PSY 303 MIDTERM
CHAPTER 8 ANXIETY DISORDERS AND OBESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER
-anxiety disorder
-generalized anxiety disorder GAD
-social anxiety disorder SAD
-panic attack
-anxiety: is the fear of what might happen
-fear and anxiety involve high-level as well as primitive brain processes
-research suggest that anxiety should be seen as developmental problem involving both
environmentl and genetic factors
-limbic system processes respond to stimuli in their own.
Cognitive Processes in Anxiety:
• Evolution of fear mechanisms.
• Cognitive bias.
• Stroop test : sari renk gosterip yesil yazma testi , cognitive biasta kullaniliyor
• Anxious individuals focus on negative
Developmental Aspects of Anxiety
• Factor increasing level of fear.
• Influence on popularity and social competence.
• Anxiety more prevalent among adolescents. #
• Rates higher than mood disorders
Models of Anxiety Development
• Role of genetics, epigenetics.
• Fear learnt from family and culture.
Seperation Anxiety Disorder:
- show distress when seperated from their caregivers
-processes an children develop independence and the abiliy to function on their own
-at least 4 weeks
treatment: to recognize anxious feelings when they occur
Generalized Anxiety Disorder:
-anxiety leads to four behaviors:
1. avoiding activities that can have negative outcomes
2. overpreparation for activities that can have negative outcomes
3. marked procrastion behvaviors due to wworries
4. repeatedly seeking reassurance
Treatment: cognitive behavioral approaches
-mindfulness
-medications such as benzodiazepines with psychotherapy
Social Anxiety Disorder:
concerned about meeting someone or about giving a talk in front of a group
treatment: CBT, exposure therapy, social skills training
Agoraphobia: in which person experinces fear or anxiety when in public
- age onset: 21-23
- diagnose in relation to panik disorder
- CBT approaches, antideprants effective
Specific Phobia: in which an individual experinces fear or anxiety about a particular situation or
object ( snakes,spiders..)
Panic Disorder: intense feeling of apprenshion,fear or anxiety
peak in first 10 min
often seen comorbid with agoraphobia
Obessive-Compulsive Disorder:
- may be autogenous or reactive
- obsessions are generally unwelcome thoughts that come into ones head
- compulsive are the behaviors one uses to respond to these thoughts
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Hoarding disorder : excessive aquisition of objects and an initabbility to discard
these objects
Body dysmorphic disorder : preoccupation with a perceived flaw in ones physical
apperace
Trichotillomania.
Excoriation or skin picking.
Treatment for OCD
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Most common medications : clomipramine ,trylic antideprseants
Exposure and response prevention
Prolonged exposure to feared thoughts.
Deep brain stimulation.
EATING DISORDERS CHAPTER 10
FEEDING DISORDER:
PICA

is a feeding disorder in which the person eats something that would not be
considered food.( clay,cornstrach,characol,newspaper..) nonnuntrive substances
 eating behavior have leasted for longer than 1 Month
 it leads to health problems
RUMINATION DISORDER
 -is when a person regurgitates his food (Yiyeceklerin yutulduktan sonra tekrar
ağza getirilmesini ve yeniden yutulmasi)
 -the swallowed food is then rechewed or spit out
 -must occur more then 1 month and not any part of any medical or eating
disorder
 -can result: halitosis ,, malnutrition,electrolyte,imbalance, dental problems
AVOIDANT/RESTRIVTIVE FOOD INTAKE DISORDER
 -is when an individual does not eat certain foods, which leads to such conditions
such as weight loss or nutritional deficieny
 -common in children 2-3 years , this Is referreed to as the Garcia effect or one trial
learning
THE PROBLEM OF OBESITY:
 Thrifty gene hypothesis: suggest that times of scares food sources helped shape
our genetic makeup
 evolutionary history may have us seeking substances that do not lead to a healthy
lifestyle ( for example sugar was not easy to come by )
 environmental facts-> family,culture,towns
 psychological facts-> self-esteem, need for comfort
 biological facts ->genetic makeup
 a homeostatic system regulates the body weight
 brain processes involving the limbic system that encode the reardinf aspect of food
intake along with emotional and cognitive aspect-> these brain processes lead to
overconsumption of food even when the person feels full
 drug addiction and obesity involve discruption in the dopamine pathways of the
brain
 brain processes involving the limbic system encoding the rewading aspect of food
intake along with emotional and cognitice aspects. obesity , like drug addiction
