COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES
DEPARTMENT OF CIVICS AND ETHICAL STUDIES
THE PRACTICE AND CHALLENGES OF GOOD GOVERNANCE IN GONDAR
TOWN IN CASE OF KEBELE 18 CITY ADMINISTRATION
A SENIOR ESSAY SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF CIVICS AND ETHICAL
STUDIES PARTIAL FUIFILMENT OF BACHIOUR OF DEGREE IN CIVICS AND
ETHICAL STUDIES
PREPARED BY
1. MEKURIANEH MUCHE
2. SERKALEM AWRARIS
3. MOHAMMED DEWENO
4. BABEY KASAWDEG
5. YEBELTALE WALE
UNIVERSITY OF GONDAR
COLLAGE OF SOCIAL SCIENC AND HUMANITIES
DEPARTMENT OF CIVICS AND ETHICAL STUDIES
Challenges and prospects of women
empowerment in political decision making process in Gondar town: case
study on Lideta sub-city
A senior essay submitted to the department of civics and ethical studies
partial fulfillment of bachelor of degree in civics and ethical studies
Approved by: Examining board
Examiner
Advisor
Signature
Signature
Date
Date
GONDAR, ETHIOPIA
Acknowledgement
First of all, we would like to express our deep gratitude to our advisor ass.prof Tewodros A.
Because he greatly helped us by devoting his knowledge and advice to accomplish the research.
Also he gave respect and advice on the procedures and techniques research methodology.
Next to this we would like to say thanks to the respondents who gave the required information
about our research. We also express our deep gratitude to student Kidus yohannes because he
helped us to done our research by giving his personal computer and advice.
Finally we want to thanks our group members because all of us had contributed our effort to
accomplish the research through tolerance and respect among each other.
Abstract
The aim of this senior essay is to assess the practice and challenges of good governance in case
of kebele 18 sub city administration. Good governance is a complex mechanisms process
relationship and institution through which citizens and groups articulate their interest exercise
their right and obligations and mediate their difference (UNDP: 1999:5).
Good governance is not practiced in kebele18 because the culture of democracy is not developed
and put in to practice. Lack of good governance hampers the efficient and effective delivery of
goods and services to the large number of public in transparent and responsive way.
To study our research we have used both quantitative and qualitative research approach and
selected our sample from the total population by using non-random that is convenience/accident
sampling technique.
Questionnaires and interviews were our instruments of data collection procedures as a result;
questionnaires were distributed to the communities and interviews to the public officials.
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE
1. Introduction
1. Background of the study..........................................................................................
1.1 Statement of the problem........................................................................................
1.2 Objective of the study..........................................................................................
1.3 Research question .................................................................................................
1.4 .Significant of the study...........................................................................................
1.5 .scope of the study..................................................................................................
1.5 Description of studding area................................................................................
1.6 Organization of the study
.....................................................................................
CHAPTER TWO
2. Review of related literature.........................................................................................
2.1 Definition of good governance....................................................................................
2.2 Benefits of good governance........................................................................................
2.3 Characteristics of good of good governance...............................................................
2.4 Positive consequence of good governance..................................................................
2.5 Overview of good governance........................................................................................
CHAPTER THREE
3. Research methodology..................................................................................................
3.1 Source of data ........................................................................................................
3.2 Research approach....................................................................................................
3.3 Research design...........................................................................................................
3.4 Target population of the study...................................................................................
3.5 Sampling size and sampling technique.......................................................................
3.6 Methods of data collection........................................................................................
CHAPTER FOUR
4. Data analysis and interpretation..............................................................................
Table 4.1 Background information.................................................................................
Table4.2 respondents view on participation....................................................................
Table4.3 respondents view on accountability and transparency.......................................
Table 4.4 Respondents view on equality and equity.........................................................
Table 4.5 Respondents view on rule of law.................................................................
Table 4.6 respondents view on efficiency and effectiveness.......................................
Table 4.7 respondents view on the challenger of good governance..............................
Table 4.8 respondents view on the activities of the institution to promote good governance.......
RESULTS OF INTERVIEW
4.8.1 Respondents view on the activities of the institution
To promote good governance..............................................................................................
4.8.2 Respondents view on the challenges of good governance.........................................
CHAPTER FIVE
5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion
...................................................................................................
5.2 recommendations.............................................................................................
ACKRRONIUME
WB: World Bank
IMF: International Monetary Fund
UN: United Nation
UNDP: United Nation development Programme
OCED: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
AFDB: African Development Bank
ADB: Asian Development Bank
EC: European Commission
USAID: United States Agency for Inter National Development
CHAPTER ONE
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of the Study
The interest of public administrators, economists, political scientists, politicians, national Good
governance is the exercise of Public attention in the last decades. In recent years, good governance
has got institutions and institutions of world bank (WB) and international Monetary fund
(IMF).(Kaufmann and Kraay,2003)Good governance in Africa is practice in recent year but
gradually developing from time to time. It is characterized by poor leadership, mismanagement,
in efficient political system and weak administration (Adejumobi 2002). This attempt manifests
the demand for political pluralism democratization and institutional responsiveness the long year
of bad in different governmental systems and exemplified by centralized political, economic,
social and administrative authority to manage a nation’s affairs. It is the complex mechanism
process relation and institution through with citizens and group articulate their interest, exercise
their right and mediate their difference (UNDP: 1999:5).
Good governance is essentially the combination of transparent and accountable institutions, strong
skills, competence and a fundamental willingness to do the right thing like delivering services to
its people efficiently (World Bank 1984, 2007a:Merilea2008).
Good governance can be taken as mechanism to insure that political, social and economical
priorities are based on broad consensus in society and that the voice of the poorest and the most
vulnerable are heard in decision making over allocation on development resources (Kaufmann and
Kraal 2003: Chowndnury and Skarstedt 2005: Anowar Udine 2010: Karl Turner 2011).
There is strong evidence that governance matters in accelerating development and in reducing
poverty in most countries of the world. Since the end of the 1980s, the issue of good governance
as an instrument for sustained development and poverty alleviation has gained widespread
acknowledgment especially among international organization. It has also been dominating the
international discussion about development and international assistance to developing countries
(Imam and Shahnawaz, 2009: Anwar 2010).
The idea of good governance was first introduce by the World Bank in 1989 to characterize the
crisis sub Saharan Africa has a crisis of governance has become increasingly popular among the
donors the term good governance became buzzword in this area and has swept and personalized
political administration.
For many years, Ethiopia was a unitary state under the philosophy of unitary governments. It was
in 1991 the following the demise of the dreg regime Ethiopia has been introduced with the
democratic system that has been taken as cornerstone which would insure economic development
and sustain the unity of its diversified peoples the country has departed from the old historical
system unitary governance when the government existing by new organized the country in to
decentralized federal government system. Since then that the developed form of governance has
become in place replacing the country’s old aged unitary forms of government philosophies
(Anteneh Mulu, 2001).
Since 1991 the government of Ethiopia has been striving to bring change in socio political and
economic realm of country. As the issue of governances has recently got spatial attention in the
agendas of the country and it has also the country and it has also became as one of the most important
issues of the current government of Ethiopia focuses on the ongoing democratic system so as to
affect the prevalence of good governance. According to its explanation for good governance to
prevail in country there should be government committed itself to keep efficient and effective
governmental tasks control corruption and create favorable conditions for sustainable development
(mol, 1994).
Poorness is the major challenges of good governance especially in developing countries; as a result
it has high corruption and low economic development studies conducted by (khan and reefer, 1997).
The violation of rule of law ,lack of accountability, lack of responsiveness, poverty, lack of
punctuality and corruption are the most factor that affect good governance in developing countries
(Astede H/M,2006).
They are universal and common aspects of profession for good governance and success. These are
extensive training which needs special preparation. Training involves significant intellectual
components and providing services to the society, studies conducted on ethical values strengthen
good governance by (Fikru Abdisa, 2007).
When we come in Gondar town in case of Keble 18 sub city administration we have many
problems such as, lack of punctuality, over appointment, lack of transparency, accountability,
effectiveness and efficiency.
1.2 Statement of The problem
Good governance in the case of kebele18 sub city administration is explained both existing
challenges and opportunities. Low level of popular participation in public decision making process,
lack of civic commitment, corruption and others are the factor of good governance.
The other challenges of within the institution is that ethical values are spread here and there over
various legislation and are not complied properly as code of ethics. In other words the most
challenges of good governance are associated with the issue of integrity, transparency and
accountability which are the building blocks to democratic system.
Poor governance can be expressed as lack of economic growth, miss allocation of resources,
environmental degradation, absence of right, bias, absence of health institutions and education.
Lack of good governance is the absences of efficient and effective delivery of goods and services to
the large public in a transparent and responsive way. It also creates deep rooted corruption, which
results extreme poverty an also seriously affects the move towards development (Imam and
Shahnawaz, 2009, Anwaruddn, 2010).
Now days in all parts of the world, it is very difficult to assume transformation towards positive
end without good governance. In other words it is unthinkable to think multi dimensional and
sustainable development particularly in developing countries without having proper political and
good governance. This is because lack of good governance paves the way to miss management of
scarce public recourse. This on the other hand, undermines social, political and economic
development of the less developed countries of the world. It also greatly hampers the wellbeing of
countries as arguments made by these developing nations like Ethiopia to come out of chronic
poverty.
Despite the effort the local and national governments and the assistance of international
community to development and the realization of good governance, the current state of good
governance in Ethiopia is not satisfactory. This is mainly because of varied constraints in putting
indicators of good governance in practice particularly at the lower level of the government and
their municipalities. As a result there are growing threats in delivering efficient and effective
service to the community and in ensuring and sustainable development.
In Gondar town especially in Keble 18 sub city administration, there are many challenges such as,
in proper provision of goods and services, absence of punctuality, over appointment, lack of
profession, corruption, working by patronage rather than merit.
Therefore, conducting research in this area is crucial and necessary.
1.3 Objective of the Study
General objective
The main objective of this study is: - to assess the practice and challenges of good governance in
Keble 18 city administration.
Specific objective
This study would have the following specific objective
 To assess the practice of good governance in Keble 18 city administration.
 To identify challenges of good governance in Keble 18 administrations.

