Plasmonics
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11468-023-01809-w
Hollow‑Core Antiresonant Chalcogenide Fiber Polarization Filter
Operating at 3 μm Wavelength Based on Surface Plasmon Resonance
Xinxin Ma1 · Jianshe Li1 · Haitao Guo2 · Shuguang Li1 · Hao Zhang2 · Yantao Xu2 · Xiaojian Meng1 · Ying Guo1 ·
Qiang Chen1 · Chengjun Wang1 · Xingwang Cui1
Received: 20 January 2023 / Accepted: 20 February 2023
© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2023
Abstract
A chalcogenide hollow-core anti-resonance fiber (HC-ARF) filter based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) at 3 μm band
is designed. The substrate materials are ­As40S60 and GeAsS, which are used to create the conditions for the formation of
SPR, so as to realize the directional energy coupling in the specific polarization direction of the fiber. The effects of core
diameter, capillary radius, and capillary wall thickness on the polarization performance of HC-ARF filter are analyzed by
full-vector finite element method (FV-FEM). The numerical results show that the confinement loss of x-polarized fundamental mode (FM) reaches 1917.24 dB/m at the wavelength of 3.02 μm, while that of y-polarized FM is 23.11 dB/m. When
the fiber length is 8 mm, the bandwidth with extinction ratio (ER) better than 20 dB covers the wavelength range of 320 nm.
In addition, the resonance wavelength can be effectively adjusted by changing the capillary wall thickness. The proposed
HC-ARF filter has potential applications in biomedicine, scientific research, and atmospheric detection.
Keywords Full-vector finite element method · Polarization filter · Hollow-core anti-resonant fiber
Introduction
Since the transmission of light in the hollow-core fiber is
mainly localized in the air of the core, the hollow-core fiber
has lower material absorption [1] and nonlinearity [2] than
the solid-core fiber. At the same time, the transmission of
light in the air greatly increases the damage threshold of
the fiber by reducing the direct effect of light on the fiber
substrate material [3]. The large effective mode area also
brings unique advantages to hollow-core fiber in the field
of high-power optical transmission [4]. The structure of the
hollow core is also very conducive to the functional design
* Jianshe Li
jianshelee@ysu.edu.cn
* Haitao Guo
guoht_001@opt.ac.cn
1
State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science
& Technology and Key Laboratory for Microstructural
Material Physics of Hebei Province, School of Science,
Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
2
State Key Laboratory of Transient Optics and Photonics,
Xi’an, Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese
Academy of Sciences (CAS), Xi’an 710119, China
[5–8], the filling [9], or coating [10] of the air-holes and
other operations. Therefore, the application of hollow-core
fiber in filtering and sensing has also received more and
more attention and recognition. These advantages make hollow-core fiber become a hot research topic in recent years.
According to different light guiding mechanisms,
researchers have proposed two types of hollow-core fiber.
The one is a hollow-core photonic bandgap fiber (HCPBGF) that guides light through photonic bandgap effect
formed by a strictly arranged periodic structure [11, 12]. The
other one is HC-ARF, which guides light by the coupling of
fiber core mode and cladding mode [13, 14]. Compared with
HC-PBGF, HC-ARF has larger transmission bandwidth,
lower loss, and lower nonlinearity [1]. Due to the simple
structure and convenient function design [15], HC-ARF is
more advantageous in the design of photonic devices such
as sensing, beam splitting, and filtering based on fiber body.
SPR is an optical phenomenon that occurs on the surface of medium and metal [16]. When SPR effect occurs,
the leakage light will increase and the reflected light will
decrease, which is macroscopic reflected by the existence
of resonance absorption peak in the transmission spectrum
[17]. As an important physical loss mechanism, SPR is
increasingly introduced into the design of photonic devices
13
Vol.:(0123456789)
Plasmonics
such as optical fiber sensors, beam splitters, and polarization
filters [18]. Liu et al. designed a SPR-based microstructured
fiber sensor with a gold nanowire structure on the outer
wall of the fiber core with a refractive index of 1.27–1.36
and a maximum spectral sensitivity of 6000 nm/RIU [19].