involves the distruptions in dopamine pathways
 these pathways modulate behavioral responses to environmental cues
 food and drug, psychological processes interact in a complex manner -> when we
see food or drug we like there are memory (hippocampus) , emotional (amgydala),
arousal ( thalamus), cognitive control (prefrontal cortex PFC) as well as autonomic
nervous system reactions related to consuming
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intake food or drugs: cognitive system, a dopamine reward system, energy system
Psychological stress increases our consumption of food and weight gain
BRAIN MECHANIMS RELATED TO THESE SYSTEMS ARE CHANGEABLE EVEN IN
ADULTHOOD -> as environmental conditions change,metabolic brain circuits
change in relation to eating
BMI: body fat based on a persons height and weight
health problems: hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes,stroke,coronary heart
diseases,sleep apnea, some cancers , DEPRESSION
Differences in the View of Ideal Weight Between Males and Female
THE MAJOR EATING DISORDERS
->anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating
disorder developmental pattern symtomps such as weight preoccupation, body dissatisfaction,
disordered eating
- partial genetic component -cultural component
ANOREXIA NERVOSA
two subtypes: the restricting type & binge eating or purging type
-food refusal, onset in adolosence, lack of concern about the consequences of not eating
charactericts:
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-onset and consistency
-distorting body image
-lower than normal BMI
Neuroscience: - brain imaging of three components:
o the perception component: showed difrrences in the purcuneus and the interfior
partieal lobe
o the affective component: involved in PFC, the insula, the amgydala
o the affective and cognitive component: involved in amgydala, parietal lobe, prefrontal
lobe
-Gut bacteria: are involved in the emotionalty and eating patterns of those with eating
disorder. can influence in how medications affect you , may reduce the effect
Causes:
-Suggestive risk factors( familial,biological factors, psychological factors, behavior,
cultural,stressful life events)
-genetic -> twin studies suggest that both anorexia and bulimia can accounted by genetics.
-reduction of brain metabolism -> frontal,cingulate,temporal,partieal areas
-cultural factors: western culture
Treating anorexia:
-deny and not wanting to be treated
-familiy therapy: family based therapy is refereed to Maudsley approach( 3 phases:1. weight
restoration, 2.adolesecene take more control, 3.emphasizes developing healthy identity)
-Cognitive behavioral therapy: help the person develop productive thoughts and feelings
around his or her eating and view of self
BULIMIA NERVOSA
(1) binge eating in which person consumes large amounts of food
(2) purging where a person eliminates food from the body by such vomiting ,taking laxatives,
diuretics, enemas
(3) a psychological aspect in which ones self worth is seen in relation to ones weight or
bodyshape
-periods of overeating , out of control
-self induces vomiting or takes laxatives or medications to eliminate food , overexercise
compared with anoriexia: Body Weight NORMAL
-purging
-can lead to medical problems(menstrual disturbance,dental erosion, ..)
causes:
-genetic, cultural factors, differences in anxiety,self-esteem,sexual abuse
Treatment:
-Cognitive behavioral Therapy , Antidepressant medications
BINGE EATING DISORDER
-consumption of large amounts of food without purging
-higher in overweight individuals
Treating:
-
-Cognitive behavioral therapy
Goals of treatment , Psychosoical and other approaches,
drug treatments(show limited evidence of success)
DISSOCIATIVE DISORDER ch. 9
 is a loss of the normal intergration of cognitive functioning. this includes the persons
self, autobiographical memory, a sense of control and agency, intergrated awareness
of functioning
 Pathological dissociative symtoms: normal integration of consiuness,memory,
identity, perception
Depersonalization -> is the perception of not experiencing the reality of one’s SELF
Derealization -> is the experience that the world is not solid
 individuals with depersonalization disorder showed reduced autonomic responses to
unpleaseant stimulu. Inhibitory responses to negative emotional info
Dissociative Amnesia -> is an inability to recall important autobiographical info
Dissociative Fugue -> unexpected travel away from ones home or place with an inability
to recall ones past
 unable to remember their historical experience,
 procedural memory; is not lost nor is the ability to create ne long-term memeories