To show the activities that has been taken by public officers to solve the challenges of
good governance.
1.4 Research question
These questions are very important to answer our research.
 What is the practice of good governance in Keble 18 city administration?
 What are the main challenges of good governed in your Keble?
 What activities have taken to by the administrative bodies to solve the challenges of
good governance?
1.5 Significance of the Study
Our studies are conducted to identify the existing problems and forwarding possible
recommendations for Keble managers. It is used as input and knowledge for the future so as to
promote good governance. Therefore, the study would have the following significance.

It would help to identify the major challenges and practice of good governance in
the study area.

It enables to assess activities taken by administrative bodies to solve the basic
challenges of good governance.

It proved valuable information to information seekers regarding the major
challenges of good governance.

1.6
The study would use as a source for those who conduct further research.
Scope of the study
The research is conducted in north Gondar especially Keble 18 city administration. The intention
why we select the area is that due to the existence of serious problems in the provision of goods
and services. It focuses on the challenges and practices of good governance in the Keble and asses
the independent and dependent variable.
.
1.7 Description of studying area
Our research is conducted in north Gondar the zone of Amhara region, north of Lake Tana on the
lesser of angered river. South of the mountain has latitude of 1236 N and longitude of 3728E It
has an elevation of 2,133 M above sea level. Its population is estimated to 230 344 and from the
total population 107,577 are males and 112,766 are females (CSA, 2007) It has also 12urban and
12 rural Keble it is 747 k.m far from the capital city, Addis Ababa.
Keble 18 is found in north Gondar, it is relatively plain and surrounded by mountains, hills and
gentles in north, south, east and west. It is characterized by variable weather and Wayne dega
climatic zone. The total area of the keels is 724.97 hectares’. The Keble contains 45334
populations. From this the number of male is 22445; whereas the number of female is 22889.
1.8 Organizatioion of the study
This research consists five chapters. The first chapter discussed introduction, statement of the
problem, objective of the study, research question, and significance of the study, scope of the
study and description of studding area. The second part assess different related literatures that
have been introduced by scholars related with the objective of the study and the third chapter
also discussed about the overall methodology of research procedures .The forth part is concerned
about the process of data analyzing and interpretation while the fifth chapter dealing about
conclusion and recommendation.
CHAPTER TWO
2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Definitions of Good Governance
Different scholars and international agencies define the term ‘good governance’ in different ways.
Some social scientists define it in a very simple way, as the level of goodness or quality of
government. It is also defined as ‘good management’, which underpins good performance, good
stewardship of public money, good public engagement and, ultimately, good outcomes
http://www.opm.co.uk/icggps/download_upload/Standard.pdf. Good governance could be taken
to refer to the efficient and effective management of public resources and problems in dealing with
the critical needs of a society. Good governance and sound public sector management constitute
the major mechanisms for social transformation and the cornerstone of successful economic policy
(Demeke, 2000). However, for this study purpose, the definitions on ‘good governance’ given by
some regional and international organizations are used as a framework for this study as provided
below.
World Bank: The main thrust behind its introduction in the Bank’s corporate policies resides in
the continuing lack of effectiveness of aid, the feeble commitment to reform of recipient
governments and the persistence of endemic corruption in developing countries. The word good
governance also appears alongside such terms as democracy, civil society, participation, human
rights and sustainable development. In the last decade, it has been closely associated with the
public sector reform. Good governance essentially is the combination of transparent and
accountable institutions, strong skills and competence, and a fundamental willingness to do the
right thing and these are the things that enable a government to deliver services to its people
efficiently” (World Bank, 1989; 2007a; Merilee, 2008).
International Monetary Fund (IMF): Good governance is important for countries at all stages of
development. … Our approach is to concentrate on those aspects of good governance that are most
closely related to our surveillance over macroeconomic policies—namely, the transparency of
government accounts, the effectiveness of public resource management, and the stability and
transparency of the economic and regulatory environment for private sector activity’. The
contribution that the IMF can make to good governance can be (including the avoidance of corrupt
practices) through its policy advice and technical assistances, where relevant. Recently good
governance has become conditionality for the disbursement of development assistance to less
developed nations. Furthermore, foreign investors are increasingly basing their investment
decisions on good governance (Bichaka Fayissa, 2010).
United Nations: ‘In the community of nations, governance is considered “good” and “democratic”
to the degree in which a country’s institutions and processes are transparent. A country’s success
in achieving this standard has become a key measure of its credibility and respect in the world.
Good governance promotes equity, participation, pluralism, transparency, accountability and the
rule of law, in a manner that is effective, efficient and enduring. The greatest threats to good
governance come from corruption, violence and poverty, all of which undermine transparency,
security, participation and fundamental freedoms’.
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP): Good governance, according to UNDP, refers
to governing systems or manner in which power is exercised in the management of resources for
sustainable development (UNDP, in IDLO, 2003). These governing systems are expected to be
capable, responsive, inclusive, and transparent. In other words, the organization defined good
governance as striving for rule of law, participation, transparency, equity, effectiveness/efficiency,
accountability, and strategic vision in the exercise of political, economic, and administrative
authority (Merilee, 2008; Bichaka Fayissa, 2010). All countries, developed and developing, need
to work continuously towards better governance. Improving governance should include more
people having more of a say in the decisions which shape their lives’ (Helen Clark, 2011).
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD): According to OECD, good
governance encompasses, the role of public authorities in establishing the environment in which
economic operators function and determine the distribution of benefits as well as the relationship
between the ruler and the ruled (in IDLO, 2003). Good governance assumes the government’s
ability to maintain social peace, guarantee law and order, promote or create conditions necessary
for economic growth, and ensure a minimum level of social security (Rachel, 2012).
African Development Bank: ‘Good governance is defined in several ways. According to the 2000
Bank Group Policy on Good Governance, governance is “a process referring to the manner in
which power is exercised in the management of the affairs of a nation, and its relations with other
nations”. The policy identifies the key elements of good governance as: accountability,
transparency, participation, combating corruption, and the promotion of an enabling legal and
judicial framework’ (AfDB, 2008).
Asian Development Bank (ADB): The Bank’s concept of good governance focuses essentially on
the ingredients for effective management. In other words, irrespective of the precise set of
economic policies that find favour with a government, good governance is required to ensure that
those policies have their desired effect. The Bank has identified four basic elements of good
governance: (i) accountability, (ii) participation, (iii) predictability, and (iv) transparency’ (ADB,
1995).
European Commission (EC): ‘“Governance” means rules, processes and behavior that affect the
way in which powers are exercised at European level, particularly as regards openness,
participation, accountability, effectiveness and coherence. … Five principles underpin good
governance: openness, participation, accountability, effectiveness and coherence. Each principle
is important for establishing more democratic governance (EC, 2001).
United States Agency for International Development: defines good governance as a complex
system of interaction among structures, traditions, functions, and processes characterized by values
of accountability, transparency, and participation (Bichaka Fayissa, 2010). Good governance is
generally taken to mean “a condition whereby responsibilities are discharged in an effective,
transparent, and accountable manner while bad governance is associated with maladministration