Revathi et al. proposed a SPR-based polarization beam splitter at 1.55 μm. It has an extinction ratio of 149.9 dB and
a splitting length of 34 μm [20]. Liu et al. studied a goldcoated hexagonal lattice photonic crystal fiber (PCF) with
a resonance wavelength of 1.54 μm [21]. Guo et al. studied
a single-polarization PCF filter with the y-polarized FM
confinement loss of 37,631 dB/m and a filter bandwidth
of 480 nm at the wavelength of 1.55 μm [22]. Chang et al.
discussed a compact PCF polarization filter with two goldplated air-holes, and y-polarized FM confinement loss is up
to 44,200 dB/m at 1.55 μm [23]. In the existing reports, the
research of polarization filter is mainly focused on the communication band such as 1.31 μm and 1.55 μm, while the
research on 3 μm band is rare. But with the improvement of
people’s awareness of health and environmental monitoring,
as well as the development of spectral technology, the 3 μm
band will become a new research hotspot [24, 25].
Although the transmission of light in the fiber core in HCARF gets rid of the limitation of the optical fiber substrate
material on the light transmission range, the optical fiber
can work in a wider wave band range, even at wavelengths
far beyond the light transmission range. However, the material absorption of light by optical fiber materials is still an
important indicator affecting the properties of optical fibers.
Compared with the traditional optical fiber substrate material quartz, chalcogenide materials exhibit lower material
absorption characteristics in the infrared band, especially
near the 3 μm band [26]. HC-ARF is also more conducive
to achieving performance stability in a wider band of the
antiresonant region by controlling the resonant wavelength.
Therefore, this paper will study HC-ARF based on chalcogenide materials and achieve directional energy coupling by
SPR in a specific polarization direction of the fiber, to obtain
better fiber filter performance.
In this paper, a 3-μm chalcogenide HC-ARF filter based
on SPR is proposed. The substrate material is A
­ s40S60,
Fig. 1 Fiber optic structure and
grid display. a Cross-section of
HC-ARF. b Quarter finite element mesh structure
13
which is studied and experimentally prepared by Xi’an
Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, to ensure the good performance of the
fiber. The results show that the position of resonance wavelength can be adjusted by changing the thickness of coated
metal material and chalcogenide material. When the length
of optical fiber is 8 mm, the bandwidth can reach 320 nm,
covering the wavelength range from 2.96 μm to 3.28 μm.
The proposed HC-ARF plays a very active role in enriching the 3 μm band fiber filter device, and the device is also
easy to access the existing fiber communication or optical
integrated system with low loss to realize the single polarization filtering output of the all-optical structure. It has
potential applications in biomedicine, scientific research,
and atmospheric detection [27].
Numerical Simulation
Numerical simulation is mainly based on COMSOL software. Figure 1a is a cross-section of the designed HC-ARF
filter. In order to realize the filtering characteristics, a gold
film is coated inside the wall of the capillary tube in the
x-polarized mode to introduce the SPR effect. When light
propagates along the z-axis, the free electrons on the surface of the gold film interact with the incident light field to
excite SPR effect [28]. When SPR occurs, there is a huge
gap in the confinement loss of incident light in two orthogonal directions. After the light travels in the fiber for a certain distance, the light in x-polarized direction is consumed
because of the large confinement loss, while the light in the
y-polarized direction has a higher residual energy because of
the small confinement loss. Thus, the effect of polarization
filtering is realized. The thickness of the gold film is denoted
as t2, and the radius of the gold-plated capillary tube is R.
The resonant coupling between the core FM and the surface
plasmon mode is adjusted by coating the walls of the two
sides of the gold-plated capillary tubes with the thicknesses
of t1 and t3 with two kinds of chalcogenide materials.
In Fig. 1b, the proposed HC-ARF structure is analyzed
and calculated by FV-FEM. The entire part of the proposed
Plasmonics
structure is divided into a number of triangular domains with
309,748 mesh elements. The outermost layer of the “cylinder”
is set as the perfect matching layer (PML), and the boundary
condition of the PML is set as the scattering boundary condition to further reduce the reflection energy.
In Fig. 1a, the white part is air with a refractive index of 1.
