ROLE OF STATISTICS IN RESEARCH
PROCESS
• Statistics is one of the important
means by which research and theory
interacts
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• without statistics, quantitative
research is impossible. We need statistics
to analyze data and to shape and refine
our theories of the social world.
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• statistics are tools used to
manipulate data and answer
research questions
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TYPES OF DATA
• quantitative vs. qualitative/categorical
-interval
-nominal
-ratio
-ordinal
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NOMINAL
• Refers to names, brands, groups:
e.g
Religion (Muslim, Christian, etc.)
Course (BSMarE, BSMT, etc.)
Groups ( Group 1, Group 2, Serapio, etc.
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ORDINAL
• Refers to orders, rank, ordered category
e.g:
Small, medium, large
scale (Likert scale)
levels (satisfaction)
SES
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INTERVAL/RATIO
• Refers to actual numbers with equal intervals
from score to score
• e.g:
age (12, 20, 35, etc..)= the unit of measurement has equal interval
no. of siblings (1, 2, 5, 0, etc.)
income, years of education, etc.
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STEPS IN QUANTITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS
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Preparing the data for analysis
Analyzing the data
Reporting the results
Interpreting the results
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Threats to validity and reliability of
quantitative data analysis
Researcher bias/data collector bias
Respondent/participant bias
Characteristics of the respondents/subjects
Characteristics of the data collector
Location
Instrument decay
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Threats to validity and reliability of quantitative data analysis
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Testing/administration
Mortality
Maturation
History (sp. for experimental)
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