in the discharge” of responsibilities (Amoako, 2003).
2.2. Benefits of Good Governance
Good governance is the foundation on which a society is built, and thus it is indispensable or an
essential precondition for the development of a given country particularly developing ones.
http://ir.library.osaka-u.ac.jp/dspace/. Various countries those are quite similar in terms of their
natural resources and social structures have shown noticeably different performance in improving
the welfare of their people. Much of this is attributable to standards of governance. Poor
governance stifles and impedes development. In those countries where there are corruptions, poor
control of public funds, lack of accountability, abuses of human rights and excessive military
influence, development inevitably suffers (Nicole Maldonado, 2010). As a result, currently, ‘good
governance’ has become very important concept. It has also become a significant pillar in the
consideration of a state’s ability to confirm to universally acceptable democratic standards. It is
increasingly being seen as panacea for the governance problems of developing countries and
considered as a holistic approach for development in a development debate (Ara and Rahman,
2006).
According to its proponents, good governance is a worthy goal not only in and of itself, but also
as a means through which to impact a variety of other outcomes, particularly economic growth
and development. In poorly governed countries, it is argued, corrupt bureaucrats and politicians
directly hinder development efforts by stealing aid contributions or misdirecting them into
unproductive activities (Doornbos, 2001; Rachel, 2012).
Kofi Annan, former UN Secretary-General (1997-2006), has under-scored that-good governance
is perhaps the single most important factor in eradicating poverty and promoting development. He
also declared that ‘good governance is vital for the protection of the rights of citizens and the
advancement of economic and social development’ (Kim et al., 2005). It is central to the
achievement of the MDGs, as it provides the enabling environment for the realization of these
goals and, in particular, the elimination of poverty. This is to mean that efficient and effective
delivery of services, respect for human rights, rule of law and transparency and accountability,
among others, have the potential to channel the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) into good
governance. On the other hand, good governance is pointed out as one of the targets of the MDGs,
an
agenda
for
poverty
alleviation
and
sustainable
development
http://www.eurojournals.com/ejsr.htm. Moreover, good governance is acknowledged as a key
factor in global fight against poverty (http://ir.library.osaka-u.ac.jp/dspace/; Doornbos, 2001;
Grindle, 2004; Williams, 2009; Bichaka Fayissa, 2010; Nicole Maldonado, 2010).
In the aid circles, “good governance” becomes the most prominent paradigm within which to direct
all political reform efforts so as to achieve development objectives http://ir.library.osakau.ac.jp/dspace/. Without good governance, it is assumed that the benefits of the reforms in many
developing countries will not reach to the poor and the funds will not be used effectively (Anowar
Uddin, 2010). In line with this, from its lending experience in many developing countries, World
Bank came to realize that “good governance is central for creating and sustaining an environment
which fosters strong and equitable development and it is an essential complement to sound
economic policies (World Bank, 2007a).
Citizens of developed countries would be better off, and citizens of many developing countries
would be much better off, if public life were conducted within institutions that were fair, judicious,
transparent, accountable, participatory, responsive, well-managed, and efficient among others
(Dobriansky, 2003; John Draham et al., 2003; Merilee, 2008). In other words, development and
prosperity are not possible under conditions of poorly functioning or inefficient and corrupt
administration, legal insecurity, disregard to human rights because these undermine the existence
and development of good governance and betterment in life in general (http://ir.library.osakau.ac.jp/dspace/.
Good governance assures that corruption is minimized, the views of minorities are taken into
account and that the voices of the most vulnerable in society are heard in decision-making. It is
also responsive to the present and future needs of a society. On the other hand, good governance
helps to create an environment in which sustained economic growth becomes achievable. It creates
a good environment for investment, including investment in people, and leads to higher income,
reduces poverty, and provides better social indicators (Udo E. Simonis, 2004).
In other words, conditions of good governance allow citizens to maximize their returns on
investment (Dollar etal., 2002; Dobriansky, 2003). Good governance in a public sector
encourages
better
service
delivery
and
improved
accountability
http://www.unescap.org/pdd/prs/projectactivities/ongoing/gg/governance.
Good governance produces economic efficiency by reducing transaction costs through the
operation of the rule of law, transparency in government and corporate management and
accountability for every institution and individual in society. In addition, if democracy is the
desired way of organizing society, then good governance also requires, among others,
participation, accountability, transparency and predictability (Malloch Brown, 2002; Udo E.
Simonis, 2004).
2.3. Characteristics of Good Governance
Good governance is the failure in developmental efforts that brought forth into prominence the
need for as well as identification of the principal elements or constituents of good governance
(Fonseka, 2000). Good governance has the following major characteristics as different
international and regional organizations and individuals have identified. According to these
institutions, good governance is participatory, consensus oriented, accountable, transparent,
responsive, effective and efficient, equitable and inclusive and follows the rule of law (World
Bank, 1989; UNDP, 1997; Grindle, 2004; Mezgebe Gebrekiristos, 2007, World Bank, 1992; World
Bank 1989, 1992; 2007a, Bichaka Feyissa, 2010, IFA, 2013) to mention few.
Transparency: Transparency stipulates that decisions made by governmental and nongovernmental authorities are openly communicated, and their enforcement is conducted in
accordance with established rules and regulations. It also requires that information is freely
available and easily accessible to those who will be beneficiary of or/and affected by such
decisions and their enforcementhttp://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1528449). In
short transparency refers to the availability of information to the general public and clarity about
government rules, regulations, and decisions. The result: inhibition of corruption among the public
officials and reduction of distrust among their constituents. Transparency is a pre-requsite for an
effective enforcement of accountability. Attempting to implement accountability in the absence of
transparency is equal to shooting in the dark (http://www.unhchr.ch/development/governance).
Processes, institutions and information are directly accessible to those concerned with them, and
enough information is provided to understand and monitor them in order to say there is
transparency
(Gurung,
2000;
John
Draham
et
al.,
2003;
Rahman,
2006;
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1528449). Being open, through meaningful
consultation with stakeholders and communication of full, accurate and clear information, leads to
effective and timely action and stands up to necessary scrutiny (IFA, 2013).
Transparency in government decision making and public policy implementation reduces
uncertainty and can help inhibit corruption among public officials. To this end, rules and
procedures that are simple, straightforward, and easy to apply are preferable to those that provide
discretionary powers to government officials or that are susceptible to different interpretations
(Anowar Uddin, 2010).
Accountability: Accountability is responsible for the very existence of good governance.
Governmental institutions as well as the private sector and civil society organizations must be
accountable to their institutional stake-holders in particular and to the public in general. Overall,
an organization or an institution is accountable to those who will be directly affected by its
decisions (http://www.unhchr.ch/development/governance).
Accountability refers to the imperative to make public officials answerable for government
behavior as well as responsive to the entity from which they derive their authority. In other words,
accountability is the obligation to answer for a responsibility conferred. This responsibility extends
across a range of concerns, including probity and ethics as well as the effective and efficient
implementation of programs and encompasses a range of processes (IFA, 2013). It is a key
requirement of good governance. Who is accountable to who varies depending on whether
decisions or actions taken are internal or external to an organization or institution. In general an
organization or an institution is accountable to those who will be affected by its decisions or
actions. Accountability cannot be enforced without transparency and the rule of law
(http://www.unescap.org/pdd/prs/ProjectActivities/Ongoing/gg/governance.asp).