The material shown in blue area is ­As40S60 which was studied
and prepared by the research group of Haitao Guo in Xi’an
Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy
of Sciences. Then, the refractive index was measured by infrared variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometer (J.A. Woollam,
IR VASE Mark II). We fit the discrete data obtained from the
experimental measurements and obtain the following equation:
√
n1 = 1 + a1 𝜆2 ∕(𝜆2 − b21 ) + c1 𝜆2 ∕(𝜆2 − d12 )
(1)
where a1 = 1.086124798769869, b1 = 29.4410549515291 μm,
c1 = 4.75105962840813, d1 = 0.1339057405590317 μm, and
the unit of operating wavelength λ is in microns. The relationship between the experimental data and the fitting curve
of ­As40S60 is shown in Fig. 2. It can be seen that the fitting
equation is in good agreement with the experimental values.
In order to achieve greater fiber birefringence and create
the environment required for SPR, a chalcogenide homolog
GeAsS with similar physical properties to A
­ s40S60 but slightly
lower refractive index near 3 μm wavelength is introduced in
the fiber structure design. It is marked in the green area in
Fig. 1a, and its refractive index is calculated by the Sellmeier
equation [29]:
√
n2 = 1 + a2 𝜆2 ∕(𝜆2 − b22 ) + c2 𝜆2 ∕(𝜆2 − d22 )
(2)
where a2 = 4.0708, b2 = 0.2164 μm, c2 = 0.8782, d2 = 28.26 μm,
and the unit of operating wavelength λ is micron. At the
wavelength of 3 μm, the refractive index n1 of Eq. (1) is
2.39, and the refractive index n2 of Eq. (2) is 2.25. The dielectric constant of gold can be calculated using the DrudeLorentz model [30]:
𝜀m = 𝜀∞ − 𝜔2D ∕𝜔(𝜔 + j𝛾D ) − Δ𝜀 ⋅ Ω2L ∕((𝜔2 − Ω2L ) + jΓL 𝜔)
(3)
where εm is the dielectric constant of the metal, ε∞ = 5.9673
is the dielectric constant at high frequency, Δε = 1.09 represents the weight factor, ω is the angular frequency of the
transmitted light, ωD and γD represent the plasma frequency
and damping frequency, and ΩL and ΓL are the frequency
and spectrum width of Hendrik Lorentz spectral oscillation.
In the consideration of fiber transmission loss, the study of
reference [31] shows that the special light guiding mechanism
in HC-ARF leads to relatively low absorption loss related to
materials, which can be ignored. At the same time, the research
[32] shows that the scattering loss mainly comes from the
inhomogeneity of the refractive index inside the material. By
improving the technology, the scattering loss caused by the
inhomogeneity of the substrate material and the fiber structure
can be overcome. In addition, the dispersion of the material
has been taken into account when FV-FEM is used to design
and simulate the fiber structure. Therefore, in the loss simulation of optical fiber in this paper, the common practice of
peers is also adopted, and the loss is calibrated by confinement
loss. The confinement loss of optical fiber can be obtained as
follows [33]:
𝛼 = 8.686 × 2π Im(neff ) × 106 ∕𝜆
(4)
where the unit of the confinement loss α is dB/m, Im(neff) is
the imaginary part of the effective refractive index, and the
unit of operating wavelength λ is μm. Moreover, the normalized output power, ER and bandwidth are also important
parameters to characterize the filter. The formulas of normalized output power and ER are shown as follows [34, 35]:
[
]
Pout (x, y) = Pin (x, y)exp −𝛼(x, y)(ln10∕10)L
(5)
where Pout (x, y) is the output power, Pin (x, y) is the input
power, the value is set to 1, and L is the fiber length.
) ]}
{ [(
ER = 20lg exp 𝛼2 − 𝛼1 L
(6)
where α2 and α1 are the confinement loss of x-polarized FM
and y-polarized FM, respectively.
Numerical Results and Analysis
Fig. 2 Relationship between refractive index and wavelength
Figure 3a shows the effective refractive index and confinement loss curve of the core FM and the relationship between
the refractive index of the SPP mode and the wavelength
with the structural parameters D = 82 μm, R = 40 μm,
13
Plasmonics
Fig. 3 a The effective refractive
index and confinement loss of
the core FM and the effective
refractive index of the SPP
mode; the electric field distribution at 3.02 μm of b y-polarized
FM, c x-polarized FM, and d
SPP mode
t1 = 0.5t4, t2 = 30 nm, t3 = 1.1t4, and t4 = 0.6 μm. When the
phase matching condition is satisfied, the core FM is coupled with the SPP mode and the loss spectrum appears
peak, which can be used for polarization filters. The resonance wavelength of x-polarized FM is 3.02 μm. When
λ = 3.02 μm, the loss of x-polarized FM is 1917.24 dB/m,
while the loss of y-polarized FM is only 23.11 dB/m. The
mode field distributions of y-polarized FM, x-polarized FM,
and SPP at 3.02 μm are shown in Fig. 3b–d. It can be seen
that part of the energy of the core FM is transferred to the
metal surface. The loss of the x-polarized FM is much larger
than that of the y-polarized FM, which is due to the resonance between x-polarized FM and SPP mode.
