ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 Welcome to Digital ELECTRA ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 1 Table of Content Editorial Welcome to Digital ELECTRA Reflections as President Global Connections Operational impact of COVID-19 on Australia’s National Energy Market Rethinking power grid resilience: experiences and lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic Utility 3.0: Japan’s Utility of the Future Q&A with Andrey Murov Hydrogen, Power to Gas (P2G) and Gas to Power (G2P): Interesting technologies which need additional R&D and analyses within a system approach Centennial Celebration The creation of CIGRE André-Marie Ampère and the two hundred years of electrodynamics Life of Association CIGRE General Assemblies 2020 Next Generation Network Signi cant Contribution Award 2020 CIGRE Honorary Members 2020 CIGRE Medal 2020 Recipients CIGRE Fellows 2020 Recipients In Memoriam - Árni Björn Jónasson Extraordinary found beyond boundaries through CIGRE SA WiE & NGN involvement ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 2 Embracing diversity Annual Reports SC C3 > Power system environmental performance SC C2 > Power system operations and control Technical Brochures TB 804 WG B4.72 DC grid benchmark models for system studies TB 805 WG B3.46 Guidelines for safe work methods in substations TB 806 WG C3.19 Responsible management of electric and magnetic elds (EMF) TB 807 WG B3.47 Application of robotics in substations TB 808 WG C5.27 Short-term flexibility in power systems: drivers and solutions TB 809 WG B2.24 Dynamic loading effects on overhead lines: impact on structures ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 3 EDITO Welcome to Digital ELECTRA Welcome to the new ELECTRA, the signature magazine of CIGRE for our digital world. CIGRE is excited to offer our members and subscribers this new platform to access the latest news, global connections, expertise, and work from the world of CIGRE. Rob Stephen, president of CIGRE, introduces the new digital magazine: "As CIGRE enters its second century, our vision is to deliver a digital platform in keeping with the technical excellence of our global community. ELECTRA, is our signature publication and gateway to the world of CIGRE. We will use the new ELECTRA to bring the latest news, expertise and work from the world of CIGRE to life in an exciting new digital format, and do this in a way that can be accessed by smart phone, tablet and desktop - all devices, from one system. One automated system with one process is important for CIGRE. As a not-for-pro t association, it allows us to continue to run a lean operation with focus on our technical work, while optimising our delivery of that to our members. ELECTRA's digital platform also allows CIGRE to enhance our search engine pro le on the likes of Google, while also learning more about what interests our readers most. We see all of these things as key for CIGRE as we continue to pursue and develop our end-to-end (E2E) power system expertise and services for members". For members and subscribers seeking of ine copies, CIGRE has also introduced a pdf download capability. Once signed in, you can download an article, or even the whole edition. Mike Heyeck, Convenor of the ELECTRA Editorial Board, outlines the importance of this: "While we recognise the world has gone mobile and people need to be able to read content on their smart phones, we are also conscious of the length and substance of much of the content we offer. Therefore, we want members to be able to begin to engage with content online and if they choose to, download it for reading later of ine, perhaps while they travel". Mike explains his excitement about the future potential of a digital platform: "Another great advantage of digital is the ability for us to offer the multimedia content expected by our members, such as photo galleries, videos, podcasts and interviews. We also recognise, given the global diversity of CIGRE, there is the inherent advantage of online translation. Modern browsers such as Google's Chrome allow automatic translation of pages, and we are seeing increasing quality in that translation, a considerable advantage, especially given our in-depth technical content. And that content remains the cornerstone of ELECTRA. While we see a multimedia future, we will also continue to offer our members the highly valued summaries of the CIGRE Technical Brochures, the stimulating Global Connections section with ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 4 invited articles and, in the Life of the association section, the news from across the world of CIGRE. CIGRE really is unique and digital ELECTRA offers a window on that world". ELECTRA content attracts interest from across the globe. We anticipate that many non CIGRE members in the industry who wish access to the latest information in the end-to-end global power system will subscribe or sponsor the magazine. ELECTRA is CIGRE's gateway to a plethora of technical content for our members via e-cigre.org, such as our highly sought after Technical Brochures, CIGRE Science & Engineering (CSE) now SCOPUS registered, and our famous Green Books. A few nal words from Philippe Adam, Secretary General of CIGRE: "We are excited by the new digital ELECTRA. CIGRE Central Of ce is a lean team and we continue to rely on our many volunteers for much of our work. So, we are seeking to make smart decisions about digital technology both to enable those volunteers and to