Dissociative identity disorder DID
 multipe personality disorder, there is a large amount of misinformation concerning
its existence
 current views it is less a disorder of multiple personalities
 experience different ‘personlaties’ at different times
 distruption in memory; (1) the person may not remember significant parts of his or
her life (2) the person may not remember how to perform an act or well learned skill
such as driving (3) the person may discover evidence of actions that he or she does
not remember doing
 Neuroscience research related to DID compared with other disorders, the volume of
the hippocampus and amgydala was studied with MRI , those with DID hat a smaller
volume compared with healthy control group
Treatment:
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dissociative amenisa : solve on their own
long term treatment /long term psychopatherapy
no established medications
SEXUAL DISORDERS, PARAPHILIC DISORDERS, GENDER DYSPHORIA ch 11
Sexuality; more then the sexual experience; a central being human encompasses
sex, gender identities and rolea,sexual orientation,eroticism,
pleasure,intimacy,reproduction
Historical perspectives:
-depiction in paintings and carvings
-in some cultural seen as a negative force
-charles darwin: the manner in which sexual selection and self preservation were
important
-Sigmund freud: emphasized the way in which sexuality was imoortant for driving
force in humans
- Alfred kinsey: survey focused on 6 outlets of sexual orgasm: masturbation,
petting, nocturnal dreams, heterosexual coitus, homosexual behaviors, bestiality
Sexual desire, arousal, response
-desire for sex
-distinct processes: psychsiological sense to refer to the internal experience of
both cognitive and emotional processes
measaurement : electrocephalogy EEG , functional magnetic resonance imaging
fMRI
Your brain and Sexual Activity
- brain imaging studies-> cortical measures of arousal in addition to selfreport and blood flow changes in sexual organs
- Ferettis study: the processing of sexual arousal engages coplex brain
networks involving cognitive, emotional and self-processes
eye tracking: measure when a person looks when viewing stimuli in real time
Masters and Johnson: identified four phases of human sexual response:
(1) excitement -> blood flow is increased in genital region, increased muslc
tension
(2) plateau -> pleasurable internal experience continue, increase in heart rate
and breathing
(3) orgasm-> muscular contractions in the male cause the sperm to be released
(4) resolution -> return to pre-arousal,
SEXUAL DYSFUNTION DISORDERS
 causes significant distress or impairment
 3 perspectives -> medical and biological factors, psychological ,
relationship itself
Erectile Disorder -> (1) cannot obtain an erection during sexual activity
(2) cannot maintain an erection to completion of sexual activity
(3) decrease in rigidity of penis in a way interferes with sexual activity
Female Orgasmic Disorder -> the condition in which a woman either does not
experience an orgasm
Delayed Ejaculation -> the situation in which a male shows an unwanted delay of
ejaculation
Early Ejaculation-> an ejaculation approx. in the first min of sexual activity
(premature ejaculation de traditionally called)
Female Sexual Interest/Arousal Disorder -> reduction or absence of interest in
sexual activity
Male Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder -> male has little desire for sexual
activity
Genito-Pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder -> pain, fear, anxiety during sexual
activity
dyspareunia: type of pain during intercourse
Vaginismus: vagina is attemptet , the muscles of vagina pelvic flood spasm
Treatment: Sex therapy, understanding psy factors, medicaitons ( Viagra,
Levitra, Cialis )
PARAPHILIC DISORDERS
 paraphilia: nontraditional sexual activities
 paraphilia disorders: paraphilia causing distress
para-> paranormal , philia-> refers to love or affection
Exhibitiontisic Disorder
 is the case in which a person becomes sexualy arousal by exposing his
genitals to an unsuspecting stranger
 often called a flasher , a male exhibitionst will find a place where women
are expected to be
Treatment: group therapy and SSRI
Frotteuristic Disorder
 gains sexual arousal from touching or rubbing against nonconsenting
persin
 only seen in men
 two conditions for diagnosis: (1) the experience of sexual arousal, have
lasted at least 6 months (2) condition results in marked distress
Fetishictis Disorder
 erotic fixtation on nonsexual object or body part
Pedophilic Disorder
 persistent interest in children
 seen to develop in adolescence
 structural and functional brain diffeences
 no effective treatment