Figure 4a shows the normalized output power of x-polarized
and y-polarized FM at different lengths. The shaded part in
Fig. 4a is the relationship between normalized output power
and wavelength of y-polarized under different lengths.
When the fiber length is 2 mm, 4 mm, 6 mm, and 8 mm, the
normalized output power of HC-ARF in the x polarization is
0.41 dB, 0.17 dB, 0.07 dB, and 0.03 dB at the wavelength of
3.02 μm, respectively. By choosing an appropriate fiber length,
the transmitted light of x-polarized FM near 3.02 μm can be
well filtered out, and the y-polarized light can be obtained. At
the same time, the generation of SPR at the above wavelength
makes the confinement loss of the x-polarized FM much larger
Fig. 4 a Normalized output
power of different polarization
modes and b ER of HC-ARF
with different lengths
13
than that of the y-polarized FM, so that a higher ER can be
obtained. As can be seen from Fig. 4b, at the same wavelength,
the longer the fiber length, the greater the value of ER. When
the length of the fiber is 8 mm, the ER reaches 131.62 dB,
and the corresponding bandwidth is 320 nm, covering the
wavelength range from 2.96 μm to 3.28 μm. These results
demonstrate that our designed HC-ARF has good filtering
effect and ultrawide wavelength range.
Influence of Fiber Parameters on HC‑ARF
Filter
The effects of core diameter, capillary radius, and capillary
wall thickness on the performance of HC-ARF filter are
studied to obtain the best filtering effect.
Effect of Capillary Radius on Performance of HC‑ARF
Firstly, the effect of the capillary radius R on the HC-ARF
filter is studied. The capillary radius is varied from 37 μm
to 40 μm at an interval of 1 μm, with other parameters
D = 82 μm, t1 = 0.5t4, t2 = 60 nm, t3 = 1.1t4, and t4 = 0.6 μm.
The loss of core FM is shown in Fig. 5a, b shows the relationship of ER with wavelength at different capillary radius,
Plasmonics
Fig. 5 a Loss under different capillary radius and polarization mode, b ER under different radius, and c normalized output power under different
capillary radius and polarization mode, by increasing the capillary radius from 37 μm to 40 μm
and the normalized output power at different polarized
modes is presented in Fig. 5c. As can be seen in Fig. 5a, with
the change of capillary radius, the loss of core FM changes
little. Therefore, the variation of capillary radius has a slight
influence on the ER and normalized output power, which are
illustrated in Fig. 5b, c respectively. In general, the variation
of capillary radius has little effect on the HC-ARF filter.
Effect of Changing Capillary Wall Thickness ­t4
on HC‑ARF Performance
Then, the influence of capillary wall thickness t4 on the
polarization characteristics of HC-ARF is considered.
The wall thickness of capillary increased from 0.57 μm
to 0.6 μm. Figure 6a–c depicts the loss for different polarized modes and corresponding ER and normalized output
power when capillary wall thickness is set to 0.57 μm,
0.58 μm, 0.59 μm, and 0.6 μm. As can be seen in Fig. 6a,
the increase in thickness t4 results in a red shift in the confinement loss peak of the y-polarized FM. The loss peak
corresponding to the resonance wavelength of x-polarized
FM is 1325.10 dB/m, 1321.66 dB/m, 1311.37 dB/m, and
1301.06 dB/m, respectively. The loss values of y-polarized
FM are 17.59 dB/m, 19.66 dB/m, 15.49 dB/m, and 19.09
dB/m respectively. It can be seen that the thickness change
of capillary wall has little influence on the peak value of
confinement loss. In Fig. 6b, c, the peak of ER and the dip
of normalized output power also red shift with the increase
of thickness t­4. Therefore, by changing the wall thickness
­t4 of the capillary, the position of the resonance peak, ER
and normalized output power can be effectively adjusted.