Central to the principle of accountability is information sharing and transparency which should be
promoted by governance structures. Hence, accountability is hard to achieve especially in the
absence of access to information (http://reform.gov.bb/page/GOOD_GOVERNANCE.pdf).
Integrity and Honesty: Integrity comprises both straightforward dealing and completeness. It is
based upon honesty and objectivity, and high standards of propriety and probity in the stewardship
of public funds and resources, and management of an entity’s affairs. It is dependent on the
effectiveness of the control framework, influenced by relevant legislation and ultimately
determined by the personal standards and professionalism of the individuals within the entity. It is
reflected both in the entity’s decision-making procedures and in the quality of its financial and
performance reporting (IFA, 2013).
Responsibility: One of the solemn duties of governments in general is providing a clear and
responsible direction for the people. A good government is one that is entrusted by the people and
responsible to the people. Governments shoulder the responsibility to provide good governance
consistent with the vision and principles established by the people they govern.
Participation: Participation refers to the involvement of citizens in the development and
governing process. Participation by both men and women is a key cornerstone of good governance.
It is a process whereby policy-making, prioritizing issues, accessibility to public goods and
services
and
also
allocating
resources
is
influenced
by
key
stakeholders
(http://reform.gov.bb/page/GOOD_GOVERNANCE.pdf).
Citizens could participate either directly or through legitimate institutions or representatives to
effect decisions regarding their country’s affairs. Participation by all citizens is pivotal to the
existence of good governance. Active participation by people creates an opportunity to get a better
picture of the reality on the ground. The principle of participation derives from an acceptance that
people are at the heart of development. They are not only the ultimate beneficiaries of
development, but are also the agents of development (Gurung, 2000; Rahman, 2006).
Participation is characterized by the opportunity given to citizens to participate in decision making,
implementation, and monitoring of government activities. It needs to be informed and organized
(http://www.unescap.org/pdd/prs/ProjectActivities/Ongoing/gg/governance.asp, Gurung, 2000;
John Draham et al., 2003; Rahman, 2006; Meskerem Shiferaw, 2007).
Responsiveness:
Responsiveness is mainly concerned with citizen orientation, citizen friendliness, timely delivery
of public services, and redress of citizen grievances. With this regard, government has the capacity
to respond rapidly to societal changes and public interest. It is the receptiveness of institutions to
the demands of their stakeholders. In other words, if a government system is responsive,
institutions and processes try to serve or should be approachable to their clients and serve all
stakeholders
within
a
reasonable
timeframe.
(http://reform.gov.bb/page/GOOD_GOVERNANCE.pdf). Responsiveness refers the situation in
which institutions and processes try to serve all stakeholders. Effectiveness and efficiency –
processes and institutions produce results that meet needs while making the best use of resources
(John Draham et al., 2003).
Equity and Inclusiveness
Equity: implies inclusiveness with unbiased access (be it for economically weaker sections,
women, children or elderly, religious or ethnic minorities or the physically disabled) to basic
necessities (nutrition, education, employment and livelihood, health care, shelter, safe drinking
water, sanitation and others) of life, with institutional priorities focusing on pro-poor policies and
an established mechanism for responding to the basic services. In equity all men and women have
opportunities to improve or maintain their well being (John Draham et al., 2003).
Inclusiveness: means that all people, not some of them, have the opportunity to participate in the
governance process and to hold government accountable (it is not inclusive if only a small elite
decide on laws). Inclusiveness also means that governments treat all citizens, without exclusion or
discrimination, whether in the application of rule of law or in the access to key public social
service. A society’s well being depends on ensuring that all its members feel that they have a stake
in it and do not feel excluded from the mainstream of society. This requires all groups, but
particularly the most vulnerable, have opportunities to improve or maintain their well being. In
addition, there has to be equal opportunity for participation in decision making process.
(http://www.unescap.org/pdd/prs/ProjectActivities/Ongoing/gg/governance.asp).
Consensus Orientation: According to Abdellatif (2003), good governance is a government that
ensures political, social and economic priorities that are based on broad consensus in a society and
that the voices of the poorest and the most vulnerable citizens are heard in decision making process
over the allocation of development resources (Abdellatif, 2003; Anowar Uddin, 2010).
Good governance mediates differing interests to reach a broad consensus on what is in the best
interest of a group or whole community and, where possible, on policies and procedures. The
process of achieving consensus involves serious consideration of every group member’s or
stakeholders’ considered opinion. Consensus usually involves collaboration, rather than
compromise. Instead of one opinion being adopted by a plurality, stakeholders are brought together
until
a
convergent
decision
is
developed.
(http://reform.gov.bb/page/GOOD_GOVERNANCE.pdf).
Consensus decision-making is a decision process that not only seeks the agreement of most
participants, but also to resolve or mitigate the objections of the minority to achieve the most
agreeable decision. Consensus decision-making involves identifying and addressing concerns,
generating new alternatives, combining elements of multiple alternatives and checking that people
understand a proposal or an argument (http://reform.gov.bb/page/GOOD_GOVERNANCE.pdf).
Efficiency and Effectiveness: Government strives to produce quality public outputs, including
services delivered to citizens, at the best cost, and ensures that outputs meet the original intentions
of policymakers. In other words, it is concerned with optimum use of resources, competency and
performance of civil service and result orientation. Processes and institutions produce results that
meet needs while making the best use of resources. This characteristic promotes efficient public
service
delivery
systems
and
quality
public
outputs
(http://reform.gov.bb/page/GOOD_GOVERNANCE.pdf).
Good governance means that processes and institutions produce results that meet the needs of
society while making the best use of resources at their disposal. The concept of efficiency in the
context of good governance also covers the sustainable use of natural resources and the protection
of
the
environment.
(http://www.unescap.org/pdd/prs/ProjectActivities/Ongoing/gg/governance.asp).
Rule of Law: Rule of law is the exercise of state power using, and guided by, published written
standards that embody widely-supported social values, avoid particularism, and enjoy broad-based
public support (Waheduzzaman, n.d.). In line with this, good governance implies the rule of law
maintained through impartiality and effectiveness of the legal system.
Where rule of law is strong, people uphold the law not out of fear but because they have a stake in
its effectiveness. Virtually any state, after all, can enact laws; corrupt and repressive regimes can
legislate at will. Genuine rule of law, by contrast, requires the cooperation of state and society, and
is an outcome of complex and deeply rooted social processes. Wrongdoers face not only legal
penalties, but also social sanctions such as criticism in the news media, popular disapproval, and
punishments from professional and trade associations. Laws, regulations and codes of conduct
should be fair and enforced impartially (http://reform.gov.bb/page/GOOD_GOVERNANCE.pdf).
Good governance requires fair legal frameworks that are enforced impartially. It also requires full
protection of human rights, particularly those of minorities. Impartial enforcement of laws requires
an
independent
judiciary
and
an
impartial
and
incorruptible
police
force
(http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1528449).
It is understandable that the existence of properly set rule of law is a backbone to effective
functioning of a country. Good governance, democracy and protection of human rights could only
be reached if and only if independent and effective judiciary system along with skilled manpower;
law makers, judges and police forces are put in place. Rule of law is necessary for political and
economic development, including the alleviation of poverty. It is a foundation of democratic
political development. Without the rule of law the poor are also vulnerable to corruption, loss of
property to government officials and insecurity. The rule of law is most obviously a foundation of
democracy. It is relevant to social development that means alleviation of poverty (Anowar Uddin,
2010)
2.4. Positive Consequences of Good Governance
According to (http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1528449), good governance
leads to a number of positive consequences, including:

