage elongation
3
3*500
1500
5
Shrinkage temperature
3
3*500
1500
6
Tear strength
3
3*500
1500
7
Tensile strength
3
3*500
1500
8
Free Fatty acid
2
2*3000
6000
9
Leather production using M.Sfatliquor
3
3*10,000
30,000
Sub total
46,200 ETB
Budget summary
D.
No.
Description
1
Stationery and materials
2
Transport expense
3
4
Sub-total cost (ETB)
4550 ETB
33,606.848 ETB
Personal expense
51,000 ETB
Parameters
46,200 ETB
Total
135,356.848 ETB
Contingency
Grand total
14 | P a g e
12,000 ETB
.
147,356.848 ETB
9. Reference
1. Andinet Ejigu, Araya Asfaw, Nigist Asfawb and Peter Licence (2010) “Moringa stenopetala
seed oil as a potential feedstock for biodieselmproduction in Ethiopia”, journal of the Royal
Society of Chemistry, Vol. 12, pp 316–320.
2. Dechasa Jiru, Kai Sonder, Lalisa Alemayehu, Yalemtshay Mekonen and Agena Anjulo (200),
“Leaf yield and Nutritive value of Moringa stenopetala and Moringa oleifera Accessions: Its
potential role in food security in constrained dry farming agroforestry system”, International
Livestock Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, pp. 1-14.
3. A. Melesse, W. Tiruneh and T. Negesse (2011), Effects of Feeding Moringa Stenopetala Leaf
Meal on Nutrient Intake and Growth Performance Of Rhode Island Red Chicks Under Tropical
Climate”, Journal ofTropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, Vol.14, pp.485- 492.
4. Eyassu Seifu (2014), “Actual and Potential Applications of Moringa stenopetala, Underutilized
Indigenous Vegetable of Southern Ethiopia: A Review”, International Journal of Agricultural
and Food Research, Vol. 3(4), pp. 8-19.
5. Eyassu Seifu (2012), “physicochemical properties of Moring Stenopetala ( Haleko) seed”
jouornal of Biologicl Science, Vol. 12(3), pp 197 – 201.
6. Gemeda Gebino and Nalankilli Govindan (2018), “Use of Moringa (Moringa Stenopetala)
Seed Extract for Removal of Some Anionic Dyes (Direct and Reactive Dyes) in Textile
Wastewater”, journal of current trend in fashion technology and textile engineering, Vol. 4(4),
pp. 001 – 0010.
7. Asaminew Abiyu, Denghua Yan, Abel Girma, Xinshan Song and Hao Wang,(2018)
“Wastewater treatment potential of Moringa stenopetala over Moringa olifera as a natural
coagulant, antimicrobial agent and heavy metal removals”, Journl of Cogent Environmental
Science, Vol.4, pp 1 – 13.
8. Meta Memo Gore, (2018), “Extraction and Physicochemical Characterization of Oil from
Maringa Stenopetala Seeds”, Journal of Applied Chemistry, Vol 11 (6), PP. 01-07.
9. Chen Wang, Tianduo Li and Shengyu Feng, (2012) “Synthesis of Fatliquor from Palm Oil and
Hydroxyl-Terminated Organosilicon”, Asian Journal of Chemistry; Vol. 24 (1), pp. 63-67.
10. B C Nyamunda, M Moyo & F Chigondo (2013), “Synthesis of fatliquor from waste bovine fat
for use in small scale leather industry”, Indian Journal of Chemical Technology Vol. 20, pp.
116-120.
15 | P a g e
11. Luo Zhaoyang, Xia Chunchun, Fan Haojun, Shi Bi, Peng Biyu (2013), “The Biodegradabilities
of Different Oil-based Fatliquors”, journl of aqeic, Vol:64 (1), pp. 5 – 14.
12. Muhammad Imran-U Haq (2016) , Ayoub Rasheed, Ahmad Adnan, Fahim Ashraf Qureshi and
Rashid Saleem, “Synthesis, Characterization and Application of Sulphited Castor Maleic
Adduct as an Effective Leather Fatliquor”, Journal- Society of Leather Technologists and
Chemists, Vol.100, pp.263 – 270.
13. Pankaj Kumar Tyagi (2017), “A Comparative Assessment of Mechanical Properties of Skin,
Fat Liquored with Polymeric Fat and Vegetable Fat”, International Journal of Engineering
Technology, Management and Applied Sciences, Volume 5 (7), pp. 216-221.
14. H. M. Tawfik, Dr. G.A. Gasmelseed, Faki E.F. Mohammed (2017), “Using Characterization
and Synthesis of Fatliquor From Sudanese Castor Oil”, International Journal of Engineering
Sciences & Research Technology, Vol.3, pp.11-16.
15. Orhevba BA, Sunmonu MO, and Iwunze HI (2013), “Extraction and Characterization of
Moringa oleifera Seed Oil”, Journal of Food and Dairy Technology, Vol.1 (1), pp. 22 – 23.
16. Sajid Latif and Farooq Anwar (2008), “Quality assessment of Moringa concanensis seed oil
extracted through solvent and aqueous-enzymatic techniques”, GRASAS Y ACEITES, Vol.
59(1), pp. 69-75,
17. S. D Affiang, G Ggamde, V.N. Okolo ,V. Olabode, J.Z.Jekada (2018), Synthesis Of SulphatedFatliquor From Neem (Azadirachta Indica) Seed Oil For Leather Tannage”, American Journal
of Engineering Research, Volume-7 (4), pp-215-221.
18. Nur Hidayah Azeman, Nor Azah Yusof, And Ahmad Izzat Othman (2015), “Detection of Free
Fatty Acid in Crude Palm Oil”, Asian Journal of Chemistry; Vol. 27 (5), pp. 1569-1573.
19. Ariful Hai Quader, Md. Tushar Uddin, Md. Abul Kashem Azad, Murshid Jaman Chowdhury,
Amal Kanti Deb, Md. Nazmul Hassan (2015), “Fatliquor preparation from Karanja seed oil
(Pongamia pinnata L.) and its application for leather processing”, Journal of Applied
Chemistry, Volume 8 (1), pp. 54-58.
16 | P a g e