A Combination of Plant-Based Activity of Ginger (Zingiber officinale) and Lemon
(Citrus limon) as Mosquito Repellent
A Research Proposal
Presented to the Faculty
of Cebu Technological University-Main Campus
M.J. Cuenco Ave, Cor R. Palma St., 6000 Cebu City
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Subject Research in Teaching
Llena, Mary Gienavell B.
Pepito, Jedelyn
Perales, Juvy
Ruiz, Jamila
Alita S. Labiaga, MAT-S
Instructor
Esperanza Del Fierro M. Sci.
Adviser
September 2022
APPROVAL SHEET
This Research entitled “A Combination of Plant-Based Activity of Ginger
(Zingiber officinale) and Lemon (Citrus limon) as Mosquito Repellent” prepared and
submitted by MARY GIENAVELL B. LLENA, JEDELYN PEPITO, JUVY PERALES, and
JAMILA RUIZ are hereby recommended for approval.
RESEARCH ADVISORY COMMITTEE
JONATHAN O. ETCUBAN, Ph. D
Chairman
MARIA SALUD DELOS SANTOS, Ph. D
Member
ALITA S. LABIAGA, MAT-S
Member
ESPERANZA DEL FIERRO, M. Sc.
Member
ESPERANZA DEL FIERRO, M. Sc.
Adviser
Approved by the Committee on Research Proposal Defense with a grade________.
PANEL OF EXAMINERS
JONATHAN O. ETCUBAN, Ph. D
Chairman
MARIA SALUD DELOS SANTOS, Ph. D
Member
ALITA S. LABIAGA, MAT-S
Member
ESPERANZA DEL FIERRO, M. Sc.
Member
ESPERANZA DEL FIERRO, M. Sc.
Adviser
This research paper is approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements of SCI-M 3215.
Research Proposal Defense:
Date of Proposal Defense: September 30, 2022
REYLAN G. CAPUNO Ph.D., Dev.Ed.D.
Dean, College of Education
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title
Page
TITLE PAGE
CERTIFICATE OF PANEL APPROVAL
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1: THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE
INTRODUCTION
Rationale of the Study
Theoretical Background
Conceptual Framework
THE PROBLEM
Statement of the Problem
Statement of Hypotheses
Significance of the Study
Scope and Limitations
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Design
Research Procedures
Gathering of Data
Treatment of Data
Ethical Considerations
DEFINITION OF TERMS
REFERENCE
CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE
INTRODUCTION
Rationale of the Study
All over the world, people are at risk from mosquito-borne diseases such as
malaria, dengue, yellow fever, West Nile virus, and several forms of encephalitis (Gubler
1989, Monath 1989). Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne sickness that can be found in
tropical and subtropical regions around the world. High fever and flu-like symptoms
characterize dengue fever. Dengue hemorrhagic fever, a severe form of dengue fever,
can result in major bleeding, a drop in blood pressure, and death. Mosquitoes can be
unwelcome guests on wet days, and they are a serious human bug problem. We have
come up with this study because we want to avoid mosquito bites that might carry
diseases like dengue fever and malaria, as well as painful or itchy insect bites. Because
commercial repellents are harsh and have poisons that are not suitable for children, we
don’t know what the side effects of these repellents are. Using natural ingredients such
as lemon and ginger, it is an inexpensive alternative to developing a mosquito repellent
that is both effective and safe. We don't need poisons to deal with insects.
Tropical nations like the Philippines continue to experience serious issues with
public health conditions due to diseases spread by mosquitoes. Dengue, the mosquitoborne illness with the fastest global spread, affected 131,827 Filipinos in 2017. (DOH,
2017). Public health in the Philippines has begun to place more emphasis on other
emerging and re-emerging mosquito-borne diseases like the Zika virus, Japanese
encephalitis, and chikungunya as climate change and global warming, which worsen
every year, increase the likelihood and spread of many vector-borne diseases. These
new and re-emerging diseases are spread by mosquitoes, which is a common
epidemiological characteristic. In the same way that some mosquito vectors are specific
to one disease while others are responsible for multiple diseases, some management
approaches are more effective against one disease than others. The Research Institute
for Tropical Medicine (RITM), the research division of the Philippine Department of Health
that focuses on infectious and tropical diseases, is currently leading projects and research
in the Philippines on the entomological aspects of mosquito-borne diseases, from the
biological study of the vectors to their surveillance and control (Salazar and Gimutao,
2017). Numerous corporate and public institutions across the nation also carry out or fund
entomology-related public health research.