People trust your organization

You know where you’re going or your vision and mission are clear

You get good decisions; people value your work

Enhancing effective and efficient administration;

Establishing legitimacy and credibility of institutions;

Making administration responsive, citizen-friendly and citizen-caring;

Ensuring accountability;

Securing freedom of information and expression;

Improving productivity of employees;

Eradication of corruption to re-establish credibility of government;

Removal of arbitrariness in exercise of authority; and

Improving quality of life of citizens in general.
2.5. Overview of Good Governance in Ethiopia
Ethiopia’s long-term vision is (as stated in the GTP document)
“to become a country where democratic rule, good-governance and social justice reigns,
upon the involvement and free will of its peoples; and once extricating itself from poverty
and becomes a middle-income economy” (MoFED, 2010).
For many years Ethiopia was a unitary state under the philosophies of unitary governments. It was
in 1991, following the demise of the Dergue regime, Ethiopia has been introduced with the
democratic system that has been taken as a cornerstone which would ensure economic
development and sustain the unity of its diversified peoples. The country has departed from the
old historical system unitary governance when the government existing by now organized the
country in to decentralized federal government system. Since then that the devolved form of
governance has become in place replacing the country’s old aged unitary forms of government
philosophies (Anteneh Melu, 201).
Since 1991, the government of Ethiopia has been striving to bring changes in socio-political and
economical realm of the country. As the issue of governance, especially of good governance has
recently got a special attention in the agendas of the country and it has also become as one of the
most important issues of the current government.
The government of Ethiopia focuses on the ongoing democratic system so as to effect the
prevalence of good governance. According to its explanation, for good governance to prevail in
the country, there should be a government committed itself to keep efficient and effective
governmental tasks, control corruption and create favorable conditions for sustainable
development (MoI, 1994).
The preparation of the package of good governance in concise manner for the first time in 2006
could be viewed partly as a response to the grievances that should be corrected in the urban areas
and the refusal of the population in a good number of urban areas to vote for the regime. On the
other hand, it could be considered as a continuum of previous programs designed by the
government which more emphasized on the civil service reform targeted basically to improve the
delivery merely of the services to the urban dwellers. Thus, it has assumed a much greater
importance and urgency to reinvigorate the initial attempts of the government and thereby to
execute the objectives of the package (MWUD, 2007).
The government has also shown its commitment to promoting good governance through ratifying
a number of international human rights instruments, reforming domestic laws to harmonize with
international human rights standards, emphasizing good governance in different policies and
programs such as the SDPRP/PASDEP. Still recognizing how far good governance is
indispensable for poverty alleviation, the government of Ethiopia has been making efforts to
achieve it. One of the efforts to achieve good governance has been the development and
implementation of the Urban Development and Urban Good Governance Packages, which has
provided the basis for the implementation of good urban governance practices in Ethiopian urban
centers to facilitate accelerated and sustained urban development and which also involve
substantial public and private investment, support the government’s strategy of growth and poverty
eradication is worth mentioned (Anteneh Melu, 2010).
Currently the Ethiopian government is strongly working on the implementation of Good
Governance packages to enhanced ensuring efficiency, effectiveness, transparency, and
accountability at all levels. In addition, the current government in its GTP has also planned to
achieve and strengthen all inclusive capacity building initiatives, strengthen good governance and
to address the bottlenecks in effort to implement good governance. To achieve the economic and
social development strengthening good governance plays a key role in mobilizing human and
capital resource taking into consideration their efficiency and effectiveness. Hence, improve
working system in the public, strengthening good governance and democratic system will pave the
way to economic and social development and hence to achieve MDGs by 2014/15 (MoFED, 2010).
Despite all the efforts of the government and other philanthropy organization the process of
building good governance is at its early stage, this is due to serious challenges that the process has
faced.
Chapter three
3. Research methodology
This chapter contains source of data, research approach, research design, and target
population of the study, sampling size, methods of data collection, data analysis and interpretation.
3.1 Source of data
In order to acquire the relevant information we have used primary and secondary source of data
because these source of data would provide the best and crucial information to done our research.
Under primary source of data questionnaires and interviews has been employed to access the
required source of data from the respondents. But in secondary source of data we have analyzed
important materials such as textbooks, Magazines, newspapers, and internet service to
accomplish our research.
3.2 Research approach
In order to do the research we have used both qualitative and quantitative research approach both
methods of research approach are the most important because it provides the detail information
about the required data. Questionnaires were distributed to the community of Keble 18 city
administration who were come to get service from the administration and interviews also
undertaken from public officials those who have different positions in administration.
3.3 research design
We have conducted descriptive survey research design to identify the most necessary
information about the challenges and practice of good governance in the case of Keble 18 city
administration. As describe above, both methods of research approach are the most crucial. We
have used non random sampling technique especially convenience/accident sampling because the
number of population in the Keble is very much and it is suitable to get the required data from
the respondents.
3.4 Target population of the study
The total population that live in keble18 is 45,334 of this the number of male is 22,445 and female
is 22889. From this we understand that the number of population is very much so communicating
with them is difficult. Therefore, representation is essential to this large number of population. As
a result we have selected 80 respondents from the community who were come in the administration
for service and from public officers of who have different position. Specifically, we have selected
70 respondents from the community and 10 from public officials by using convenience or accident
sampling technique.
3.5 sampling size and technique
In order to done the research the researchers have selected nonrandom convenience/accident
sampling technique from the total population. Questionnaires were distributed to the community
and interview was given to public officials. We have distributed questionnaires to the societies
those who come in the administration to get service and interviews were gathered from 10 public
officials those who have different responsibility in the administration.
3.6 Methods of data collection
Questionnaires were the first data collection instruments because it covers wide population. It
divided in to seven parts. Each part of the questionnaires asked inters of disagree, neutral, and
agree . We prepared 21 questionnaires and distributed to the respondents to get the key
information. In addition to this the researchers used structured interview questions for the purpose
of this study. Interview was designed for public officials who work in keble18 sub city
administration. The objective of the interview was to acquire the problems of good governance
and the activities that have been conducted by public officials to promote good governance.
Chapter four
4. Data analysis and interpretation
Introduction: - Based on the research question and collected data analysis and interpretation is
made in describing the variable under consideration. This chapter contains the presented data in
the form of table, percentages and in written statements. Interpretation has been given to each
information.
For the research sample 80 respondents were selected from the community and the public official
.21 questionnaires and 2 interview questionnaires were distributed to the community and the
public officials.
4.1 background information
Sex
Male
39
Total
Age
M
F
Total
Education
M
F
Total
70
18-
32
26
58
Illiterate
10
9
19
5
4
9
Diploma
23
18
41
2
1
3
Degree
4
4
8
Master
1
1
Phd
1
1
30
female
31
3145
4660
>60
Source (survey, 2009)
Table 4.2 respondent view on participation
No
Question
Sex
Disagree
1
Is there a
M
27
F
20
%
neutral
%
agree
%
Total
69.23
2
5.128
10
25.641
100%
64.516
1
3.225
10
32.258
100%
prevalence of
good
governance in
your kebele?
2
Is there
M
26
66.666
2
5.128
11
28.2
100%