The wall thickness t­ 4 of the capillary is set to 0.6 μm so that
the HC-ARF filter will work well in the mid-infrared band.
The Effect of Core Diameter D on the Performance
of HC‑ARF
Then, the effect of D on filtering performance is investigated. The diameter D is 82 μm, 83 μm, 84 μm, and 85 μm.
Figure 7a displays the loss of different polarization in different hollow core diameters as function of wavelength.
The relationship between ER and wavelength is displayed
in Fig. 7b. Figure 7c demonstrates the relationship between
normalized output power and wavelength under different
Fig. 6 a Loss under different polarization mode, b ER, and c Normalized output power under different polarization mode, by increasing the capillary wall thickness t4 from 0.57 μm to 0.6 μm
13
Plasmonics
Fig. 7 a Loss of x-polarized and y-polarized FM, b ER, and c normalized output power of x-polarized and y-polarized FM, at different core
diameters
core diameters and different polarization modes. When core
diameter increases from 82 μm to 85 μm, the peak value of
confinement loss always shows a downward trend, which is
shown in Fig. 7a, leading to the decrease of ER in Fig. 7b.
However, it is difficult to further reduce the diameter D to
avoid capillary overlap. Therefore, D = 82 μm is set as the
optimal core diameter for HC-ARF.
The Influence of Chalcogenide Material Thickness ­t1
on the Filtering Performance
For the sake of obtaining better filtering characteristics, the
thickness of the chalcogenide material t1 is parameterized
to adjust the loss peak. As shown in Fig. 8, the variation of
t1 has a slight effect on the loss, ER, and normalized output
power of both x- and y-polarized FM. The peak value of the
loss peak increases with the increase of t1. This is mainly
because with the increase of t1, the resonance between
the x-polarized FM and SPP modes is enhanced, which is
beneficial to obtain a good polarization structure. When
t1 = 0.5t4, both the peak values of confinement loss and ER
reach optimal values.
The Influence of Thickness ­t3 of Chalcogenide
Materials
Figure 9a shows the confinement loss of core FM for different thicknesses ­t3 of the chalcogenide material. At the same
thickness t3, the confinement loss exhibits an upward trend
initially and then a downward one indicating the occurrence
of SPR effect. When t3 changes from 0.63 μm to 0.66 μm,
the position of resonance peak moves to long wavelength.
But the peak loss is almost constant. Therefore, the peak
value of ER in Fig. 9b and the dips of normalized output
power in Fig. 9c are also red-shifted. The position of the
peak is shifted from 2.86 μm to 2.99 μm. The thickness t3 is
set to 0.66 μm so that the HC-ARF filter will work well in
the mid-infrared band.
Influence of Variation of Gold Film Thickness
on HC‑ARF
Finally, the influence of t2 on the polarization structure
is studied. Figure 10a shows the confinement loss of the
core FM when t2 varies from 30 to 60 nm. The relationship
Fig. 8 a Loss of x-polarized and y-polarized FM, b ER, and c normalized output power of x-polarized and y-polarized FM, at different chalcogenide material thickness t1
13
Plasmonics
Fig. 9 a Loss of core FM, b ER, and c normalized output power of core FM, at different chalcogenide material thickness t3
Fig. 10 a Loss of core FM, b ER, and c normalized output power of core FM, at different metal thicknesses t2
between ER and wavelength under different thickness
is shown in Fig. 10b. Figure 10c shows the relationship
between normalized output power and wavelength under different thickness. The confinement loss peak of x-polarized
FM decreases with increasing thickness. The main reason for
the decline of the peak value is that the penetration distance
of evanescent wave becomes larger with the deepening of t2,
which leads to the weakening of the intensity of the plasma
mode excited by the gold film surface. It can be seen from
Fig. 10b that ER shows a downward trend with the increase
of thickness. Therefore, the thickness of the gold film is
selected to be 30 nm to obtain better filtering characteristics.
Table 1 lists the differences between the designed HCARF filters and others reported previously. It can be seen that
the current research on polarization devices mainly focuses
on communication bands especially 1550 nm. Compared
with other references [36–40], the HC-ARF structure proposed in this paper has good filtering performance at 3 μm.
