Name: Angelica
NIM: F1021211036
Morphology: Grammatical aspect of a language
Dictionary -- related to the physical and mental dictionaries.
The aim of a dictionary --- to “register” (describe) the language, not to “construct” (prescribe) it.
Oxford English Dictionary (OED) provides information about each word:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Spelling
The “standard” pronunciation
Definitions to represent the word’s one or more meanings
Parts of speech
Content Words vs. Function Words
Content Words
Function Words

Open class words

Closed class words

We can regularly do add new

They specify grammatical relations

words to these classes.
and have little or no semantic
Nouns, verbs adjectives, adverbs
content.

Conjunctions, prepositions,
pronouns
Morphology The Words of Language -- the most elemental unit grammatical form or the
smallest units of meaning in a language.
Morphology
is:
The study
of words
How they are
formed
Their
relationship
to other
words
Name: Angelica
NIM: F1021211036
Morpheme Examples
A single word might be composed of one or more morphemes:
One morpheme --
boy
Desire
Morph
boy + ish,
desire + able
morph + ology
boy + ish + ness
desire + able + ity,
gentle + man + ill + ness
Un + desire + able + ity
un + gentle + man +ill + ness
Anti + dis + establish + ment + ari + an +ism
Two morphemes --
Three morphemes --
Four morphemes --
Five morphemes --
Morphemes representation
Morphemes
represented by:
More than
one syllable
Single
sound
Single
syllable
{-a} meaning
“without as in
amoral and
asexual.
Ex: child and
ish in childish
Like in: camel,
lady, crocodile,
hallucinate,
onomatopoeia
Name: Angelica
NIM: F1021211036
Bound Morpheme vs Free Morpheme
Bound Morpheme

Free Morpheme
Must be attached to a base

Can stand alone
morpheme.

Affixes are bound morpheme
Prefixes vs Suffixes
Placed at the beginning of a
word to modify the meaning
of the words.
Occuring at the end of a word
in order to make another
meaning of the word.
Common English prefixes:
Common English suffixes:
in-, im-, un-, non-, and re-.
-full, -less, -ing,-is, and -end.
 Derivational suffixes
When the word’s meaning completely changes
Ex: quick + ly (adj -- adv)
 Inflectional suffixes
When it is only the grammar structure that is
change. Ex: walk + ing (only grammatical change)
Infixes
Some languages also have infixes,
morphemes that are inserted as ether
morphemes, skein Bontoc, spoken by
Philippines. Ex:
fikas: strong
fumikas: to be strong
The infix -um- is inserted after the first
consonant of the noun or adj.
and
Circumfixes
Some languages have circumfixes,
morphemes that are attached to a base
morpheme both initially and finally. Ex:
En + light- en
In + correct + ly
Name: Angelica
NIM: F1021211036
Roots vs Stems
Roots



Stems
May or may not stand alone as a
word.
Part of a word form that remains
when all inflectional and
derivational affixes have been
removed.
Ex: “untouchables”, the root is
“touch”


Concern only when dealing with
inflectional morphology
In term of “untouchables”, the
stem is “untouchable”.
Bound roots
Their meaning depends on the entire word in which they occur
Hierarchical Structure of Words
We saw earlier that morphemes are added in a fixed order. This order reflects the hierarchical
structure of the word. A word is not a simple sequence of morphemes. It has an internal structure.
For example, the word unsystematic is composed of three morphemes un system, and atic.
The application of two morphological rules:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Noun + atic -- Adjective
un + Adjective -- Adjective
Adjective + al -- Adjective
Adjective + ly -- Adverb
Rule Productivity
Among derivational morphemes, the suffix -able can be conjoined with any verb to derive an
adjective with the meaning of the verb and the meaning of -able.
The productivity of this rule is illustrated by the fact that we find -able affixed to new verbs
such as downloadable and faxable.
The prefix un-derives same-class words with an opposite meaning: unafraid, unfit, unAmerican, etc.
Un- can be added to derived adjectives that have been formed by morphological rules,
resulting in perfectly acceptable words such as un + believe + able or un + pick + up + able.
Exceptions and Suppletions
The morphological process that forms plural from singular noun does not apply to words like
child, man, foot, and mouse. These words are exceptions to the English inflectional rule of
plural formation.
Similarly, verbs like go, sing, bring, run, and know are exceptions to the inflectional rule for
producing past tense verbs.
Name: Angelica
NIM: F1021211036
Lexical Gaps (Accidental gaps) are --- well-formed but non-existing words.
Speakers can distinguish between impossible words such as "unsystem and "needlessity, and
possible but nonexisting words such as curiouser, linguisticism and antiquity. The ability to
make this distinction is further evidence that the morphological component of our mental
grammar consists of not just a lexicon-a list of existing words-but also of rules that enable us
to create and understand new words, and to recognize possible and impossible word
Other
Morphological
Processes
Compound
Compound words is a new form from 2 or
more words may be joined. When the two
words are in the same grammatical
category, the compound will also be in this
category noun + noun = noun, as in
girlfriend adjective + adjective = adjective.
as in icy -cold. In English the rightmost
word in a compound is the head of the
compound.
Pullet
Suprises
Our knowledge of the morphemes
and morphological rules of our
language is often revealed by the
"errors" we make. Amsel Greene
collected errors made by her
students in vocabulary-building
classes and published them in a book
called Pullet Surprises.
Sign Language Morphology
The suffix meaning "negation, roughly analogous to -un or -non or -dis, is accomplished as a rapid
turning over of the hand(s) following the end of the root sign that is being negated. The figure above
illustrates the derivational process in ASL that is equivalent to the formation of the nouns
comparison and measuring from the verbs compare and measure in English Everything about the
root morpheme remains the same except for the movement of the hands.
Morphological Analysis: Identifying Morphemes
The first thing to do when you did not know English is would be to ask native speakers how
they say various words. (It would help to have a Zorxese-English interpreter along,
otherwise, copious gesturing is in order).
To determine what the morphemes are in such a list, the first thing a field linguist would do
is to see if some forms mean the same thing in different words, that is to look for recurring
forms.