F
18
58
2
6.452
11
35.48
100%
M
27
69.23
2
5.128
10
25.64
100%
F
14
45.16
2
6.452
15
48.387
100%
institutional
framework that
helps the people
to participate in
the institution?
3
Are there a
mechanism of a
consultation for
the
implementation
of police and
strategies?
Source (survey 2009)
As it is depicted the above table, that both (67.14%) respondents said that there is no the
prevalence of good governance while (28.57%) of respondents agreed on the prevalence of
good governance.
But the remaining 4.28% of responds are neutral. From these we can conclude that there is no
presence of good governance in the kebele as indicated by the data. They respond the
principles of good governance is not practiced in the kebele, even it is often closed. The officials
are not always respect regular working time according to respondents. Because the prevalence
of good governance essentially is the combination of transparent and accountable institution,
strong skill, competence and fundamental willingness to do the right thing and those are the
things that enable the government to deliver services to its people efficiently (WB, 1989;
2007A; Merilee, 2008).
As it is depicted the above table about( 62.85% )of respondents are disagree ,while 31.42% are
agreed but the other 5.71% are remaining neutral. From this the institutional framework is not
help the people to participate as the data shows. The community stated that there is no strong
institutional linkage between the institution and the people. As a result there was no participation
in the institution. Participation derives from an acceptance that people are at the heart of
development, they are not only the ultimate beneficiaries but also the agent of development
(Gurungm, 2000; Rahaman, 2003).
As it is depicted the above table,( 57.57% )of respondents are disagreed in consultation of people
when the institution implement police and strategies, while 35.71% are agreed. Now day’s
efforts are under taken in many government organizations to consult the people. But only 5.71%
of respondents are neutral. This shows that all most all people are not consulted with kebele in
the implementation of police and strategies. Even though improvement has been emerged to
work together to implement policies and strategies in the institution the people are not involved.
Because the culture of democracy and rule of law are not well practiced. Being open through
meaningful consultation with people and communication of full, accurate and clear information
leads to effective (IFA, 2013).
Table 4.3 respondent view on accountability and transparency
N Question
Sex
o
1
Disagre
%
e
Are the municipal
M
28
neut
%
ral
71.79
3
Agr %
ee
7.69
8
has open and detail
service providing
delivery procedure?
2
Is there an easy
and regulation?
20.51
100%
1
F
22
70.96
2
6.45
7
22.58
100%
M
25
64.1
5
12.8
9
23
100%
8
25.8
100%
system to get
information on laws
Total
2
F
20
64.51
6
3
9.67
7
3
There is transparency M
26
in performing tasks
related with the
institution?
66.66
6
15.3
7
17.94
100%
1
3.22
3
9.64
100%
6
F
27
87
5
Source; (survey 20
As it is displayed in table 4.3 about 71.42% of respondent disagree that there is no open and
deep rooted service delivering procedure in the administration. While 21.41% agreed there is
some sort of open service delivery in the institution to promote good governance. But only
7.14% are neutral. They are not support or oppose. As many respondents agree that there is no
efficient and effective service delivery procedures in the institution because there were over
appointment, large number of customers, lack of punctuality and professional skills. Rent
seeking, spread of corruption, in delivery of municipal service, non uniform and discrimination
seriously affects service delivery of the institution.
As it is displayed in the table both female and males 64.25% respondents disagreed because there
is not an easy system to get information on laws and regulation of the institution. Inversely
24.28% of respondents agreed because they assured there is distribution of information but
11.42% are neutral. They are silent. Respondents argued that the institution has not provided
information easily to the society on laws and regulations. As a result, most of them were not well
acknowledged and understood about the principles, rules, procedures and regulations of the
institution. Rules and procedures that are simple and easily apply are preferable to provide
discretionary powers to government officials (Anowar uddin, 2010).
As it is depicted in the above table there is not transparency in the kebele as the large
respondents responded (75%) because there are many things that has keep secret. But 14.28%
respondent agreed that there is transparency in the institution. Recently the institution has many
principles, laws, and regulations to be following. On other hand 10% respondent are neutral. We
can observe that transparency is not practiced in the institution according to the data. The people
respond that the activities of public officials were not open and clear to the society and when
they doing wrong full act they are not believe to acknowledge and discharge their
responsibilities. Attempt to implement accountability in the absence of transparency is equal to
shooting in the dark (http: // www. Unchr .ch /development/ governance).
Table 4.4 respondent view on equality and equity
No
Question
Sex
Disagree
%
neutral
%
Agree
%
Total
1
Does the
M
23
58.974
2
5.128
14
35.897
100%
F
22
70.967
1
3.225
8
25.8
100%
M
30
76.923
3
7.692
6
15.384
100%
F
26
83.87
1
3.225
4
12.9
100%
26
66.666
3
7.692
10
25.641
100%
20
64.516
3
9.677
8
25.8
100%
municipal works
to benefit the
large section of
society?
2
The institution
creates an
opportunity to
the people to
discuss on the
community
policing?
3
There is an equal M
access to the
municipal
F
information
without
discrimination?
Source; survey, 2009
As it is depicted in the above table 64.28% of respondent disagreed that the institution does not
work to benefit the large society. The service is not accessible to the whole community due to
shortage of resource and the large number of the kebele. On the other hand 31.42% responded
that there is service provision in the institution to benefit the largest society as much as possible.
But only 4.23% of respondent are neutral. Since our country is poor, the government officials
gave priority to their interest, desire, and private. So, the institution is not work to benefit the
large number of society. Equality implies inclusiveness with unbiased access to basic necessities
such as nutrition, education, employment, livelihood, healthcare, shelter, safe drinking water, and
others. In equality all men and women have opportunities to improve their well being (John
Drahan et al…2003).
As it is in the above table both male and female respond that the Kebele is not creating an
opportunity to discuss in the community policing and strategies as verified by 80% of
respondents. But 14.25% agreed that there are opportunities to discuss in police and strategies .In
recent years activities began to done to promote the people .But only 5.71% respondents are
neutral.
As it is depicted in the above table 65.71% respondents disagree the institutions has not
distributed information clearly to all people. Inversely 25.71%respondents agreed that there is
equal access to information without discrimination to all people because it earned through news
paper and public boards. The rest 8.58% of the respondents are neither of the two. As we
understood from respondents bias and discrimination were the major problems of the institution.
Because some officials were informed key information to their relatives and patronage so as to
occupy important positions.
Table 4.5 respondents view on rule of laws
N Question
S
o
ex
1
The office makes
Disagree
%
neut %
Ag
ral
ree
%
Total
M 21
53.846
2
5.228
16
41.
100%
F
16
51612
1
3.225
14
45.16
100%
M 27
69.23
1
2.564
11
28.2
100%
decision and takes
action in accordance
with law of the
country?
2
There is a clear
procedure to execute
different service
F
21
67.74
0
0
10
provision of the
32.25
100%
8
kebele?
3
The office controls
M 23
58.97
6
the daily practice to
15.38
10
25.64
100%
13
41.93
100%
4
avoid the prevalence
of illegal activities
F
16
51.613
2
6.451
5
in service provision?
Source; (survey result 2009)
As it is displayed in table, the office is not take decision and action in accordance with law of the
countries as the data indicated 52.85% of respondents disagreed that the officials are not put in to
practice it is only paper value. On the other hand about 42.85% of respondents are agreeing that
government officials are taken actions and decisions according to the principle of good
governance. The rests are remaining neutral 4.28%. The results of the data indicated that
decisions were not conducted in accordance with principles, rules and the law of the country
because the public officials could not strictly follow the provision of the constitution to perform
certain actions according to the respondents. Rule of law is the foundation of democratic political
development, without it there would be vulnerability of poor, spread of corruption, loss of
property and in security. So, rule of law is relevant to social development and poverty alleviation
(Anowar Uddin, 2010).
As it is displayed in table the institution has not clear procedure to execute different service
provision as the majority 68.57% of respondents oppose. 30% respondent agreed that there is a
clear procedure to execute service provision.
Only 1.42% is neutral.
