ORIENTATION
1.
_______ is a field or branch of engineering that deals with the application of technology and scientific
principles to the planning
Major Discipline of Transportation Engineering
a. Transportation Planning
b. Geometric Design
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
c. Pavement Design
d. Traffic Engineering
_covers a broad range of engineering applications with a focus on the safety of the public, the efficient use of
transportation resources, and the mobility of people and goods.
_ deals with the structural design of roads, both (bituminous and concrete), commonly known as (flexible and
rigid pavements) respectively.
_deals with the design of paving materials, determination of the layer thickness, and construction and
maintenance procedures.
_essentially involves the development of a transport model which will accurately represent both the current as
well as future transportation system.
_ the topics include the cross-sectional features, horizontal alignment, vertical alignment and intersections.
_deals with physical proportioning of other transportation facilities, in contrast with the structural design of
the facilities.
Identify
8.
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11.
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13.
F_ and e_ analysis tries to quantify the economic benefit which includes saving in travel time, fuel
consumption, etc.
I_ T_ S_ offers better mobility, efficiency, and safety with the help of the state-of-the-art-technology.
_ or mass transportation deals with study of the transportation system that meets the travel need of several
people by sharing a vehicle.
A_ A_ and reduction looks at the causes of accidents, from the perspective of human, road, and vehicle and
formulate plans for the reduction.
E_ I_ A_ attempts in quantifying the environmental impacts and tries to evolve strategies for the mitigation
and reduction of the impact due to both construction an operation.
The primary environmental impacts are _,_, and _. Fc, ap, np.
14. The first mode transport was by _.
15. The next major mode of transport was the use of _ for transporting both men and materials.
16. Since these loaded animals required more horizontal and vertical clearances than the walking man, _
emerged.
17. The invention of wheel in Mesopotamian civilization led to the development of _.
18. Then it became necessary that the road surface should be capable of carrying greater loads. Thus roads with
_surfaces emerged.
Roman Roads
19. The earliest large scale road construction is attributed to _ who constructed an extensive system of roads
radiating in many directions from Romel
20. Romans recognized that the fundamentals of good road construction were to provide good drainage, good
material and good _.
21. The main features of the Roman roads are that they were built straight regardless of gradient and used
_stones at the bottom.
22. They mixed lime and volcanic puzzolana to make mortar and they added gravel to this mortar to make
concrete. Thus _ was a major Roman road making innovation.
French Roads
23. The next major development in the road construction occurred during the regime of _.
24. The pavement used _of quarried stone of a more compact form and shaped such that they had at least one
flat side which was placed on a compact formation. Smaller pieces of broken stones were then compacted
into the spaces between larger stones to provide a level surface.
25. Napoleon make the surface as impervious as possible, cambering the surface and providing_.
British Roads
26. The British engineer _introduced what can be considered as the first scientific road construction method
27. _was an important element of Macadam recipe. By empirical observation of many roads, he came to realize
that 250 mm layers of well compacted broken angular stone would provide the same strength and stiffness
and a better running surface than an expensive pavement founded on large stone blocks.
Modern Roads
28. The _roads by and large follow Macadam’s construction method.
29. Use of _concrete and_ concrete are the most important developments. Various advanced and cost-effective
construction technologies are used.
Importance of Transportation
30. _ The speed, cost, and capacity of available transportation have a significant impact on the economic vitality
of an area and the ability to make maximum use of its natural resources.
31. _
32. _
33. _
34. _
Enumerate Negative Effects of Transportation
35.
36.
37.
38.
_
_
_
_
39. -40. Essay (role of transportation engineer)
Orientation
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39.
Transportation Engineering
d
C
C
A
B
B
Financial and economic analysis
Intelligent transport system
Public Transportation
Accident Analysis and Reduction
Environmental impact assessment
Fuel consumption, air pollution, and noise pollution.
Foot
Animals
track ways
animal drawn vehicles
harder
Romans
Workmanship
heavy foundation
concrete
Napoleon
200 mm pieces
deep side ditches
John Macadam
Stone size
Modern
bituminous concrete and cement concrete
Economic Growth
Communication
Territorial Protection
Providing Services
Socialize
Safety issues
Land capacity
Noise pollution
Environmental issues
-40. A major task for the modern transportation engineer is to balance society’s need for fast and
efficient transportation with the costs involved. Thus, the most efficient and cost-effective system is
created, while assuring that the environment is not compromised or destroyed. In carrying out this
task, the transportation engineer must work closely with the public and elected officials and needs
to be aware of modern engineering practices to ensure that the highest quality transportation
systems are built consistent with available funds and accepted social policy.