Mosquitoes are well known for their significance to public health since they can
spread dangerous illnesses like malaria. To control malaria and other infections conveyed
by mosquitoes, chemical pesticides have been utilized, but this has led to problems with
insecticide toxicity, high operating costs, community acceptance, and the emergence of
insecticide resistance among vectors. The factors mentioned above-encouraged
researchers to hunt for fresh approaches to malaria treatment. Secondary metabolites of
plants (plant extracts and essential oils) with mosquitocidal potential are currently
acknowledged as workable substitutes for synthetic pesticides in mosquito control
programs because of their larvicidal, adulticidal, and repellent properties. Furthermore,
plant-based mosquitocide formulations can contribute to effective, cost-efficient, and
secure malaria vector control. According to the World Health Organization, WHO (2013),
the most significant mosquito-borne disease, malaria, is brought on by Plasmodium
parasites by the bite of female Anopheles mosquitoes, according to World Health
Organization WHO (2013).In 2010, malaria was blamed for an estimated 660,000 (range
490,000-836,000) fatalities and 219 (range 154-289) million cases worldwide. About 80%
of the cases and 90% of the deaths in Africa occur. Each year, malaria claims the lives of
almost 70,000 individuals in Ethiopia. Thus, one method of preventing the spread of
diseases caused by mosquitoes is to kill them or prevent them from biting people. Over
the past seven decades, efforts to eradicate mosquito vectors in tropical areas have not
resulted in any appreciable advancement. The search for new and efficient mosquito
control techniques has been sparked by mosquito resistance to synthetic mosquitocidal
already in use as well as their toxicity to non-target animals. Researchers are looking for
novel, ecologically safe, and target-specific insecticides around the world as a result of
the aforementioned problems and worries. Additionally, efforts are being made to extract,
screen, and produce phytochemicals with insecticidal activity to identify new mechanisms
of action and develop new active substances derived from organic plant materials.
Therefore, as part of an integrated vector management approach, plant products with
demonstrated mosquito control capability can be used in place of synthetic pesticides or
conjunction with other insecticides.
Mosquitoes are blood-sucking insects that can infect both people and animals with
a wide range of diseases. Although they favor wetlands, they can also live in sewers,
puddles, and man-made containers. The dengue mosquito, commonly known as Aedes
aegypti, is dark in color with recognizable white leg patterns and lyre-shaped markings
on the thorax. It is crucial to know how to identify the Aedes aegypti mosquito, which may
transmit dengue by biting both humans and animals. As a result, scientists are working
to create substitute repellents produced from natural plant sources that are risk-free for
consumers and have an efficacy comparable to conventional therapies. Plant-based
repellents have been used for generations as a personal protection measure against
mosquitoes. Studies on traditional repellant plants are excellent sources of knowledge
that can be used to create new natural products.
Mosquito repellents have a variety of properties, but they all serve the same
purpose: to keep vector/host encounters and the spread of vector-borne diseases away
from people and our environment. The researchers had agreed that this was the topic
they wanted to investigate and learn more about for their study. The researchers wanted
to see if lemon and ginger could work as natural insect repellents. The researchers want
to investigate to see what the lemon and ginger might do to mosquitos if they got too
close. The researchers sought to investigate this so that people might try natural (plantbased) repellents like lemon and ginger, which are simple to formulate and apply.
Mosquito repellents are an efficient way to protect yourself against mosquitos that
carry a variety of diseases. Dengue fever is one of the most common diseases spread by
mosquitoes. Natural components were to be used by the researchers. The mosquito
repellent that the researchers will formulate is more inexpensive and environmentally
beneficial because the substance is naturally plant-based. Lemon and ginger will be the
ingredients used by the researchers. The finding is relevant to the researchers since
mosquito bites are causing an increase in mortality, even though there are alternate
remedies.
Theoretical Background
There are around 3,500 different species of mosquitoes around the globe. The
female mosquito bites both humans and animals because she needs the blood's protein
to help her eggs develop. Mosquitoes are drawn to people by their skin smells and carbon
dioxide breath emissions (Bowen 1991). By rendering a person undesirable to a mosquito
for mating, repellents deter mosquitoes. The most popular insect repellent products on
the market include a synthetic substance called N, N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET).
