PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORIES Kind Theorist Theory 3 Personality Components 3 Subconscious Thought Dream Analysis & Free Association Sigmund Freud 19 Ego Defense Mechanisms Transference & Countertransference Psychoanalysis 5 Stages of Psychosexual Development Erik Erikson 8 Psychosocial Stages Jean Piaget 4 Cognitive Stages of Development Harry Stack Sullivan Interpersonal Relationships Id – basic or innate desires (pleasure, aggression, sexual), seeks instant gratification and has no regard for rules Superego – opposite of Id, moral and ethical concepts Ego – balance between Id and Superego, mature and adaptive behavior to function well in the world. Conscious – exist in person’s awareness Preconscious – not currently in person’s awareness, but can recall with effort Unconscious – thoughts that motivate a person without awareness, defense mechanisms - traumatic experiences & Freudian slips Dreams are reflected in subconscious mind Dream Analysis – discuss dreams to discover true meaning and significance Free Association – uncovers client’s true feelings (saying a word and letting client respond with first thing that come to mind) Compensation – overachievement in one area Rationalization – excuse own behavior to avoid guilt Conversion – express emotional conflict through physical symptoms Reaction Formation – acting opposite to what one feels Denial – failure to admit reality Regression – moving back to previous dev stage Displacement – venting feelings to less threatening person Repression – excluding painful emotion from conscious awareness Dissociation – deal with emotion by temp alteration in consciousness (forgets) Resistance – overt/covert repression of processing anxiety-producing info Fixation – immobilization of a portion of personality or from dev stage Sublimation – Substituting impulses to acceptable behaviors Identification – modeling actions of influential people Substitution – replace desired gratification to a readily available one Intellectualization – separation of emotions from painful event Suppression – conscious exclusion of unacceptable thoughts Introjection – accepting other’s attitudes as one’s own Undoing – exhibiting acceptable behavior to cover unacceptable one Projection – Unconscious blaming of unacceptable thought to external object Transference – client displaces onto therapist attitudes and feelings Countertransference – therapist displaces onto client own attitudes and feelings Discovering causes of client’s unconscious and repressed feelings believed to cause anxiety and help client resolve conflicts Analytic therapist – uses techniques free association, dream analysis and interpretation of behavior Oral (<18 months) – mouth, lips, and tongue Anal (18-36 months) – toilet training Phallic/oedipal (3-5 years) – Genitals are focus of interest, Penis envy, Oedipal complex Latency (5-11 years/13 years) – sexual drives channeled to activities, resolution of Oedipal complex Genital (11-13 years) – capacity to orgasm and true intimacy Trust vs. Mistrust – HOPE – view world as safe, relationships are dependable and stable Identity vs. Role confusion (adolescence) – FIDELITY – sense of self and belongingness Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt (toddler) – WILL – sense of control and free will Intimacy vs. Isolation (young adult) – LOVE – adult and loving relationships Initiative vs. Guilt (preschool) – PURPOSE – develop conscience, manage conflict and Generativity vs. Stagnation (middle adult) – CARE – creative & productive, establish anxiety next generation Industry vs. Inferiority (school age) – COMPETENCE – emerge confidence in own Ego integrity vs. Despair (maturity) – WISDOM – accept responsibility for oneself and abilities, pleasure in accomplishments life Sensorimotor (birth-2 years) – sense of self separate from envi, object permanence, mental images Preoperational (2-6 years) – express self with language, understand meaning of symbolic gestures, classify objects Concrete operations (6-12 years) – apply logical thinking, understand spatiality and reversibility Formal operations (12-15 years +) – think and reason in abstract terms, achieves cognitive maturity Infancy (birth-onset of language) – body contact and tenderness, prototaxic mode dominates, primary zones are oral and anal Childhood (language-5 years) – parents are source of praise and acceptance, shift to parataxic mode, primary zone is anal, gratification Juvenile (5-8 years) – shift to syntaxic mode, opportunities for acceptance of others, negotiate needs Preadolescence (8-12 years) – genuine intimacy with same sex friend, family not source of satisfaction, major shift to syntaxic mode, capacity for love and attachments Adolescence (puberty-adulthood) – lust, relationship with opposite sex, social experimentation, areas of concern expand Prototaxic mode – brief unconnected experiences with no relationship to one another ex. schizo Parataxic mode – begins to connect experiences in sequence ex. paranoid Milieu Therapy Therapeutic nursepatient relationship Hildegard Peplau Roles of Nurses 4 Levels of Anxiety Abraham Maslow Hierarchy of Needs Carl Rogers Client-Centered Therapy Ivan Pavlov Classical Conditioning B.F. Skinner Operational Conditioning Aaron Beck Cognitive Therapy Albert Elis Rationale Emotive Therapy Victor Frackl Logotherapy Frederick “Fritz” Perls William Glasser Syntaxic mode – perceive themselves and world within contest of environment ex. maturity Participant observer – participates in and observes progress of relationships Therapeutic community/Milieu with young schizophrenic men Milieu therapy – patients’ interaction with each other that promote wellness, primary modes of treatment Orientation – nurse engage in patient treatment, provide information Identification – patient works interdependently with nurse Exploitation – patient makes full use of services offered Resolution – patient no longer needs nurse, relationship ends Stranger – offer acceptance and courtesy Resource person – provide answers to questions Teacher – help patient learn Leader – offer direction to patient or group Surrogate – serve as substitute for another Counselor – promote experience leading to health for patient --Humanism - focuses on positive qualities and capacity to change Emphasizes health instead of simply illness and problems 1. Basic needs 2. Safety and security 3. Love and belongingness 4. Esteem 5. Self-actualization – describe person who achieve all needs of the hierarchy and develop fullest potential of life First to use the term client Client-Centered Therapy – focuses on role of clients rather than therapists as key to the healing process Gestalt Therapy Unconditional positive regard – nonjudgmental caring of patient Genuineness – realness or congruence between what therapist feels and what they say Empathetic understanding – therapist senses the feelings and personal meaning from the client Behaviorism – focuses on observable behaviors and what one can do externally to bring change Behavior can be changed through conditioning with external or environmental conditions or stimuli Operant conditioning – people learn behaviors from history or past experiences, particularly those repeated or reinforced Behavior modification – method of attempting to strengthen a desired behavior by reinforcement (positive and negative) Systematic desensitization – help clients overcome irrational fears associated with phobias gradually Focuses on immediate thought processing of how person perceives and interprets experience and determines how they feel and behave Pioneering therapy in persons with depression 11 irrational beliefs ABC automatic thoughts – thoughts that cause unhappiness in certain situation A – activating stimulus or event B – blank in the person’s mind that they must fill with joy by identifying automatic thought C – excessive inappropriate response Used in Nazi concentration camps during World War II Find meaning in their lives amidst miserable conditions Identify person’s feelings and thoughts in the here and now Self-awareness leads to self-acceptance and responsibility of own thoughts and feelings Reality Therapy Focuses on person’s behavior and how that behavior keeps them from achieving life goals.