As it is displayed in table both 55.71% respondent are not agreed because the institution have
not control the daily activity of illegal procedures and those officials are selfish and give priority
of for their private interest rather than the people. But 32.85% supported that the administration
has try to follow the day to day activities to prevent illegal activities such as corruption, bribe
and cheating. The remaining 11.42% are neutral.
Table 4.6 respondents view on efficiency and effectiveness
No
Question
Sex
Disagree
%
Neutr
%
al
1
The institution on
M
30
76.
municipal provides
agr
%
Total
7
17.948
100%
ee
2
5.12
92
8
the required
service to the
F
27
87
0
0
4
12.9
100%
M
17
43.
1
2.56
21
53.846
100%
10
32.258
100%
13
33.33
100%
community?
2
There is
bureaucratic delay
589
4
and much process
when you are
F
20
64.
1
3.22
516
engaged in the
5
institution?
The employees has
3
M
22
sufficient
experience and skill
to
56.41
4
%
F
18
58
10.25
6
2
6.451
3
11
35.48
3
help the people
Source; (survey 2009)
100%
As it is depicted in the above table shows that kebele 18 city administrations is not provided the
required service to the community as 81.42% respondents support the societies are not satisfied
by the institution service delivery. But15.7% the respondent support that the administration has
provide service to the community but due to different reason there might be storage of public
service distribution. But the other 2.85% are neutral. We recognized the institution was not
provided the required service to the community due to poverty, scarcity of resource,
mismanagement and corruption. Efficiency and effectiveness plays crucial role to the
development of the state because without efficiency and effectiveness it is impossible to increase
public trust and fair distribution of resource (MoFED, 2010).
As it is depicted in the above table, 52.85% of respondents’ support that there were no delay and
much process in the institution. But 30% respondents are agreed there is much process and delay
in the kebele to execute an action. The others 2.85% are neutral
As it is depicted in the above table both male female 57.14% respondents disagreed that the
employees are not skilled enough to help the people. This is true as we observed during
interview. Conversely 34.28% respondents support employees has sufficient skill to help and
support the society but the problem is the issue of honesty and loyal as well as rationality and the
commitment to work. But the remaining 18.57% are silent or neutral regarding their profession.
Table 4.7 respondents view on challenges of good governance
No
Question
Se
Disagree
%
x
1
There is corruption
that affect the
M
Neutr
%
al
8
20.5
12
1
Ag
%
Total
76.91
100%
ree
2.56
4
30
3
institution service
F
10
delivery mechanism
2
Is poverty is the
municipal
3
Patronage rather than
1
58
M
21
challenge of good
governance in the
32.2
53.8
13
41.9
2
11
28.2
1
mismanagement
quality
16
41
100%
3.22
17
54.83
100%
5
17.8
8
23
2
F
13
41.9
100%
6
5
merit is the factor to
the institution
5.12
64.51
5
35
M
20
5
46
F
3.22
0
0
58.97
100%
4
18
58
100%
35
Source; (survey 2009)
As it is displayed in table 25% of respondents disagreed corruption was not the major problem of
the institution in service delivery mechanism rather there is lack of good relation between the
society and officials. Large number of the kebele and lack of punctual were the main problem of
the institution. Inversely 71.42% agreed that corruption is the main cause that affects the
institution management system. But the rest 2.85% are neutral neither of the two. Studies show
that most corruption is made by government officials because they know the procedures and
systems of corruption.
As it is displayed in table both 48.57% agreed poverty is not the challenges of good
governance in the kebele. But 47.14% are supporting the poverty is the deep rooted cause for
good governance in the institution. Then only 4.28% are neutral. Poverty is the main obstacle of
good governance. Extreme poverty seriously affects the move towards development (Imran and
Shanawaz: 2009).
As it is displayed in table, patronage is not reduced the management quality of the institution as
shown by 34.28% of respondents. But 58% respondent support that working based on patronage
and relative is the factor that undermines the quality of institutional management skill. That was
true when w observed many institution people can be employee based on relative and racism
rather than merit and intellectual capacity. The remaining 7.14% are neutral regarding working
with patronage and merit.
Table 4.8 respondent view on the activity of the institution to promote good
governance
No Question
Sex Disagree
%
Neutral
%
Agree
%
Total
1
M
21
53.846
4
10.256
14
35.88
100%
F
15
48.387
4
12.9
12
38.7
100%
M
25
64.1
4
10.256
10
25.741
100%
F
20
64.516
4
12.9
7
22.28
100%
M
23
38.974
5
12.82
11
28.2
100%
F
17
54.838
3
9.677
11
35.48
100%
The municipal
has discuss and
communicate
with the
community to
initiate them to
participate in
the community
policing
2
The institution
consider
special
advantage for
woman and
disable group
3
The municipal
provide the
necessary
condition to
create small
business
enterprise to
reduce
unemployment
Source; (survey 2009)
As it is displayed in table the administrator has not communicate and discussed with the people
to participate in community policing so as to promote good governance and increase awareness.
This is supported by 51.42% of respondents. But 37.14% agreed that the institution has tried to
discuss and communicate with the people to rise there level of understanding regarding their
policy, strategies and rules. But the people are not interested to participate because they are being
careless about policy rather; they focus on their private interest.
As it is displayed in table there is no spatial advantage regarding woman and disable groups.
Theoretically it is public but it is not put in to practice. There were advantages which were
coming from different agencies but it is not reached from the disadvantaged group as indicated
by 64.28% of respondents. And 24.28% agreed there is special advantage in the institution to
help and support disable and woman. So some activities have been done at least to meet their
basic needs. The rest 11.42% are neither of the two.
As it is displayed in the table the kebele has not provided necessary condition to create small
business enterprise to reduce unemployment as 57.14% respondents support. But 31.42% agreed
that effects have been taken to reduce unemployment. So many graduates were given priority to
employ. This is true as we have got information from interviews.
The result of interview
4.8.1 Respondents view on activities that are taken by the institution to promote good
governance
A. resolving problems: - the institution has tried preventing the problem before occurred and
solving adequately through discussion after it has occurred. The administrations and the
communities were cooperating to overcome the problem of good governance.
B. Training the people: - the institution has trained and discussed with the society in their sub
city starting from at grass root level to raise awareness, to change their attitude, to eradicate
corruption and resolve conflicts through tolerance around the table.
C.
providing employment opportunity: - the kebele provided employment opportunity by
giving priority to work seekers that were graduated from different universities, collages as a
result many students were employed in different seekers of the institution.
D. information distribution: - as they told the institution disseminated evidences for all
community through different medium example by news paper, public board and other social
services.
E.
reducing shortage of public officials in the institution:- as we have understand from the
interview there were shortage of public officials in the institution but now a days the problem
can be reduced by employing new professionals. As a result this helped them to accomplish their
work easily and effectively.4
4.8.2 Respondents view on the challenge of good governance in kebele 18 city
administration
1.
Wide area of the kebele:- they responded that the kebele is very large it covers wide area
related with this. There was shortage of office or bureau and difficult to host or treat the
costumer in a short period of time.
2. Failure to discharge their responsibility: - as they told some professionals were not
discharge their responsibilities and unable to work properly. They are not respect the code of
professional ethics example punctuality, honesty, integrity and confidentiality.
3. over appointment :- they told that the institution has not done activities in the correct time
table and the issues of the customer is post pond to the next time because of large number of
customer, meeting and other related factors.
4. Lack of good relation between the community and the institution:- as the result of the
interview shows that the people and the public officials have not smooth relation. They are in
conflict due to over appointment and being delay on getting the required service in the
appropriate time.
5. Bringing the old issue as a new:-the community has brought the old issue as anew before the
kebele when there was a substitution or change of professionals on the institution. The individual
has taken the old issue as new when one official placed the other in a particular social service.
6. Master plan: - the respondent ensured that the serious challenge of the kebele was master
plan. Related to the city master plan, illegal construction and patent right are the main head ache