WEEK 1
Transportation as a System
5 Questions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Difference between mobility and accessibility.
What is transportation?
Example of negative effect of mobility and accessibility.
Who is responsible for monitoring and regulating public transport.
What are the drawbacks of road transportation.
Answers:
1. Mobility (opportunity for movement)- kung gaano kalua ung mapupuntahan In a given amount of
time…... Accessibility (opportunity for interaction)- kung pano ka makakapunta, kung gano ka
kalapit sa pupuntahan. Example: City (mobility is less, accessibility is good)
2. Movement of people and goods from one point to another.
3. Mobility- fast movement of people or goods, nakaka cause ng environments issue dahil sa sasakyan,
noise and air pollution. …….. Accessibility- Demands ng public transport, isa is privacy, dikit dikit sa
jeepneys or buses.
4. LTFRB- Land transportation and ….
5. Accident prone etc. etc.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Identification:
1. _can be defined as the combination of elements and their interactions, which produce the demand
for travel within a given area and the supply of transportation services to satisfy this demand.
2. _refers to the amount and type of travel people would choose under specific conditions, taking
account factors such as the quality of transport options available and their prices.
3. 5 characteristics of transport system
- U_/R_
- A_ and C_
- S_
- R_
- G_ and W_
- S_
Mobility vs Accesibility
4. _ is the potential for movement
5. _is the potential for interaction
6. _ is ability to get what you and the community need or the ease with which an individual can reach
or participate in activity opportunities
7. _ is an ability to move around or how far you can go in a given amount of time The ability and
level of ease of moving goods, people, and services
8. _= Proximity to destination + connections to destinations
9. _ is measured using travel surveys to quantify person-miles, ton-miles, and travel speeds, plus
traffic data to quantify average automobile and transit vehicle speeds.
10. _ vehicles are priority
11. _ people are top priority
Good or poor
12. Urban areas: _ accessibility, _ mobility
13. Rural areas: _ accessibility, _ mobility
Positive and negative impacts
14. Give 3 pos and neg impacts for mobility
15. Give 3 pos and neg impacts for accessibility
Identify:
16. _ definition can be best described as any type of transport that does not rely on the world’s natural
resources to power it. The aim of this type of transport is to reduce the negative impacts on the
environment. Contributes to a reduction in damaging carbon dioxide (co2) emissions, and
therefore, to a reduction in atmospheric pollution and improved air quality in cities.
Transportation modes (Road, Maritime, Air, Rail)
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
Fastest growing and most time efficient shipping mode.
Most expensive way to ship.
the most versatile of the four main modes with the least geographical constraints.
only mode that performs door-to-door deliveries.
90% of all international trade is accomplished through _.
It is the most popular way to transport agricultural produce and raw materials
Slowest mode of transportation
One of the most popular modes of transport of goods in Europe and North America.
commonly carry bulk cargo items such as coal, corn, iron, ore, and wheat.
most dependable mode for making long hauls across land with minimal damage.
Identify
27. _ develops regulatory policy, legislation and regulations on behalf of the Minister for Transport
Infrastructure and the Suburban Rail Loop, the Minister for Public Transport, Roads and Road
Safety, and the Minister for Ports and Freight and Fishing and Boating.
28. _ is the primary government agency responsible for the development and regulation of
transportation and communications systems. Part of its mandate is to ensure safe and reliable
services to accelerate economic development and to better serve the transport and communications
needs of the citizenry.
29. _is the executive department of the Philippine government responsible for the maintenance and
expansion of viable, efficient, and dependable transportation systems as effective instruments for
national recovery and economic progress. It is responsible for the country's land, air, and sea
communications infrastructure.
30. _ is responsible for promulgating, administering, enforcing, and monitoring compliance of policies,
laws, and regulations of public land transportation services.
31. _ is Victoria's principal transport Act, bringing together the whole transport portfolio under one
statute for the first time. This act informs our vision for an integrated and sustainable transport
system that contributes to an inclusive, prosperous and environmentally responsible state.