make delivery easier through automation. We are acutely aware of both the challenges of distance and the crisis that engulfs the world at present, so we recognise the importance of being relevant in a digital age. Digital ELECTRA is a great example of this, and we hope our community enjoys accessing it." ELECTRA is CIGRE's digital magazine. It is a bi-monthly publication and it brings you the latest news, expertise, and work from the world of CIGRE, the foremost global community for the development of end-to-end power system expertise. ELECTRA is augmented by newsletters, PowerTalk for events and news, Leadership Circle for CEO level articles, and Future Connections for technology for the future grid. It is also the gateway to all the information CIGRE has to offer to assist you in your place of work. ELECTRA is your gateway to a world of end to end power system expertise. ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 5 ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 6 EDITO Reflections as President by Rob Stephen President of CIGRE All good things come to an end at some point. In my case this is my last Editorial in Electra as President of CIGRE. I thought it prudent to re ect on my time as President over the last four rather tumultuous years. Allow me to explain what being President of this incredible organisation has meant to me. I rst encountered CIGRE in the 1980’s. At the time the organisation was a bit of a mystery. I thought when a Study Committee visited the country that it encompassed the entire organisation. I did not realise that there were other Study Committees, Working Groups and National Committees. I was privileged to attend a function which was addressed by the CIGRE President. I was in awe that such a large organisation actually had a President that had time to speak at a conference. My rst real experience of CIGRE was in 1988 at the rst meeting of WG 22.12 dealing with thermal rating of lines. I had just completed my MSc on the topic and was awestruck to enter a room with all the experts I had referenced in my thesis sitting around the table. I was even more amazed that they allowed me to ask questions and commented on my thoughts without adverse comments. This networking ability made me realise that CIGRE was a unique organisation that was an incredible asset to a young engineer. I undertook to get involved and support CIGRE as much as possible as this was de nitely a “win-win” situation. As such I became a Working Group Convener in 1992 and continued as a Convener for many WG’s up until the present (I am now Convener of WG B2.78). I was honoured to chair SC B2 in the early 2000’s and ful l the role of special reporter on 4 occasions. I have also been privileged to make many friends over the years from all continents and backgrounds. To be nominated and elected as CIGRE President in 2016 was de nitely the highlight of my career. It was far beyond my wildest ambition and I hope I have lived up to your expectations. I must state that at the time of my commencing of ce, the groundwork relating to setting up a strong Central Of ce, sound nancials, and the base for a strategy was in place. This was mainly due to the determined efforts of the outgoing President and Treasurer as well as a hard working Steering Committee and Administrative Council. The rst task was to complete the strategy document to de ne a direction of CIGRE over next 10 years. One of the rst issues I found was that we had many “Missions and Visions”. We also had over 20 different logos. The identity of CIGRE was confused. The Mission and Vision was subsequently simpli ed and decided on. A professional marketing expert was appointed who had previous experience in CIGRE. This proved a good move and he is still actively involved in the latest initiatives relating to digital Electra amongst other items. As a previous member of the Administrative Council I found that the vast talent present on the Council was perhaps underutilised. We therefore undertook to engage the members more meaningfully with breakaway sessions at the meetings on critical ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 7 issues. The Administrative Council were actively involved in determining the new logo and other material. It was also decided to revamp the CIGRE website and allow NCs access to marketing material to avoid each NC having to develop their own material at high cost. The logo and new identity was launched in 2018 and I am pleased to say that the NCs have really adopted the identity and material across the world. CIGRE now has a clear identity, vision and strategy. The next major decision was related to the printing of Electra. The advertising in print media decreased drastically in 2017/18 and a decision had to be made to cease the printing of Electra and offer only the .pdf version. Again the Administrative Council was engaged and supported the move which would save costs whilst still allowing members’ access to the agship magazine. Simultaneously the digital Electra project commenced which will form a digital platform where members can click through to articles and other material seamlessly. The move for CIGRE into Distribution has been ongoing for many years but the perception still existed that CIGRE was a purely Transmission organisation. We therefore undertook a campaign to reverse the perception as well as place experts in the lower voltage technology on the study committees. The term E2E (end to end) was coined at a breakaway of the