The United States invented and patented it. Army in 1946 for use by soldiers in places
with a lot of insects. One of the few products known to be effective against mosquitoes
and biting insects is DEET. In the United States, it was authorized for public usage in
1957. (EPA 1980). Numerous studies have demonstrated that DEET has great mosquito
repellency and is effective in providing long-lasting protection against a wide range of
mosquito species. (Roberts and Reigart 2004; Fradin and Day 2002; Schreck and
McGovern 1989). Although DEET works well to keep mosquitoes away, there are risks
involved in using it. Mucosal membranes are irritated, and concentrated formulas break
down plastic. DEET applications have been linked to some mild to severe harmful effects
on humans (Briassoulis et al. 2001; Bell and Veltri 2002). Research on repellents made
from plant extracts is required because of these unfavorable side effects to identify safer
but equally effective substitutes.
The researchers' study is validated and reinforced by research on the impact of lemon
(Citrus Limon L.) extract on Aedes sp. mortality. Citrus limon L. is a plant with a peel type
that contains phytochemical components, particularly flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, and
limonenes, that can be utilized as plant-based insecticides. In the studies Potential as
Repellent by Sutanto & Rohmah (2020) and Citrus limon L, these chemical compounds'
components have the power to kill mosquitoes and serve as stomach and respiratory
toxins. In addition, several plant species contain insecticidal and/or insect-repellent
substances. A study conducted by Bukar and Tukur (2019), this work reviewed the
adulticidal activities of some plants extracts and oils­­:Lemongrass (Cymbopogon
citratus), spearmint (Mentha piperita), lemon basil (Ocimum citriodorum), coffee senna
(Senna occidentalis), purple dead-nettle (Lamium purpurium), and ginger (Zingiber
officinale), have been proven to be effective bio-insecticides against various genera and
species of mosquito. Some plant species contain insecticidal and/or insect-repellent
substances. A review by Sukumar (1991) highlighted the potential of plants for use in
mosquito control, either as repellents, larvicides, or insecticides. Extracts of several
plants—neem (Azadirachta indica), basil (Ocimum basilicum), (Mentha piperata), and
lemon eucalyptus (Corymbia citriodora)—have been studied as possible mosquito
repellents and have demonstrated a good efficacy against some mosquito species
(Sharma et al. 1993; Ansari et al. 2000; Trigg and Hill 1996). Before the advent of
synthetic insecticides, the mosquito-repelling abilities of plants were well known. In the
past, people have utilized organic substances to ward off insect bites. Some plant species
have compounds that are insecticidal and/or repellent, which can be used to make a
mosquito repellent that is both inexpensive and efficient.
Conceptual Framework
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the study
Statement of the Problem
This study aims to investigate the efficacy effect of plant-based repellents against
mosquitoes. It specifically seeks to respond to the following:
1. Is a plant-based repellent effective in repelling mosquitoes?
2. How long does the effectiveness of the combined plant-based repellent last?
3. Do lemon and ginger oil extract as a mosquito repellant;
3.1 Affordable?
3.2 Easy to make
Statement of Hypothesis
Null Hypothesis
H0: There is no significant effect of the combined plant-based extracts of lemon and
ginger in repelling mosquitoes.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
A study will be conducted to determine if the combined extracts of lemon and ginger
are effective in repelling mosquitoes. The result of the study is relevant to the following:
Society: This will give them knowledge about the importance of mosquito repellent and
may use this study to implement awareness on how to prevent numerous mosquito-borne
diseases like dengue, malaria, and filariasis that affect each individual.
● SDG 3: Ensure healthy living conditions and promote well-being for all people of
all ages
Students: This study will help them understand the significance of lemon and ginger as
the main ingredient for creating mosquito repellent.
Parents: This study will serve as a guide that mosquito repellent is safe to use, natural,
and environment-friendly, which protects the children from mosquito bites both inside and
outside of the house.
Schools: The knowledge they may get from this study can be used as a reference in
ways to reduce mosquito activity and prevent mosquito bites.
Future Researchers: This study gives information and ideas that will serve as the basis
and guide for future research.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Design
An experimental design will be used in this study to test the effectiveness of the
combined lemon and ginger extracts in repelling. In conducting experiments on
mosquitos, this research hopes to show the efficacy of lemon and ginger as mosquito
repellents. It strictly follows the methods, measurements, and analysis of the experiment.