Fabrication Tolerances
For the proposed HC-ARF filter, the required HC-ARF can
be fabricated by “stack and draw” method [41]. A series
of capillaries are assembled into geometric shapes, fused,
and then pulled down to form optical fibers. In the process
of fiber stretching, real-time optimization of the stretching
parameters is an expensive and time-consuming action,
which is overly dependent on experiment and error [42].
Therefore, the manufacturing tolerances of each parameter
are analyzed in this section. References [30, 43] demonstrated the effect of a 1% change in fiber parameters on the
fiber structure and found that 1% is already a large enough
tolerance parameter. As can be seen from Fig. 11, the values of ER and the bandwidth are basically unchanged. The
results show that the operating bandwidth and ER are almost
unchanged when the HC-ARF parameters deviate by ± 1%,
indicating that the filter has good manufacturing tolerances.
Table 1 Performance comparison with the reported filters
References
Fiber
length
(mm)
Wavelength (μm)
ER (dB/m)
BW (nm)
[36]
[37]
[38]
[39]
[40]
This work
67.5
81.5
24.76
369
8.8
8
1.41–1.72
1.28–1.65
/
0.52–0.59
1.54–1.56
2.96–3.28
/
/
50
64
− 164.27
131.62
310
370
11.43
70
20
320
13
Plasmonics
Fig. 11 ER under ideal conditions and a ± 1% R, b ± 1% D,
c ± 1% t1, and d ± 1% t2
Conclusion
discussion, model improvement, and writing revision. All the authors
have read and approved the final manuscript.
In this paper, a HC-ARF filter working at 3 μm is proposed
by using FV-FEM. The effects of fiber core diameter, capillary radius, gold film thickness, and different sulfur material thickness on the properties of polarization filter are
analyzed. The numerical results show that the confinement
loss of x-polarized FM reaches 1917.24 dB/m, while that
of y-polarized FM is 23.11 dB/m. When the transmission
length is 8 mm, the ER reaches 131.6174 dB. In addition, the
resonance wavelength can be effectively adjusted by changing the capillary wall thickness. Furthermore, the operating
bandwidth and ER are almost unchanged when the HCARF parameters deviate by ± 1%, indicating that the filter
has good manufacturing tolerances. Therefore, the proposed
HC-ARF can be easily integrated with existing optical fiber
communication and sensing systems.
Funding This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (12074331), the National Key Research and Development Project (Grant No. 2019YFB2204001), Hebei Natural Science
Foundation (Grant No. F2020203050), and the Open Research Fund
of State Key Laboratory of Transient Optics and Photonics (Grant No.
SKLST201908).
Author Contribution All authors have made contributions to the model
design, theoretical discussion, material preparation, data processing,
and writing revision of the study. Among them, Xinxin Ma proposed
the design of the original model and completed the model simulation
and the writing of the paper, Jianshe Li guided all the work and was
specifically responsible for the curve fitting of the refractive index data
of the material, Haitao Guo led the completion of the experimental
preparation of the optical fiber material A
­ s40S60 and participated in
the later revision of the paper, Hao Zhang and Yantao Xu were specifically responsible for the preparation and testing of the material, and
Shuguang Li and other authors were mainly involved in the theoretical
13
Data Availability Data underlying the results presented in this paper are
not publicly available at this time but may be obtained from the authors
upon reasonable request.
Declarations
Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests.