Administrative Council and was used as the main tagline for the advertising campaign. Relating to nancial aspects we decided to ensure we had suf cient funds to withstand a total cancellation of the Paris Session. We were, at the time, thinking of a terrorist incident. The strategy proved critical in ensuring CIGRE remained nancially viable during the Covid-19 pandemic. In addition cost cutting measures were introduced where possible and the Central Of ce were instrumental in removing unnecessary expenditures. I also felt that in the past, the President was not really visible enough. As such I undertook to travel to conferences and seminars supporting NCs where possible. This resulted in a large number of long haul ights but very rewarding meetings with Cigreans from around the world. Unfortunately these ights had to be stopped with the pandemic restrictions. I undertook to personally write editorials for Electra and the other communication outlets. In the case of Electra I drafted a series of articles on the workings of CIGRE. I found in my travels and with discussion with fellow Cigreans that there was a great deal of confusion as to how CIGRE was structured and how it functioned. A large area of confusion was the Paris Session where delegates, even after attending, may not fully comprehend the details and workings of the session with the roles played by the Special reporters etc. I hope that the editorials can form a compendium of documents explaining CIGRE to members. With the immense energy of the Marketing Committee, we expanded our communication to members with the introduction of two additional newsletters being the Leadership Circle and the Future Connections for CEO’s and technical leaders respectively. The current newsletter at the time was renamed PowerTalk. Again I felt it necessary for the President to write the editorials for the Leadership ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 8 Circle and PowerTalk with the Future Connections magazine being run by the Technical Council Chair. We further expanded our communication channels to include LinkedIn and Twitter. I undertook to provide “hook banners” and short summaries of the brochures being published. I feel that the increased communication channels has, to some extent, removed the myth that CIGRE is a closed society run by grey haired gentlemen. There is still some work to do, however. Just when I was looking forward to opening another Paris Session (the opportunity to open the Session in 2018 was a major career highlight), the pandemic struck. At rst we thought that it would be a short term event and by August it would be over and everyone would be back to normal. In March it became clear that this may not be the case. We also realised that should we not make a decision timeously, it may not leave enough time for an alternate arrangement to be made. I therefore proposed on 16 March that we consider taking a decision that was not taken since World War 2. With the analysis, discussions with the of ce bearers and then with the Steering Committee and Technical Council, we presented the options to the Administrative Council in early April. The decision was taken to postpone the Session to 2021 and hold a unique “e-Session” in 2020. In retrospect this has been the correct move. The Technical Council was incredible in mobilising resources to convert the Session to a virtual one. Working closely with the Central Of ce, the TC has arranged an excellent event which will no doubt bene t members and create opportunities for similar applications in future. It continues to amaze me that CIGRE, operating with volunteers, creates such achievements which would make many conventional companies envious. The main areas of focus at present is to ensure members bene t from the networking and information sharing offered by CIGRE. This is to be achieved by Digital Electra and continuing enhancing existing communication channels. We are also looking at assisting NCs in obtaining new members via the now many internet channels we have established. The initiative into Africa is also starting to realise rewards with two new National Committees possibly being established. Moreover, under the 4.0 Industry thinking, which will bring us disruptive technological developments and will transform the market for the electrical energy business, CIGRE will play an even more important role than ever. ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 9 We have endured 100 years as a CIGRE community, a family, advancing power system expertise across the globe. We endured a loss in World War 2 of seven years, but we rose from those ashes at the well-attended 1946 Paris Session, our 25th anniversary, to start afresh. The community endured and we will again after this pandemic. We are now at the start of our 2nd Century, advancing sustainable electricity for all, including those without. We thankfully undertook a digital platform that allows CIGRE to be virtual as needed for times of pandemic. We are advancing initiatives with our robust Next Generation Network (NGN) and our Women in Engineering (WiE) group. We are continuing the focus on distribution technologies (E2E). It is with a heavy heart that I come to the end of my tenure as President. I am, however, con dent my successor will carry CIGRE from strength to strength. I am also con dent that the incoming of ce bearers and Steering Committee will bring a new energy with improved initiatives for growing membership. With my passion for CIGRE still unabated, I have gratefully accepted the role as editor-in-chief of CIGRE Science and Engineering. The technical magazine of CIGRE, which is now Scopus registered. Its founder and current editor is stepping down for a well-earned rest. I have also, as mentioned previously, agreed to take on a Working Group in SC B2. I will therefore continue to attend events where possible and continue to meet old friends and make new friends in CIGRE. I hope to see you at a CIGRE event in the not too distant future. ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 10 GLOBAL CONNECTIONS Operational impact of COVID-19 on Australia’s National Energy Market The impact of COVID-19 on the operations of the National Energy Market (NEM) has been largely managed to date. This is thanks to the prompt and careful actions of all our market participants, energy consumers (both major and minor) and governments. However, COVID-19 precipitated the need to evaluate low demand scenarios ahead of schedule and may introduce new coordination challenges, due to deferred outages over the usually maintenanceheavy autumn shoulder period. by Sorrell Grogan, Darren Spoor, Ellise Harmer, Babak Badrzadeh Australian Energy Market Operator (AEMO) Scenario modelling The COVID-19 pandemic served as a catalyst for AEMO and network owners to conduct extensive scenario modelling, create operational plans for periods of sustained demand reduction in excess of 20%, and plans to cater for the loss of large generating facilities. AEMO studies showed managing such outcomes would be particularly challenging in the South Australian (SA) and Victorian regions, which are two of the ve NEM regions AEMO operates. In SA, operational demand is on the cusp of reaching levels that mean the minimum active power export requirements of synchronous generators (required to remain online to maintain suf cient system strength) cannot be met natively by the region. ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 11 Driven by world-leading distributed solar photovoltaic (PV) uptake in the state, this “minimum demand” issue is most acute in the middle of the day during shoulder periods, which are also the periods where the bulk of network maintenance activities occur. In response to COVID-19, operational advice was formulated to identify generator dispatch patterns that had the lowest possible continuous active power export requirements, and implemented a revised generation shedding scheme, which extended to embedded generators. Constraints were also revised to cater for mass-disconnection of distributed PV for credible contingencies in the SA metro region. In Victoria, reductions in operational demand were found to compound existing steady-state voltage control problems in the 500 kV network, whereby 500 kV lines were taken out of service to reduce voltages from low load. This backbone network supports the only synchronous connection to the South Australian region (complicating the SA issue above) and connects major industrial loads to large generation systems. The scenarios investigated showed that demand reductions of 20% would require even more 500 kV lines to be taken out of service, compromising system resilience and potentially further degrading system strength in remote regions. However, it also showed that the loss of a key synchronous generation facility on the 500 kV system could be catered for during low-load conditions. Although these issues were not a result of COVID-19, concern around the COVID-19 impacts served to bring forward the development of the extremely low-demand scenarios, power system models and action plans required to manage such an eventuality. Demand changes The most measurable metric for COVID-19’s impact in Australia’s energy operations is the reduction in demand and a change to the demand pro le. In the National Electricity Market, modelling of demand show an average 4% reduction for the Queensland region, and 5% reduction for the New South Wales region (largest region by demand) across the day on workdays. In Queensland and New South Wales, morning peaks have also seen occasional demand reductions as high as 10% during April and May. The regions of Victoria, South Australia and Tasmania have shown only marginal reduction in demand to date. ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 12 The shape of the diurnal demand cycle saw a pro le change, with the morning peak starting up to 60 minutes later in all demand regions. Given that many citizens are now working from home, this shift is attributed to a general reduction in travel time to workplaces and reduction in morning heating or cooling demands from commercial businesses. Worksite changes A typical (and unsurprising) trend seen across the industry was to move all corporate and non- eld staff to a working from home arrangement. This was true for the generation, transmission and major industrial load organisations AEMO has contacted. Generators Generation stations that are constantly staffed (typically large thermal units) reported both changes to the way their site staff interacted, along with immediate implementation of their crisis management plans. Typical changes reported included: Careful shift changeover management, so that staff on different shifts would never meet; Having “tent-cities” at the ready should the situation worsen (including establishing a secure supply chain for staff personal needs); and Direct monitoring of local hospital statistics to determine the trend for the immediate