Sexual Masochisim Disorder
 sexual arousal from being humiliated
 asphyxiation : the process in which a person puts a plastic bag over his
head or rope around hic neck to cut off oxygen temprorily
Sexual Sadisim Disorder
 sexual pleasure from inflicting pain or humiliation on others
 does not appear in isolation
Trasnvenstic Disorder
 to dressing in clothing that is typically worn by the opposite sex
Voyeuristic Disorder
 sexual arousal from watching unsuspecting people
 mainly seen in men before the age of 15
Other Paraphilic Disorders
-specified paraphilic disorder: cause all symptoms but do not satisfy any criteria
of the disorders , this can include sexual arousal from making obscene phone calls,
corpses, anilmas ,feces, urines,enemas
-unspecified parahilic disorder: insufficient info to make a more speciif diagnosis
Causes and Treatment:
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Androgen and future sexual behavior
some type of learning
3 sources of treatment: the courts, a partner, the person himself
Psychopharmacological treatments
Gender Dysphoria
Gender roles: one’s culture in terms of the kinds of activities boys and girls are
expactedt to engage
Gender Identity: internal experience of knowing that you are male or female
Gender Dysphoria: may have born as one gender in terms of their body, but the
internal experience is that of the other gender. Dysphoria is defined as a sense of
unease or suffering
Gender Dysphoria can be seen in children, adolescents, adults
Diagnosis in Children: at least 6 months present , at least 6 of 8 criteria must be
present
Diagnosis in adolescents and adult: 6 months duration of significant distress ,
impairement in social , also 2 of 6 criteria must be present
Transgender-> who have the anatomy of one sex and the gender identity of the
other
Transsexual -> transgender individual medical intervention such as hormone
treatment and gender-affirming surgey to change the body
The Brain and Gender Dysphoria
Amsterdam cohort : brain activity and structure in transgender adolescents more
closely resemebles typical activation patterns of their desire gender
white matter fiber pathways: who experienced themselves as male did indeed
look similar to those non-dysphoric individuals who were anatomically male
Cortical Thickness
Providing Assistance for Individuals with gender Dysphoria
-
psy interventions for children
suicide ideation in adolescent and adults
gender transition surgery
gender reassignment procedure
SUBSTANCE – RELATED & ADDICITIVE DISORDERS CH 12
Drug use in the United states
- -change in attitude toard drug use
- -changes in worldwide drug use
- -prohibition and laws against drugs
Substance Abuse, Dependence and Addiction
disordered use-> causes impairment or distress
intoxication -> effects of substance
withdrawal -> symptoms experienced when the substance is no longer used
3 major components to dependence:
(1) the desire to seek and take a certain substance
(2) the inability to avoid or limit the intake of the substance
(3) the experience of negative emotional states when the substances is not
available
Who becomes addicted?
• -timing of use ( 15 yasdan once baslayinca daha olasik)
• drugs affect adolescents in a different manner than they do adults
• drugs have direct influence on the frontal lobe
Genetic , environment , evolutionary influences
• -genetic factors
• environmental factors such as stress and low socioeconomic levels,
epigenetics
• social well-being
Pattern of Addiction
(1) intoxication
(2) bingering
(3) withdrawal
(4) craving -> losing control to limit intake
-increased tolerance
-emergence of negative emotional state
-rewarding effect of drugs is based on their ability to increase dopamine , the
mesomblic dopamine system
Can Drugs change your brain?
- YES
- Pathways connect with the nucleus accumens prefrontal cortrxx, dorsal
striatum, amgydala
- dopamine is releseade in these structures -> reward or pleasure
- molecular mechanisims of many drugs leave excessice dipamine
availbe in the brain
- cocaine BLOCKS dopamine uptake in the synpase or increases
dopamine
- Nictone,alcohol,stimulants, marijhana all increase dopamine in the
dorsal stratum abd ventral s
- disruption of prefrontal cortex
-Drug addiction can be seen as a form of enhanced motivation
ALCOHOL
alcohol use -> intoxication and withdrawal
-alchol decreases inhibition
-can lead to social,legal,medical problems
Effects of alcohol on the human body
 directly into bloodstream
 broken down into carbon dioxide, water
 genetic component in dependence
 dependence runs in families
Moderate , Heavy, Binge Drinking
Binge Drinking: consuming enough alcohol in a period
Do people who drink more like it more?