References
1. Saitoh K, Florous NJ, Murao T, Koshiba M (2006) Design of
photonic band gap fibers with suppressed higher-order modes:
towards the development of effectively single mode large hollow-core fiber platforms. Opt Express 14(16):7342–7352
2. Cregan RF, Mangan BJ, Knight JC, Birks TA, Russell PSJ,
Roberts PJ, Allan DC (1999) Single-mode photonic band gap
guidance of light in air. Science 285(5433):1537–1539
3. Yu F, Knight JC (2016) Negative curvature hollow core optical
fiber. IEEE J Sel Top Quantum Electron 22(2):146–155
4. Wang YY, Peng X, Alharbi M, Dutin CF, Bradley TD, Gérôme
F, Mielke M, Booth T, Benabid F (2012) Design and fabrication of hollow-core photonic crystal fibers for high-power
Plasmonics
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
ultrashort pulse transportation and pulse compression. Opt Lett
37(15):3111–3113
Chaudhary VS, Kumar D, Mishra R, Sharma S (2020) Twin core
photonic crystal fiber for temperature sensing. Materials Today:
Proceedings 33(5):2289–2292
Mishra GP, Kumar D, Chaudhary VS, Sharma S (2021) Terahertz
refractive index sensor with high sensitivity based on two-core
photonic crystal fiber. Microw Opt Technol Lett 63(1):24–31
Chaudhary VS, Kumar D (2020) TOPAS based porous core photonic crystal fiber for terahertz chemical sensor. Optik 223:165562
Sharma S, Chaudhary VS, Kumar D (2020) Design of chemical sensor based on dual core photonic crystal fiber. Materials
Today: Proceedings 33:2122–2124
Yu YL, Kishikawa H, Liaw SK, Adiya M, Goto N (2021) Broadband silicon core photonics crystal fiber polarization filter based
on surface plasmon resonance effect. Opt Commun 482:126587
Wang, YJ, Li SG, Li JS, Guo Y, Wang MY (2021) Novel external gold-coated side-leakage photonic crystal fiber for tunable
broadband polarization filter. J Light Technol 39(6)
Poletti F, Petrovich MN, Richardson DJ (2013) Hollow-core
photonic bandgap fibers: technology and applications. Nanophotonics 2(5–6):315–340
Mishra GP, Kumar D, Chaudhary VS, Kumar S (2022) Design
and sensitivity improvement of microstructured-core photonic
crystal fiber based sensor for methane and hydrogen fluoride
detection. IEEE Sens J 22(2):1265–1272
Couny F, Benabid F, Roberts PJ, Light PS, Raymer MG (2007) Generation and photonic guidance of multi-octave optical-frequency
combs. Science 318(5853):1118–1121
Pearce GJ, Wiederhecker GS, Poulton CG, Burger S, St P, Russell
J (2007) Models for guidance in kagome-structured hollow-core
photonic crystal fibres. Opt Express 15(20):12680
Gao SF, Wang YY, Ding W, Jiang DL, Gu S, Zhang X, Wang
P (2018) Hollow-core conjoined-tube negative-curvature fibre
with ultralow loss. Nat Commun 9:2828
Hameed MF, Heikal AM, Younis BM, Abdelrazzak M, Obayya
SS (2015) Ultra-high tunable liquid crystal-plasmonic photonic
crystal fiber polarization filter. Opt Express 23(6):7007–7020
Fang W, Yake C, Chuanqiang L, Tao M, Xu W, Kun Y, Lei L
(2022) Ultracompact and broadband mid-infrared polarization
beam splitter based on an asymmetric directional coupler consisting of GaAs–CaF2 hybrid plasmonic waveguide and GaAs
nanowire. Opt Commun 502:127418
Chaudhary VS, Kumar D, Mishra GP, Sharma S, Kumar S (2022)
Plasmonic biosensor with gold and titanium dioxide immobilized on photonic crystal fiber for blood composition detection.
IEEE Sens J 22(9):8474–8481
Liu C, Yang L, Liu Q, Wang FM, Sun ZJ, Sun T, Mu HW, Chu
PK (2017) Analysis of a surface plasmon resonance probe based
on photonic crystal fibers for low refractive index detection.
Plasmonics 13:779–784
Revathia AA, Rajeswari D (2022) Design of polarization splitter
based on dual-core surface plasmon resonance photonic crystal
fiber. Eur Phys J D 76:117
Liu C, Wang LY, Yang L, Wang FM, Xu CH, Lv JW, Fu GL,
Li XL, Liu Q, Mu HW, Sun T, Chu PK (2019) The singlepolarization filter composed of gold-coated photonic crystal
fiber. Phys Lett A 383(25):3200–3206
Guo Y, Li JS, Li SG, Zhang SH, Liu YD (2018) Broadband
single-polarization filter of D-shaped photonic crystal fiber with
a micro-opening based on surface plasmon resonance. Appl Opt
57(27):8016–8022
Chang M, Li BX, Chen N, Lu XL, Zhang XD, Xu J (2019) A compact and broadband photonic crystal fiber polarization filter based
on a plasmonic resonant thin gold film. IEEE Photonics J 11(2)
24. Pollnau M, Jackson SD (2008) Advances in mid-infrared fiber
lasers. The NATO science forpeace and security programme.