of the institution. The master plan is not properly administered as a result it brought social,
economical and political problems.
Chapter five
5.
Conclusion and recommendation
5.1 conclusions
Now days many country around the world have a tendency to good governance bring sustainable
environment for the batter of life. It has been widely accepted by providing power and duties of
each administrative body by empowering in decision making and promoting developments at the
grass root level.
Based on the result of collected data we have concluded the following arguments.
The keble 18 city administration had no practice the characters of good governance because there
is no the prevalence of good governance.
The institution has not consulted with the people when they implement strategies and policies in
the administration.
The majority respondents answered that there was no element of good governance such as
transparency, accountability, rule of law, responsiveness and punctuality because the culture of
democracy is not practically applied and deep rooted rather it is presented theoretically and have
paper value. On the other hand the official are not experienced, skill enough, and punctual,
uncommitted and lacked professional ethics.
On the opposite side the institution has done some activities that are used to promote good
governance. It had tried to prevent problems before it occurred and solve adequately through
discussion.
The community and the administration were cooperating to overcome the problem of good
governance. It also trained and discussed with the problem in their sub city starting at grass root
level to raise awareness about good governance.
In addition to the above the institution has given priority to employment for work seekers that
were graduated from different university and colleges.
The other activities were the dissemination or distribution of information and evidences to the
customers or the society of the kebele 18 sub city administration through different social media
such as news paper, public board and meeting.
The other activities also, increasing the number of public officials in the institution because the
first there were shortage of man power. After the coming of those new employees the activities
of the institution is done within a short period of time effectively as the respondents told to us.
Among the challenges that has faced the kebele were, lack of punctuality, over appointment,
suffocation of bureau, wide area of the kebele ,the problem of master plan, lack of smooth
relationship between the institution and the community as well as bringing the old issues as a
new before the office when one public official was substituted by the other.
5.2 recommendations
Based on the data presented and analyzed the following recommendation were for warded. Good
governance is essential to any institution to implement police and strategies in accordance with
the rule of law. However, kebele 18 sub city administrations have not such practice. So, the
people, the government and every one as a whole should be take responsibility to promote good
governance. The public officials are not experienced, skill enough, punctual, transparent and
commitment to serve the community. Therefore, the concerned bodies take care about
employment policies in line with merit, ability, competence, and intellectual components of the
individuals.
As we have got from the respondents, some public officials were failed to discharge their
responsibility and not respect their professional ethics. So, there should be strong controlling
mechanism and punishment up to losing from their jobs. The kebele is so large and the people is
crowded the office as a result there was difficult to treat or host accurately within a short period
of time. So, as the respondents argued ,the kebele is better to divided at least in four sub city
administration so that everything is became simple across the kebele.
Regarding the challenges as indicated by interview, master plan and related with this illegal
construction and patent right were the main head ache of the institution. To overcome this
problem, studies should be conducted and supported by professionals in order to accomplish the
master plan correctly in the kebele. This shows that the kebele has a big problem as the results of
the data indicated. Therefore, the institution is better to develop the culture of good governance
and brought radical changes in the process of administration.
REFFERENCE
 World bank (2008), Democracy, Governance and Development Network
 Adejumobi(2000),Theories of Good governance Oxford University
 ABD and ADF (2009), Development and poverty in Ethiopia
 (UUDP, 1997:http;//www.un.org./en//globalissue/governance/).
 Liben(1986) Global anticorruption organization and Governance.
 Khan and Keefer(1997), challenges of good governance
 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD, 2009).
 http://ir,library,osaka-u-ac-jp/dispase/.
 Ethiopian people Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF, 1991).
 hhhhttp://www.worldbank .org/web/governance).
 Anteneh Mulu(2001)
 World Bank (1984) good governance
 Governance in Democratic countries published Cambridge University Chaloupka(1999).
 Nation United, Development program(1997) Good governance Developing countries and
its impact, published, Addis Ababa University of regional and local Development.
 Abdullatif,2003 and Anowar Uddin,2010
 (hhhttp://reform.gov.bb/page// good governance.pdf).
 Http://www.usaid.gov./fani/overview governance.htm).
 United Nation Development Program, 1996 and 2002.
 John Draham et al, 2003.
 Mezgebe Gebre kirstos, 2007
 Bichaka Feyissa, 2010.
APPENDIX
University of Gondar
Collage of social science and humanity
Department of civics and ethical study
Questioners
Introduction
Dear respondents you are kindly requested to give the required information which is intended
to assess the challenge and practice of good governance in the case of kebele 18 city
administration
General guide line
Please put stick ‘’x’’ mark for those question that goes think right
Part-1 back ground information
Level of education - uneducated □
Sex
Age
male □
- diploma □
- degree□
- master □
-phd□
female □
18-30 □
31-45 □
46-60 □
>60 □
Part -2 prevalence of good governance in the kebele 18 city administration □
1.
Participation
1. Is the prevalence of good governance in your kebele ?
Disagree □
neutral □
agree □
2. There is the institutional framework that helps to people to participate in the municipal?
Disagree □
neutral □
agree □
3. Are there a mechanism of community consultation for the implementation of policies and
strategies?
Disagree □
2.
neutral □
agree □
accountability and transparency
1. Are the municipal has opened and detail service providing delivery procedure?
Disagree □
neutral □
agree□
2. There is easy system get information on laws and regulation of the institution?
Disagree □
neutral □
agree □
3. There is a transparency in performing tasks related with the institution?
Disagree □
neutral □
agree □
3. Equality and equity
1. The municipal work to benefit the larger section of the society?
Disagree □
neutral □
agree □
2. The institution creates an opportunity to the people discussion the community policing?
Disagree □
neutral □
agree □
3. There is equal access to the municipal information without discrimination?
Disagree □
neutral □
agree □
3. Rule of law
1. The office makes decision and takes action in accordance the rule of the countries?
Disagree □
neutral □
agree □
2. There is a clear procedure to implement difference service provision of the kebele?
Disagree □
neutral □
agree □
3. The office controls the daily practice to avoid your prevalence of illegal activities in service
provision?
Disagree□
neutral □
agree □
5. efficiency and effectiveness
1 The institution or municipals provide the required service to the community?
Disagree□
neutral □
agree □
2. There is bureaucratic delay much process when you are engaged in the institution?
Disagree □
neutral □
agree □
3. The employs has sufficient and experience and skill to help the people?
Disagree □
neutral □
agree □
Part-3 question related to the challenge of good governance
1. There is corruption that affects the institution service delivery mechanism?
Disagree □
neutral □
agree □
2. Is poverty the challenge of good governance in the municipal?
Disagree □
neutral □
agree □
3. Patronage rather than merit is the factor to the institutional mismanagement quality?
Disagree □
neutral□
agree □
Part-4 question related to activity taken by the municipality to solve the
challenge
of the good governance
1. The municipal has discussed and communicate with the community to initiate them to
participate in the community policing?
Disagree □
neutral □
agree □
2. Is the institution considers special advantage for woman and disable group?
Disagree □
neutral □
agree □
3. Does to the municipal provide the necessary condition to create small business enterprise to
reduce unemployment?
Disagree□
neutral □
agree □
Interview for public officials
1. Have you done some activities that help to promote good governance in your kebeble ?
2.if your answer yes, would you list
it?......................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
................................
3. Is there the challenge of good governance in your kebele?
4.If your answer is yes, would you list
them?................................................................................................................................................
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