Research Subject
The mosquitoes are the research subjects to be observed and experimented with.
The mosquitoes were chosen because they would bite the exposed skin of a human if it
was not applied with any mosquito repellent product. Since the goal of this research is to
test and prove the efficacy of the combined plant-based extracts as a natural mosquito
repellent, mosquitoes are suitable as the subject because the use of repellents makes a
person unattractive for biting and therefore repels the mosquito (Maibach et al. 1966).
Research Instrument
The data obtained for this study will be gathered from the series of experiments
conducted. The research of this study will use improvised extraction tools for the
extraction process such as clean plastic bottles, water pumps, transparent hoses,
makeshift alcohol lamps
Research Procedures
Gathering of Data
MATERIALS
● Lemon
● Ginger
A. TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT
● Candle
● Gasulette
● Binding wire
● 2 Plastic bottles
● 5 m transparent hose
● Wooden stand 30 cm
● Water pump
● 2 Flask
● Syringe
● Pot
● Grater
● 3 Empty Spray Bottle
● Welded wire (screen mesh)
● Mosquito net
● Screen cage
● Aquarium
B. PREPARATION
In this process, the materials and equipment are gathered and collected by the
researchers. The materials that will be used for this experiment must be clean and the
extracts of lemon and ginger that will be collected will be stored in their respective bottles.
C. EXTRACTION PROCESS
1. Collect and prepare the needed materials (lemon and ginger). For lemons,
prepare 10-15 lemons and grate the peel only. Weigh 100 grams of grated
peel and put it in the flask (Sikdar, 2017). For ginger, prepare 10-15 gingers,
slice into small pieces (2 cm), and sun-dried. After being sun-dried, the dried
gingers were ground and screened with a (100 mesh) screen, and then they
were kept tightly in plastic bags at room temperature (27-30 °C). It was
ready to extract the ginger oil by using steam distillation methods
(KhairuAizam Bin Ibrahim, 2006).
2. Execute the improvised steam distillation set-up based on the study of
Galiga’s 2019 with their research about the development of improvised
steam distillation and the researchers will make a few modifications.
● The first thing to do is heat one end of the thick binding wire on a
candle flame for about 20 seconds. Use the heated end of the wire
to make a hole at the center of the bottle cap and at the bottom
(center) of the plastic bottle.
● Enlarge the holes using scissors just enough to fit the transparent
hose. Insert the transparent hose into the holes of the plastic bottle.
● Make a hole in the designated areas in the second plastic bottle and
insert the transparent hose. Fill the plastic bottle with distilled water.
● Set up the water pump and connect the hose to the plastic bottle with
distilled water.
● Connect the flask with the grated lemon peel to the hose of the first
bottle.
● Fill the pot with water, turn on the gasulette to make the water boil,
and place the flask in the boiling water.
● Turn on the water pump to start the distillation and place an empty
bottle on the connected hose from the flask to collect the extracts of
lemon.
● Repeat the steam distillation process for collecting the extracts of
ginger.
E. Formulation of Mosquito Repellent
Prepare an empty spray bottle for the mixture of lemon and ginger extracts. The
concentrations of each extract with a treatment of 3 times, namely the concentration of:
1. Lemon and Ginger 25% each concentration extracts
2. Lemon and Ginger 50% each concentration extracts
3. Lemon and Ginger 100% each concentration extracts
Below shows the procedure for making mosquito repellent out of lemon and ginger
extracts:
1. Mix the lemon and ginger in each extract
2. Pour the mixture into a spray bottle
F. CULTURING OF MOSQUITO
The researchers will adopt the procedure from the study (Sritabutra & Soonwera,
2013) in rearing mosquitoes.
1. In a plastic container, fill the container with tap water and place it outside the house
in order for the female mosquitoes to enter and lay eggs.
2. Check the container every day to see if there is an egg already.
3. Collecting of eggs were hatched in plastic trays (24 cm×33 cm×5.5 cm), which
contained tap water. The hatched larvae were held in plastic trays and a larval diet
with fish food was added to each tray.
4. Newly emerged pupae were transferred to a screen cage (size 30 cm×30 cm×30
cm) and emerged as adults.