Week 1 (Answers)
1. Transportation system
2. Transportation Demand
3. Upgradeable/repairable --- availability and convenience --- sustainability --- resiliency --- governance
and workforce --- safety
4. Mobility
5. Accessibility
6. Accessibility
7. Mobility
8. Accessibility
9. Mobility
10. Mobility
11. accessibility
12. Good, poor
13. Poor, good
14.
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31.
Sustainable transport
Air
Air
Road
Road
Maritime
Maritime
Maritime
Rail
Rail
Rail
Department of transport
The Department of Transportation and Communications (DOTC)
The Department of Transportation
Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board (LTFRB)
The Transport Integration Act
WEEK 2
Traffic Management
5 Questions:
1. What are the 4 main categories of traffic control device?
- Traffic Signs
- Traffic Signals
- Road Markings
- Traffic Islands
2. These are devices that provide information to the road user of the route.
- Guiding Device / Informatory Device
3. These are line pavement markings that divide opposite traffic lanes.
- Yellow Center Line
4. This shape is only used for stop signs.
- Octagonal shape
5. These are pavement markings used to improve the night vision and help the drivers in adverse weather
conditions.
- Road Studs
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Identify
1. _ are laws and rules which govern traffic, regulate vehicles, and facilitate the orderly and timely flow
of traffic.
2. What are the three elements of road system
3. _direct, guide, and inform drivers by offering visual or tactile indicators.
Traffic Control Devices (Signs, Signals, Markings, Islands)
4. _provide local information to drivers. Made from reflective material in high-contrast colors, they
are highly visible in headlights at night.
5. 3 types of traffic signs
6. They are control devices which could alternatively direct the traffic to stop and proceed at
intersections using red, yellow, and green traffic light signals automatically.
7. Types of traffic signals
8. They are made of lines, patterns, words, symbols, or reflections on the pavement, kerb , sides of
islands, or on the fixed objects within or near the roadway
9. Types of Road Markings
10. _are raised areas constructed within the roadway to establish physical channels through which the
vehicular traffic may be guided.
11. Types of traffic islands
12. _also control traffic, warn against hazards, and mitigate accidents.
13. Types of barriers and channelizers
Identify:
14. _have the authority of law and impose precise requirements upon the actions of the road user and
declare the accepted legal use of the immediate public roadway.
15. _are used to inform road users of potentially hazardous roadway conditions or unusual traffic
movements that are not readily apparent to passing traffic.
16. _also known as “informational signs”, are employed simply to inform the road user of route;
17. October 15, 1966. An agency within the U.S. Department of Transportation. Supports state and
local governments in the design, construction, and maintenance of the Nation’s highway system;
18. Defines all policies and guidelines pertaining to traffic control devices and for determining where
and whether a particular control type is suitable for a given location and/or intersection.
Arrange in Logical Sequence: (Slide 40)
a.
b.
c.
d.
19.
20.
21.
22.
IT SHOULD ALLOW ADEQUATE TIME FOR EASY RESPONSE.
IT SHOULD CONVEY A SIMPLE CLEAR MEANING AT A GLANCE.
IT SHOULD COMPEL ATTENTION.
IT SHOULD COMMAND THE RESPECT OF THE ROAD USERS FOR WHOM
IT IS INTENDED.
_
_
_
_
Traffic Signs and Marking
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
Elements of Design (Shape, Color, Size, Visibility, Placement)
Identify the Shape
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
An _ road sign conveys the need to stop.
An inverted _ road sign means to either "give way" or “yield”.
_-shaped Road signs always warn of possible hazards ahead.
_-shaped road signs are used for prohibitory or mandatory signs
_-shaped road sign provides a warning that a school zone is ahead or a school crossing zone is
approaching
33. _ rectangle-shaped road sign usually provides guidance to drivers
34. _rectangle road signs are typically used to inform drivers of facility information and points of
interest.
Identify the Color
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
Stop
Regulatory sign
General caution message
Permitted traffic movements or directional guidance
Warning and guidance in roadway work zones
Road user services, tourist information, and evacuation routes
Guidance to sires of public recreation or cultural interest.
(REVIEW SIGNS katamad na gawan andame talaga pota)
-
Warning Signs
Priority Signs
-
Prohibition Signs
Obligatory Signs
Other Prescription Signs
Information Signs
Direction Signs
Additional Information Sign
PAVEMENT MARKINGS
42. _ a component of the intelligence system for road users in inclusion to road signs and signals,
pavement markings connected to drivers where to arrange their vehicles, warn about upcoming
situations and locate where conveying is permitted.
