LECTURE 2
Types of presentations
ANALYZING THE AUDIENCE
• Type of presentation depend on the type of the audience.
• Good speakers are audience-centered.
• They know that the aim of speechmaking is to gain a desired
response from listeners.
WHEN WORKING ON YOUR SPEECHES, KEEP THREE QUESTIONS
IN MIND:
1. To whom am I speaking?
2. What do I want them to know, believe, or do as a result of my speech?
3. What is the most effective way of composing and presenting my speech to
accomplish that aim?
TO BE AN EFFECTIVE SPEAKER, YOU SHOULD KNOW SOMETHING
ABOUT THE PSYCHOLOGY OF AUDIENCES.
• Auditory perception is selective. Even when people pay close
attention, they don’t process a speaker’s message exactly as
the speaker intended. People hear what they want to hear.
• People also are egocentric. They typically approach speeches
with one question uppermost in mind: “Why is this important
to me?” Therefore, you need to study your audience and
adapt your speech directly to their beliefs and interests.
DEMOGRAPHIC AUDIENCE ANALYSIS
The first stage in learning about your audience is to
undertake a demographic audience analysis. This
involves identifying important demographic traits of
your audience such as:
age, gender, religion, group membership, and racial,
ethnic, or cultural background.
SITUATIONAL AUDIENCE ANALYSIS
• The second stage in learning about your audience is to conduct a
situational audience analysis.
• This involves identifying traits of the audience unique to the
particular speaking situation at hand.
• These traits include:
• the size of the audience, attitudes influenced by the physical
setting, and your listeners’ disposition toward the topic, toward you
as a speaker, and toward the occasion.
FOR SPEECHES OUTSIDE THE CLASSROOM, YOU CAN BEST GET
INFORMATION ABOUT THE AUDIENCE BY ASKING THE PERSON WHO
INVITES YOU TO SPEAK.
• If possible, you should also sound out someone else who has
spoken to the same group.
• For your classroom speeches, you can learn much about your
audience by observation and conversation. You also can do a more
formal audience analysis by interviewing members of the audience
or by circulating a questionnaire.
ONCE YOU COMPLETE THE AUDIENCE ANALYSIS, YOU MUST ADAPT
YOUR SPEECH SO IT WILL BE CLEAR AND CONVINCING TO YOUR
LISTENERS.
Keep them in mind constantly as you prepare the speech. Put yourself
in their place. Try to hear the speech as they will.
Anticipate questions and objections, and try to answer them in
advance. When you deliver your speech, keep an eye out for audience
feedback. If you see frowns or puzzled looks on your listeners’ faces,
you may need to adjust your remarks in response.
TYPES OF PRESENTATIONS
• Academic presentations:
• What are the tips for academic presentations?
• What are the three types of format for academic
presentations?
THE PURPOSE OF PRESENTATION
1. Speaking to inform
2. Speaking to persuade
3. Speaking on special occasion
INFORMATIVE SPEECHES MAY BE GROUPED INTO FOUR
CATEGORIES:
speeches about objects
speeches about processes
speeches about events
speeches about concepts
NO MATTER WHAT THE SUBJECT OF YOUR INFORMATIVE SPEECH, BE
CAREFUL NOT TO OVER OR UNDERESTIMATE WHAT YOUR AUDIENCE
KNOWS ABOUT IT
• Make sure your ideas and your language are fully comprehensible to the
audience.
• Avoid direct evaluation, unnecessary expressiveness and emotional coloring.
• At the same time It is your job to make your informative speech interesting and
meaningful to your audience. Find ways to talk about the topic in terms of your
listeners. Avoid too many abstractions. Use description, comparison, and
contrast to make your audience see what you are talking about
SPEAKING TO PERSUADE
• Persuasion is the process of creating, reinforcing, or
changing people’s beliefs or actions.
• When you speak to persuade, you act as an advocate. Your
job is to sell a program, to defend an idea, to refute an
opponent, or to inspire people to action.
YOU SHOULD THINK OF YOUR SPEECH AS A KIND OF MENTAL DIALOGUE
WITH YOUR AUDIENCE
• Most important, you need to identify your target audience,
anticipate the possible objections they will raise to your point of
view, and answer those objections in your speech
• Regardless of your speech topic or method of organization, you
need to make sure your goals are ethically sound and that you use
ethical methods to persuade your audience.
SPEAKING ON SPECIAL OCCASION
Special occasions include weddings, funerals, dedications, award ceremonies,
etc.
 speeches of introduction
 speeches of presentation
 speeches of acceptance
 commemorative speeches
SPEECH OF INTRODUCTION
• When you make a speech of introduction, your job is to build
enthusiasm for the main speaker and to establish a welcoming
climate that will boost his or her credibility and confidence
• Keep your remarks brief, make sure they are completely accurate,
and adapt them to the audience, the occasion, and the main
speaker
SPEECHES OF PRESENTATION
• Speeches of presentation are given when someone is receiving
publicly a gift or an award. The main theme of such a speech is to
acknowledge the achievements of the recipient. The purpose of an
acceptance speech is to give thanks for a gift or an award
• When delivering such a speech, you should thank and recognize the
contributions of people who helped you gain it. Be brief, humble,
and gracious
COMMEMORATIVE SPEECHES
• Commemorative speeches are speeches of praise or celebration.
Your aim in such a speech is to pay tribute to a person, a group of
people, an institution, or an idea.
• When making a commemorative speech you want to inspire your
audience – to arouse and heighten their appreciation of and
admiration for the subject.