5. Adults are continuously provided with 5% glucose solution in water soaked on
cotton pads. In this study, 5 to 7-day-old female mosquitoes were starved only by
provided them water for 8 h.
Testing Process
The screen cage is concealed with transparent nets for easy observation and also
to keep mosquitoes inside the cage. The cage measurement for efficacy testing of
mosquito repellent is in the range of 35-40 cm per side (WHO 1996). According to WHO
(WHO 1996) conventional standards, the cage needs to be filled with 200 mosquitoes
that have been starved overnight and only supplied with sucrose solution. In preparation
for the improvised material that will be used, which is a cloth, it must be used cloth or
unwashed because mosquitoes are attracted to the scent of sweat, particularly the scent
of lactic acid in sweat (Rji and DeGennaro, 2017). This helps the researchers to
investigate how the mosquitoes might react to the different study methods.
Treatment of Data
For the repellent test, the cloth will be applied with treatment mosquito repellent
and placed into the cage, and exposed for 3 minutes at 1-hour intervals for 6 hours.
Observe the death of the mosquito for 6 hours with an interval of 1 hour. There are three
tests to determine the effectivity of the concentration. The first test will be the combination
of 25% of lemon and 25% of ginger concentration. The second test will be the combination
of 50% lemon and 50% ginger concentration. The third test will be the combination of
100% of lemon and 100% of ginger concentration.
The tests that contain high
effectiveness will be compared to the commercial repellent. Perform this test carefully and
calculate the number of dead mosquitoes. The number of mosquitoes that land on the
cloth is recorded every hour. The results can be given in data tables and narrative
summaries as quantitative in analyzing the effectiveness of the formulated mosquito
repellents under conditions. The researchers plan and carry out experiments to test their
hypothesis.
The researchers will use one-way ANOVA in analyzing the result. The researchers
will use SPSS software to compute the results.
Ethical consideration
To conduct this study, the researchers sought approval to use lemon and ginger
as plant-based mosquito repellents from the Department of Environment and Natural
Resources (DENR) to ensure that the researchers will not use endangered plants for this
research study.
Definition of Terms
Plant-based- consisting or made completely of plants.
Repellent- the output made from plant-based oil.
Ginger extract- a preparation containing the active ingredients of dried knobby-shaped
rhizome of the plant Zingiber officinale (scientific name).
Lemon extract- a preparation containing the active ingredient of yellow citrus fruit that is
a source of citric acid and ascorbic acid.
Mosquito- A mosquito is a tiny stinging insect that leaves an itchy welt on your skin.
Between its annoying bites and its ability to spread disease, the mosquito is not the most
popular of insects (unlike the fair ladybug).
References:
Amraoui, F., Pain, A., Piorkowski, G., Vazeille, M., Couto-Lima, D., de Lamballerie,
X.,et al. (2018). Experimental adaptation of the yellow fever virus to the
mosquito aedes albopictus and potential risk of urban epidemics in Brazil.
South America. Sci. Rep. 8:14337. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-32198-32194
Baker, B. P., Grant, J. A., Malakar, K. R. (2018). "Peppermint & Peppermint Oil
Profile".Minimum Risk Pesticide.
Bukar, A., & Tukur, Z. (2019). Plant extracts as a source of bio-insecticide for
mosquito control, review. International Journal of Mosquito Research, 6(6),
81-84.
ECDC (2018). Aedes Albopictus. Current Known Distribution: June 2018
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control.
Encarnacion, C., (2019). "The Effect of Acidic Lemon, Ginger, Peppermint, and
Vinegar Extracts on the Relative Rate of Repellency of Culex pipiens".
South Carolina Junior Academy of Science. 176.
Khaleel, R. I. (2019). BIO-TOXICITY STUDY OF SOME SELECTED PLANT BY
ARTEMIA SALINA (LEACH) TEST. Plant Archives, 19(2), 2847-2850.
Mohiuddin, A. K. (2019). Dengue protection and cure: Bangladesh perspective.
European Journal of Sustainable Development Research, 4(1), em0104.
Olotuah, O. F. (2021). The Use of Botanicals in the Control of Insect Pests in
Agriculture. Biopesticides: Botanicals and Microorganisms for Improving
Agriculture and Human Health, 83 Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 23 (2): 126-131, 2020
Reinhold, J. M., Lazzari, C. R., and Lahondère, C. (2018). Effects of the
environmental temperature on aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus
mosquitoes: a review. Insects 9:158. doi: 10.3390/insects9040158
Singh, V. K. ., R. K. . Singh, B. . Mishra, and D. . Singh. “Formulation and
Evaluation of Eco-Friendly Handmade Herbal Mosquito Repellent Cone”.