Types of Markings
Longitudinal Pavement Markings
Yellow Pavement Markings
No Passing Zones
One-Direction
Two-Direction
White Lane Line
Solid White Line
Broken White Line
Edge Line
Raised
Stop and Yield Lines
Crosswalks
Roundabouts
Colors
White
Yellow
Blue
Purple
Black
OBJECT MARKINGS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Traffic regulations
Road, Vehicle, Driver
Traffic control devices
Road signs
Regulatory, Waning, and Guiding or informatory signs,
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
Traffic signals
Traffic control signals and pedestrian signals
Road Markings
Pavement, Kerb, Object, and reflective unit markings.
Traffic Islands
Divisional islands, channelizing islands, pedestrian loading islands, and rotary islands
Barriers and channelizers
Traffic cones and delimiters; highway barriers; channelizers and road barriers
Regulatory devices
Warning devices
Guiding Devices
FHWA (Federal Highway Administration)
Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD)
C
B
A
D
Uneven Roads
Narrowing Roads
Double Sharp Curve
Pass Either Side
Weight Restriction
Octagon
Triangle
Diamond
Round
Pentagon
Horizontal
Vertical
Red
White
Yellow
Green
Orange
Blue
Brown
Pavement Markings
WEEK 3
Pavement Designs:
Questions (to reporters)
1. What is/are the difference of rigid and flexible pavement?
Rigid Pavement
Composition: Usually made of concrete materials (PCC)
Cost: It is high cost but low cost in maintenance.
Load Distribution: Slab action distribution of load (the load is distributed in the whole slab: wider
distribution of load).
Deformations: Not subjected to deformations.
Flexible Pavement
Composition: Usually made of Bituminous materials (Asphalt). It has more layers compare to rigid
pavement.
Cost: It is low cost initially but high cost maintenance.
Load Distribution: It is a grain to grain load distribution (concentrated to where the load is located/applied).
Deformations: Subjected to constant deformations,
2. What do you call in a concrete pavement with a suface layer of asphalt?
Composite Pavement
3. What type of pavement are commonly used in our roads?
Most common is a rigid pavement especially when considering the load distribution on the road.
-Sometimes, a rigid pavement with a surface layer of asphalt (Composite Pavement) were used.
4. When and where is the best time to use rigid pavement and flexible pavement?
When it comes to high volume traffic, rigid pavement is best to use because of its durability (20-30 years).
-Flexible pavement is best to use in places where traffic volume is not high because it is less durable (10-15
years)
5. When considering the durability of the rigid and flexible pavement, why is the maintenance are applied
early before the end of its durability?
bale sa rigid 20-30 years yung durability pero mga 10 years pa lang is inaaayos/ginagawa na agad sya ganon)
-Mismanagement during the construction, there are specifications in the plan that are not followed, error in
the design of the project (the subgrade materials and the loadings are not well considered).
6. What kind of pavement management/s is/are there in the Philippines?
-Pinahanap sa reporter para idagdag sa report nila kasi di nila nasagot.
Parts of Pavement Management
-Problems
-Pavement condition prediction
-Methods in determining roadway conditions
5 Questions:
1. What are the two classification of deteriorations? (Aromin, di nasagot)
-Functional and Structural
2. It is used to describe the various strategies to decide on a pavement restoration
and rehabilitation policy? (Buduan, buzzer beater)
-Pavement Management
3. What are the two levels of pavement management and differentiate the two.
(Edejer, Berigud)
-Network level: inaano yung entire highway network.
-Project level: The focus is determining the specific maintenance.
4. The measure of pavement surface deformations in the wheel paths?
(Queddeng, mali sayang buzzer beater nya)
- rut depth
5. What is the primary function of pavement? (Villanueva, di naka sagot, time's up)
-It is to distribute the load to the sub grade.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Identify
1. _A system of overlaid strata of chosen processed materials positioned on the in-situ soil.
Costliest item in highway construction and maintenance. Deteriorate gradually.
Two Classification of Deterioration
2. _ Deterioration - Riding quality decreases. The road gives poorer service. Consist of cracks and
other road damages
3. _ Deterioration - Layers are losing its strength or bearing capacity
Determine if Rigid or Flexible
4. Constructed with Portland cement concrete PCC and aggregates
5. Constructed with Asphaltic cement or bituminous and aggregates, usually consists of several
layers.