-relationshio between wanting & liking
MARIJUHANA, HALLUCINGENS, OPIOIDS
Canabis
 -wide variety of experiences
 -enjoayble feelings, influence appetite
 -the brain produces substances that are similar: cannabinioids
 larger doses produce hallucinations
Hallucinogenes
 somatic, perceptual, psychic symptoms
 also called psychedelics
 alter perception and cognitive experiences
 altered states of consciuousness scale
 do not producw dependence
 brain blood research -> increases frontal area of the brain , the insula,
anterior and posterior cingulate
 using hallucinogens in clinical treatment
 LSD, mescaline, psilocybin
 chemical makeup similar to serotonin
Opioids
 affect the brain and spinal cord by influencing neurotarsbanitter at the
level synapse
 psychoactive substance
 opioids used in medical settings
 heroin, opium, morphine , methadone, oxycodone
 receptors in our brain that are sensitive to opioid drug
STIMULANTS: COCAINE, AMPHETAMINE, CAFFEINE, NICTOINE
Cocaine
 mental alterness, combined with euphoria, energy and desire to talk
 shorter effect compared to other drugs
 increased heart rate and blood pressure
 the smoked form: crack
 reuptake : dopamine is than removed from the receptors
 long lasting brain changes
Amphetamine
 positive feelings , a burst of energy, alertness
 produced in the lab
 euphoria, incereaed alertness, hyperactivity
 cog deficits from metgamphetamine
Caffeine
 works through nervous system
 increases serotonin brain stem
 added to energy drinks, weight loss drugs
 caffeine intoxication: clinically significant distress/impairement
 caffeine withdrawal
Tobacco -> Nicotine
 addictive substance is nicotine
 functions stimulant,depressant
Gambling
 pathological gambling: addictive disorder
 comorbidity : mental disoders
 substance tolerance
 role of cog-emotional processes
 (1) behavioral conditioning,(2) cog-emotional process (3) impulsivity (4)
impaired executive
Treatment of Substance-Related Disorders
 -psychsocial approaches -> cognitive behavioral therapy
 -first steo to remove drug from system
- motivational interviewing: that seeks to use the clients motivation to
produce change
 effective treatrment : 13 princeples
 The 12 step program: forms basis for AA
 Controlled drinking approaches : learning to use alcohol
 Medications -> (1) agonist (2) antagonist (3) aversive
PERSONALITY DISORDERS CH 14
(1) represents an enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that
deviates markedly from the expectations of the individuals culture
(2) exhibits a pattern that is inflexible,stable
(3) has charactericts that are especially apparent in some sitations their ability
to cope
3 Cluster of Persoanlity Disorder
A cluster: Odd or eccentric disorders
- schiozoid p. disorder
- paranoid p. disorder
- schizotypal p. disorder
B cluster: Dramatic, emotional or erratic disorders
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antisocial p.d
borderline p.d
historic p.d.
narcisstic p.d
C cluster: anxious or fearful disorders
- avoidant p.d
- dependent p.d
- obsessive-compulsive p.d
Typical personality Traits
-five-factor structure -> detachment,negative affectively , antagonisim,
dishibition, psychoticism
Personality styles-> healty or maladaptive
Charactericts of a Healthy SELF
self and interpersonal functioning continuum
- -identity: see person as a unique person with stable boundairs
- -self-direction: reflects the ability short-long term goals consist wit
ones identity
- -positive interpersonal relationships
 empathy & intimacy
(1) Extraversion : which ranges from active and outer-directed on one ent to
passive and inner-directed
(2) Neuroticisim: from being worried and temperamental on one side of the
continuum to being even-tempered and confident
(3) Opennes: associated with curiosity, flexibility,
(4) Agreeableness: associated with being symphattic ,trusting,cooperative
(5) Conscientiouness: associated with being diligent, disciplined , wellorganized
Maladaptive Personality Traits and Personality Disorders
 -cluster of disorder as variants of FFM
 disorders more plastic then expected
 decrease in number of crieteria
ODD ECCENTRIC P D
- individuals uncomfortable around othrs
- behavior similar to schizophrenia
- prevalence rate abou 1
Paranoid Personality Disorder-> pervasive distrust and suspiciousness
Schizoid P.D-> pervasive pattern of detachment
Schizotypal P.D -> odd behavior and cognitive distortions , initially
confused with schizo
DRAMATIC EMOTIONAL PERSONALITY DISORDER
- problematic patterns of social interactions
- dramatic and impulsive behavior
Antisocial P.D-> disregard for the other person ,detachment and moral
insanity , psychopathy
Borderline P.D -> instability in mood,relationships, self, self harm
prevalent , without solid sense of self
Histrinoic P.D -> pervasive pattern excessive emotionality and attention
seeking
Narcisstistic P.D -> pervasive pattern of grandiosity , ignoting needs of
other , loss of close contact with others
ANXIOUS FEARFUL PERSOANLITY DISORDER
Avoidant P.D-> pattern of social inhibition, fear of critisim
Dependent P.D -> pattern of being submissive , didiculties making everday
decisions
Obsessive-Compulsive P.D-> preoccupation with orderliness , different
from OCD
TREATMENT OF PERSONALITY DISORDERS
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-Psychotherapy more individually focused
-treatment focused on conceptualzations
-medications used only as adjunct
Dialectical Behavior Therapy -> balancing of opposites , effective in
reducing suicide
- Dynamic deconstructive psychotherapy
- transference-focused psychotherapy : client and therapist relationship
NEUROCOGNITIVE DISORDERS Ch 15
Neurocognitice disorder -> decline in brain function
Dementia -> a loss of cognitive abilities not related to normal aging
Sucessful aging -> high cog and physical functioning
Factors affecting aging : genes,experiences,lifestyle,choice
Cognitive Abilities
(1) vocabulary
(2) perceptual speed
(3) episodic memory
(4) spatial visualization
(5) reasoning
How the brain changes?