Series B: Physics and Biophysics, Springer, pp. 3l5–346
25. Chen Z, Hnsch TW, Picqué N (2018) Mid-infrared feed-forward
dual-comb spectroscopy at 3 microns. Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences
26. Wei CL, Hu J, Menyuk CR (2016) Comparison of loss in silica
and chalcogenide negative curvature fibers as the wavelength
waries. Front Phys 4(24):30–39
27. Zhao XY, Sun DL, Luo JQ, Zhang HL, Fang ZQ, Quan C, Hu
LZ, Cheng MJ, Zhang QL, Yin ST (2018) Laser performance of
a 966 nm LD side-pumped Er, Pr: GYSGG laser crystal operated
at 2.79 μm. Opt Lett 43(17):4312–4315
28. Chaudhary VS, Kumar D, Kumar S (2021) SPR-assisted photonic crystal fiber-based dual-wavelength single polarizing filter
with improved performance. IEEE Trans Plasma Sci 49(12):
3803–3810
29. Ren H, Qi SS, Hu YS, Han F, Shi JD, Feng X, Yang ZY (2019)
All-solid mid-infrared chalcogenide photonic crystal fiber with
ultralarge mode area. Opt Lett 44(22):5553–5556
30. Qu YW, Yuan JH, Zhou X, Li F, Yan BB, Wu Q, Wang KR,
Sang XZ, Long KP, Yu CX (2020) Mid-infrared silicon photonic crystal fiber polarization filter based on surface plasmon
resonance effect. Opt Commun 463:125387
31. Liu XL, Tian CP, Wang YY (2015) Fiber core design and property research of hollow-core photonic crystal fibers. J Beijing
Univ Technol 41(12)
32. Song JM, Sun K, Xu XB (2015) Scattering loss analysis and
structure optimization of hollow-core photonic bandgap fibers.
Chin J Lasers 42(11)
33. Chaudhary VS, Kumar D, Kumar S (2021) Gold-immobilized
photonic crystal fiber-based SPR biosensor for detection of
malaria disease in human body. IEEE Sens J 21(16):17800–17807
34. Zhou X, Li SG, Cheng TL, An GW (2018) Design of offset core
photonic crystal fiber filter based on surface plasmon resonance.
Opt Quant Electron 50:157
35. Liu YC, Chen HL, Li SG, Ma MJ (2018) Surface plasmon resonance induced tunable ultra-wideband polarization filters based
on gold film coated photonic crystal fibers. Opt Laser Technol
107:174–179
36. Zhao TT, Jia HQ, Lian ZG, Bensonc T, Lou SQ (2019) Ultrabroadband dual hollow-core anti-resonant fiber polarization splitter. Opt Fiber Technol 53:102005–102005
37. Jia HQ, Wang X, Zhao TT, Tang ZJ, Lian ZG, Lou SQ, Sheng
XZ (2021) Ultrawide bandwidth single-mode polarization beam
splitter based on dual-hollow-core antiresonant fiber. Appl Opt
60(31):9781–9789
38. Usuga R, Juan E, Guimaraes WM, Franco MAR (2020) All-fiber
circular polarization beam splitter based on helically twisted twincore photonic crystal fiber couple. Opt Fiber Technol 58
39. Hanna Izabela S, Maciej Andrzej P (2020) Fluorescence anisotropy sensor comprising a dual hollow-core antiresonant fiber
polarization beam splitter. Sensors 20(11)
40. Liu S, Li SG, Yin GB, Feng RP, Wang XY (2012) A novel polarization splitter in ZnTe tellurite glass three-core photonic crystal
fiber. Opt Commun 285(6):1097–1102
41. Gattass RR, Rhonehouse D, Gibson D, McClain CC, Thapa R,
Nguyen VQ, Bayya SS, Weiblen RJ, Menyuk CR, Shaw LB,
Sanghera JS (2016) Infrared glass-based negative-curvature
anti-resonant fibers fabricated through extrusion. Opt Express
24(22):25697
42. Jasion GT, Hayes JR, Wheeler NV, Chen Y, Poletti F (2019)
Fabrication of tubular anti-resonant hollow core fibers: modelling, draw dynamics and process optimization. Opt Express
27(15):20567–20582
13
Plasmonics
43. Zheng GM (2021) Mid-infrared broadband polarization beam
splitter based on GaS photonic crystal fiber with high extinction
ratio. Optik 241
Publisher's Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to
jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
13
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds
exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the
author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted
manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of
such publishing agreement and applicable law.