6. Smaller (Narrow) area distribution. Transmit wheel load stresses to the lower layers by grain-tograin transfer until the stress is at the subgrade
7. Lifespan of 10-15 years
8. Wider area distribution of stress. Distributes wheel loads by the beam action PCC slabs which
made of a material that has a high modulus of elasticity
9. Life span of 20-30 years
10. Initial construction cost is low. Maintenance cost is high. Simple repair.
11. High-cost construction. Maintenance cost is low. Complex repairs.
12. Visible at night. Highly resistive to heats, oil, greases, and chemicals.
13. Poor night visibility. Sensitive to heat, oil, greases, and chemicals.
14. Design is influenced by the bearing capacity of the subgrade
15. Bearing capacity of the subgrade does not influence its design
Principles for Flexible Pavements
16. 2 Factors affecting Flexible Pavement Design
17. _ Method - Based on experiences and experiment
18. _Method - Based on calculations
Components of Flexible Pavement
Two Major Failures in Flexible Pavement
CRACKING
28. _ also known as “Thermal Cracking”. Due to low temperature environments and Bitumen
oxidation, gradually brittle and less elastic.
29. _ also known as “Fatigue cracking” - Tensile strain at the bottom of asphalt layer, deterioration
resulting to weaken base course or subgrade, due to overloading and wrong thickness
RUTTING – caused by the accumulation of the strain due to the repeated loads in the pavement.
30. _- visible only at the surface
31. _- deforms from surface to subgrade
1993 AASHTO Design Method (Flexible Pavement)
Developed based on the road test in Illinois during 1956-1950. Equations are based on regression
analysis of the test findings
Serviceability Concept
32. Measurement of the behavior of the pavement under traffic
33. Serviceability performance is measured in _ (present serviceability index) with a scale: 0 to 5
34. Index value that tries to capture the flexural rigidity of all pavement layers above the subgrade
in a single value
Principles for Rigid Pavements
Layers: Natural Formation -> Formation Level -> Subbase -> Concrete Slab
Types of Rigid Pavements
a. Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement (JPCP)
b. Jointed reinforced Concrete Pavement (JRCP)
c. Continuous reinforced concrete Pavement (CRCP)
d. Pre stressed Concrete Pavement (PCP)
35. a. produced to be prestressed to bear tensile forces b. Relatively thinner thickness design c. Do
not use reinforcing bars and dowel bars, but instead joints panels
36. a. Distance ng joints is 10 – 30 m b. Required dowel bars and reinforcing bars c. Helps slabs
together even after cracks d. Wire mesh acts as steel reinforce 3. Continuous reinforced
37. a. Plain Cement constructed in closely spaced contraction joints, dowel bars or aggregate
interlocks b. Does not contain any steel reinforcement c. Dowel bars are optional d. Joints
spacing 5- 10 m or 15-20 ft
38. a. Does not required transverse contraction joints b. Only use reinforcing steels aprox 0.6-0.7%
cross sectional area to help the slabs keep together after cracks c. Crack up to 1.5-6 ft or 0.5-1.8
m apart d. 30 – 40 years life e. Mas mahal pero cost effective
1993 AASHTO Design Method (Flexible Pavement)
39. _ - Considers as a pioneers in providing rational treatment and analyzing rigid pavements
Types of Rigid Pavement
1. Reinforced Rigid Pavement
a. Transverse joint - Resist temperature induced stress
b. Longitudinal Joint - Facilitate construction and control cracking
2. Non Reinforced Rigid Pavement - Jointed Plain Concrete Pavements and use smooth dowels but
optional
Measuring Pavement Quality
International Roughness Index • Friction Measurements • Rut Depth • Cracking • Faulting • Punchouts
40. - Measuring the vertical movements in a standardize vehicle suspension per unit length of a
roadway - Scale of smoothness and roughness of a road
41. _ Critical characteristic of a pavement that affects how vehicle interact with the roadway