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-changes in brain structure
-volume reduction in brain areas
-reduction of dopamine with age
-compensation
DELIRIUM
 is a short term condition characterized by a change in cognitive
processing ( inability to focus attenition, problems withn
language,memory or orientation) and be caused by a number of
pshysiological disturbances
 develops over short period of time
 disturbance of consciosusness
MILD AND MAJOR NEUROCOGNITIVE DISORDERS
Mild n.d. -> a diagnois made when the cog or social deficits in an individual are
greater than those declines seen with normal aging
Major n.d. -> disgnois made when an individual cog or social deficits are severe
and interfere with one’s ability to function independlty
 -decline in social processes
 -diagnnis as a two-step process
 -decline in prevalence
 -cognitvce changes and mental illness
Neurocognitce Disorder due to Alzeimer d. -> problems with memory,
Vascular n.d. -> vascular problems such as strokes
Fronttemporal n.d.-> different variants depending on the brain areas
N.D due to traumatic bain injury TBI-> onte-time only traumatic event
N.D due to Lewy Body dementia -> Lewy bodies in neuron, changes in alertness and attention
Parkinson disases : is a condition that affect the motor system
Hurntington: is a genetic disorder causes of degeneration, resulting in cog, emotional,motor
disturbances , has a single cause : A GENE
Creutyfeldt-Jakob disease: brain degeneration, genetic component
TREATMENT
-cog training
-deep brain stimulation
- different medications for different disorder
-> expect Deliirim , neurocgtive disordersncannot cured
SCHIZOPHRENIA CH 13
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-most debilitating mental disorders
-nature of schizo: prevalence around the world
 loss of being in touch with reality and problms with cog, emotional,motor processes
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-psychotic disorder
-symtoms not constantly present
-premorbid, promodal, psychotic phase
Positive and Negative Symptoms
positive-> hallucinations,delusions,disorganized thinking, disorganized behavior
negative-> lack of affect in situations, avolition, alogia, anhedonia
Multilevel Process for Diagnosing
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-symptoms
-functioning
-duration
Subtypes of Schizophrenia
-> DSM5 removed classification of subtypes
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
-paranoid
disorganized
catatonic
undifferentiated
residual
Factors in the Development of Schizophrenia
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first noted during tarnsiton to adulthood
role of environmental factors
strong genetic component
recduction of dendrite connenctions
different genetic pathways for each deficit
abnormalities due to inherited, non-inherited factors
Endophenotypes found in five major areas
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
minor physical anomalies
physiologic abnnormalties due to normal metabolisim
neuropsychological measures
neuromotor abnormalties
sensory processing and even-related potentials
Five neuroscience mesaurements
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
•
anatomical changes
functional processes
neural oscilitations
neurotransmiterrs (dopamine)
development of cortical processes beginng in utero
-acitivity in DLPFC,ACC,thamalus
What brain changes are seen in Schizophrenia?
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Glimore= endophenotype seen early in men
specific reductions in gray matter
reductions in gray matter
changes in white matter
ventricle changes in schizo
Schizophrenia and Brain Networks
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Suppression of default network absent
weaker connections between brain areas
halluncinations due to dysfunction of areas
result in brain imaging research
Neurotransmitter involved in Schizophrenia
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acitivity of dopamine neurons
dopamine imbalance hypothesis
result in more creative thinking
glutamate linked to psychotic-like symptoms
How are Cognitive Processes changed in Schizophrenia?
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cognitive deficits in several domains
tasks using working memory,attention
involvement of ACC , inferior parietal lobule , hippocampus
Charlie chaplin illusion
Treating
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benefit of living within community
possible to return to family after initial hospitalizations
shift from deterioration to recovery
addressing specific stage of ilness
Antipsychotic Medications
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-chlorpromazine
-neuroleptic
catie study
family interventions reduce relapse,hospitalizations
CBT
Browns concept of expressed emotion
early intervention: high risk individuals
navigate: treats first psychosis episode