International Journal of Pharmaceutics and Drug Analysis, vol. 9, no. 4,
Dec. 2021, pp. 230-5, doi:10.47957/ijpda.v9i4.488.
Sheikh., Zaveriya K., & Mate, P. C. (2020). Review on: "Herbal Mosquito
Repellent". International Journal of Pharmacy & Life Sciences, vol. 11 Issue
7, July 2020, p60-60. 1p.
Spyriounis, M., Weng, K., & Cohen, J. I.(2020). Mosquito Repellents-A Systematic
Review.
Ukoroije, R. B., &Otayor, R. A. (2020). Review on the bio-insecticidal properties of
some plant secondary metabolites: types, formulations, modes of action,
advantages and limitations. Asian J. Res. Zool, 3, 27-60.
Venturi, G., Luca, M. D., Fortuna, C., Remoli, M. E., Riccardo, F., Severini, F., et al.
(2017). Detection of a chikungunya outbreak in Central Italy, August to
September 2017. Eurosurveillance 22, 17–00646. doi: 10.2807/15607917.ES.2017.22.39.17-00646
Zen, S., Sutanto, A., &Rohmah, A. (2020). "The Effect Of Lemon (Citrus Limon L.)
Extract On Mortality Of Aedes Sp. and Potential As Repellent". PENBIOS:
JURNAL PENDIDIKAN BIOLOGI DAN SAINS, 5(02), 39-45.
Anuar, A.A., Yusof, N. Methods of imparting mosquito repellent agents and the
assessing
mosquito repellency on textile. Fash Text 3, 12 (2016).
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40691-016-0064-y
Jong Kwang Yoon, Kang-Chang Kim, Yeon Dong Cho, Han Sam Cho, Yang-Won Lee,
Mijeong Kim, Bo-Kyung Choi, Yu-Kyoung Oh, Young Bong Kim,
Development and Evaluation of a Semifield Test for Repellent Efficacy
Testing, Journal of Medical Entomology, Volume 51, Issue 1, 1 January
2014, Pages 182–188, https://doi.org/10.1603/ME13081
Orkin. (2022, June 9). Orkin. Retrieved September 25, 2022, from
https://www.orkin.com/pests/mosquitoes/mosquito-life-cycle-facts
Sritabutra, D., & Soonwera, M. (2013, August). Repellent activity of herbal essential oils
against Aedes aegypti (Linn.) and Culex quinquefasciatus (Say.). Asian
Pacific
Journal
of
Tropical
Disease,
3(4),
271–276.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s2222-1808(13)60069-9
Sikdar, R, D. C., Nikila. (2017 B.C.E., April). EXTRACTION OF CITRUS OIL FROM
LEMON (CITRUS LIMON) PEELS BY STEAM DISTILLATION AND ITS
CHARACTERIZATIONS. International Journal of Technical Research and
Applications e-ISSN: 2320-8163, www.ijtra.com, Volume 5, Issue 2 (March
- April 2017), PP. 29-33. Retrieved September 22, 2022, from
https://www.ijtra.com/view/extraction-of-citrus-oil-from-lemon-citrus-limonpeels-by-steam-distillation-and-its-characterizations.pdf
Nguyen, S., Vo, P., Nguyen, T., Do, N., Le, B., Dinh, D., Truong, K., & Pham, P. (2019).
Ethanol extract of Ginger Zingiber officinale Roscoe by Soxhlet method
induces apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line. Biomedical
Research
and
Therapy,
6(11),
3433-3442.
https://doi.org/10.15419/bmrat.v6i11.572
Galiga, H. F. (2019, January 14). Development of an improvised convertible distillation
apparatus
for
teaching
http://www.palawanscientist.org/.
and
Retrieved
learning
March
31,
chemistry.
2019,
http://www.palawanscientist.org/tps/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/InPress_HFGaliga_Distillation_V_1.pdf?fbclid=IwAR33bA4wjgYljkJV8NGeI2uLbQnsK-VkfTZdtex3kRIYGMxAl1-j4TgkXQ
from