42. Measure of pavement surface deformation in the wheel path. Accumulates water and increase
hydroplaning reducing braking and steering effectiveness of the vehicle
Mix Rutting - only hot mix asphalt deforms
Subgrade Rutting - deform all the way to subbase
Densification
43. The Following are types of _. 1. Longitudinal 2. Transverse 3. Alligator 4. Block 5. Shrinkage 6.
Slippage
44. Difference elevation across joint or crack from undoweled JPCP
45. - Occurs in Continuously reinforced concrete pavements (CRCP). Occur when he close spacing of
transverse cracks cause in high tensile stresses that result in portions of slabs being broken into
pieces
Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design
46. matter moves in accordance with laws of nature. Application of engineering mechanics and
rationality
47. relying or based solely on experiment and observation rather than theory
48. utilize theoretical pavement modeling and historical pavement performance data to predict
pavement responses to trial pavement structure rather than calculating a required layer
thickness
49. Proposed a research program to develop a pavement design guide based on mechanisticempirical principles with pavement performance data from the long term pavement
performance (LTPP) program
3 Primary Influences of Pavement Performance
1. Traffic - Traffic Spectra or Traffic Spectrum Approach
a. Classified by axle type (single, tandem, tridem, etx.)
b. Evaluates daily, weekly, and seasonal volume of traffic
c. More realistic knowledge at volume of traffic to determine the actual distribution of loads
2. Environment - Temperature and moisture are not constants but vary with time.
Has 3 elements:
a. Site specific environmental data set
b. Material specific set of thermal related properties (heat capacity, thermal
conductivity)
c. Algorithm to compute the transmission of heat within the pavement structures
3. Pavements Structure- Through materials and thickness. Has 3 input levels:
a. Level 1 (highest) - Direct testing and it is site specific values
b. Level 2 (intermediate) - No direct result, estimated from other specific data, and it is
estimated regional values or state value
c. Level 3 (lowest) - No direct and secondary test result. It is national values
PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT
50. _ Systematic process for maintaining, upgrading, and operating physician pavement assets in a
cost-effective manner ● Focus in shifting to maintaining, preserving, and rehabilitating highway
asset
Problems of Highway Rehabilitation 1. Funds insufficient 2. Poor condition but usable 3. Wear and tear
over periods of years 4. Limits timely repair and rehabilitation 5. Balance work program between
preventive and corrective action
Pavement Condition Prediction
(basa terminologies reviwer pagod na ko)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
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21.
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23.
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27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
Pavement/ Road Pavement
Functional
Structural
Rigid
Flexible
Flexible
Flexible
Rigid
Rigid
Flexible
Rigid
Rigid
Flexible
Flexible
Rigid
Traffic and Loading, Environmental Factors
Empirical
Mechanistic empirical
Natural Subgrade
Compacted Subgrade
Subbase
Base
Prime Coat
Binder Coarse
Tack Coat
Surface Coarse
Seal Coat
Surface Cracking
Base cracking
Non-structural
Structural
Serviceability Concept
PSI (Present Serviceability Index)
Structural Number
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
d. Pre stressed Concrete Pavement (PCP)
b. Jointed reinforced Concrete Pavement (JRCP)
a. Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement (JPCP)
c. Continuous reinforced concrete Pavement (CRCP)
H.M. Westergaard
International Roughness Index
Friction Measurements
Rut Depth
Cracking
Faulting
Punchouts
Mechanistic
Empirical
Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design
AASHTO Joint Task Force on Pavements (JTFP)
Pavement Management
WEEK 4
5 Questions
1. This is the number of vehicles passing a point during a specified number of times.
-Flow
2. It is the distance between the rear bumper and the front bumper.
- Clearance/Gap
3. It refers to the extreme traffic density when traffic flow stops completely.
-Jam Density
4. It is the process by which a vehicle in one traffic stream joins another stream moving in the same
direction.
-Merging
5. It is the distance traveled by a vehicle during a unit of time.
-Speed
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
WEEK 5
5 Questions:
1. What is the minimum duration of spot seed studies?
2. It is a study that determines the amount of time to travel form one point to another.
3. It is a traffic study that is used to determine the distribution of speeds of vehicle in a stream of
traffic at a particular location in a highway.
4. It is the hour that has the highest volume.
5. ADT vs AADT
Answers:
1.
2.
3.
4.
1 Hour
Travel Time Study
Spot Speed Study
Peak Hour Volume
5. AADT- annual average daily traffic (daily traffic for one yr.), denominator is 365 days….. ADTAverage daily traffic (less than a year), denominator kung ilang period or days ung hnahanap sa
problem, basta less than a yr.