geographical area. One generation organisation even reported the creative re-purposing of their eet of thermal cameras, usually used to nd hotspots in generator windings and tube leaks, to check staff temperatures as they came on shift. Thermal generators also indicated a desire not to bid their units at full capacity, but rather to operate up to approximately 80-90% of rating, to avoid the marked increase in plant stress that occurs at the highest output levels. Control Rooms Control rooms across the industry implemented similar protocols to manage the risks from COVID-19. These initiatives included restricting access to control rooms to only shift staff and a 14-day quarantine was typically required for anyone who had recently travelled. Control room teams were generally split into two groups to minimise the risk of infections spreading through the entire team. In many cases, one of these teams worked from backup or temporary control room facilities. A further trend seen in strategic control rooms was to “reactivate” recently retired staff, by bringing them up to date with current operating procedures, and, where possible, setting up remote workstations. It is understood that this arrangement has not needed to be called upon by any organisation to date, due to the careful handling of the situation with the mitigation methods described above. ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 13 Maintenance and outages The most common initial response reported from network asset owners was to proceed only with critical asset maintenance, with strict social distancing rules enforced for eld crews. This saw pre-COVID-19 asset maintenance outage schedules slightly increase in duration to account for the added dif culty of eld crews working with increased physical distance and minimising contacts (e.g. number of people in lifts, permitting arrangements, etc.). As the COVID-19 issue persisted without any infections in eld crews, this approach was revised by most asset owners to also include less critical but important maintenance. In addition to lower-priority outages being reviewed and, in some cases, delayed, a notable impact from COVID-19 has been to closely review long or complex outages. This has been required across both the network and generator areas of the industry to better understand the complexity of the outage and to understand where key parts and labour are being sourced. Some generators have also taken advantage of the benign market conditions to continue with outages and do extra work on the unit while it is already out of service. However, several outages have been shifted to the spring shoulder period later this year. Subsequently, AEMO has seen a marked increase in the number of coincident high-impact outages scheduled for the second shoulder period, comprising simultaneous generator and network outages. AEMO has agged this as a key medium-term risk and is working closely with asset owners to prioritise and coordinate outages ahead of the challenging Australian summer period. Market impact Wholesale energy prices in the NEM saw average decreases of approximately 50% from March to May 2020. However, attributing such decreases to the pandemic response alone would be misleading, as prices were already low prior to domestic pandemic restrictions. Rather, the price reduction is coincident in both timing and proportion to low international oil prices, to which Australia’s domestic gas prices (and hence gas-powered generation eet) are linked. The Australian Energy Market Operator (AEMO) performs an array of gas and electricity market, operational, development and planning functions. It manages the National Electricity Market (NEM), the Wholesale Electricity Market (WA) (WEM) and the Victorian gas transmission network. AEMO also facilitates electricity and gas full retail contestability, overseeing these retail markets in eastern and southern Australia. It is additionally responsible for national transmission planning for electricity and the establishment of a Short Term Trading Market (STTM) for gas. ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 14 This article is supported and reviewed by the SC C2 Chair, Susana Almeida de Graaff. ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 15 GLOBAL CONNECTIONS Rethinking power grid resilience: experiences and lessons from the COVID19 pandemic In November 2019, the rst cases of a new disease, later named COVID-19 by the World Health Organisation, were reported by health care workers in Wuhan, China. In December 2019, researchers from Wuhan reported a cluster of pneumonia cases caused by a novel coronavirus. The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted since then in severe stresses on essential services and operations of critical infrastructures around the world. The battle against this virus pandemic has placed and is placing tremendous pressure on countries’ healthcare system, the economy, activities in general society, and especially on the ability of utilities to perform their operations and duties entrusted to them. Electricity utilities have swiftly mobilised across the world to implement measures to support, protect and empower their employees with reliable and accurate information about COVID-19, while keeping the lights on for critical essential service providers. Various measures have been taken in order to limit exposure or spread of the virus to their employees or public. by Mathaios Panteli and Malcolm Van Harte, CIGRE Working Group C4.47 “Power System Resilience“ Multi-dimensional impacts of COVID-19 on power systems Utility COVID-19 response and recovery plans aim to secure the health and safety of the employees when they perform their duties: 1. Safeguard employees in a manner that does not compromise the health and safety of either the public or the employees; ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 16 2. Provide guidance and support to all employees to ensure that they adhere to preventive practices and lockdown regulations; and 3. Ensure that utility is operational, and duties are performed in the most ef cient manner during this lockdown period. As other critical sectors, electrical power systems have been greatly affected, threatening not only their operation and maintenance activities, but also their longer-term sustainability. Drastic measures to contain the spread of this virus pandemic, such as home-working and partial or total shutdown of commercial and industrial activities, have led to signi cant reductions in electricity demand, reaching even 20% in the most severely affected countries. Signi cant reductions are also seen in electricity prices, leading to cascading impacts at the revenue of generation companies. Severely affected customers can be in a very dif cult position to pay their bills, further worsening the situation of electricity companies. As this is an unforeseen situation, the uncertainty in demand projections and daily electricity use challenge even the most reliable forecasting tools, creating various issues in both planning and operation strategies. The reduction in load has led to curtailment of renewable generation and several coal units being place in reserves. In certain countries, the reduction in baseload allowed an increase in the maintenance of generators. Staff shortages and complexities in organizational decision-making and prioritization of tasks during such large-scale crises result in delays to both planned maintenance and emergency repair. Network operators and reliability coordinators are reacting to this by urgently bringing back to service planned outages for maintenance or postponing planned outages to boost the network and generation capacity of the system, while might as well be compromising its reliability and resilience. Furthermore, the disruptions in the supply chains have many interdependent effects, such as refuelling bulk generation plants, performing maintenance or commissioning of plant, which may negatively affect continuity of supply. In addition, the restriction measures imposed by countries due to COVID-19 would make the response to a major disturbance (e.g., driven by an extreme weather event) challenging and may signi cantly increase the risk exposure leading to a deterioration of the reliability and resilience of electricity supply. This COVID-19 pandemic strains the capability of the emergency response agencies, utilities and operators; resulting in an inability to contain the impact and respond in a coordinated manner. Are infrastructure and operational resilience enough? The CIGRE Working Group (WG) C4.47 “Power System Resilience“ has formulated a de nition of resilience that captures and re ects the behaviour and response of a power system exposed to severe stress and extreme events. The CIGRE WG C4.47 de ned resilience as “the ability to limit the extent, severity, and duration of system degradation following an extreme event.” This de nition is achieved through a set of key actionable measures to be taken before (anticipation and preparation), during (absorption) and after (sustainment of critical system operations, rapid recovery and adaptation) the event. These actionable measures could only be achieved by wellplanned, executed interventions to preserve and enhance power system resilience at all phases of extreme events, such as the COVID-19 pandemic that is being experienced worldwide. ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 17 This de nition, as the more generic understanding and interpretation of resilience in the wider power system community (at least in the pre-COVID-19 era), has been mainly related to infrastructure resilience, referring to the physical strength and robustness of the system to withstand the impacts of an event, and to operational resilience, referring to the operational strength of the system to ensure uninterrupted supply to customers and the rapid and exible restoration. However, this pandemic has clearly demonstrated that business continuity is as important (many will argue even more important) as infrastructure and operational resilience. Having in place ef cient pandemic planning ensures the secure and uninterrupted continuity of the key functionalities, helping the network operator to ride through the crisis and keep the lights on at a 24/7 basis. This emphasizes the need to consider organizational resilience as a key dimension of power system resilience if we were to effectively respond to such large-scale crises as the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak. In terms of COVID-19 response efforts, organizational resilience is essential in having key staff available, and in swiftly mobilising measures to support, protect and empower this staff to sustain rapid response and recovery and limit exposure to the virus. Such provision is imperative to ensure the smooth, safe and secure execution of operations, maintenance and construction activities to ensure electricity provision. Hence, the CIGRE WG C4.47 is proposing to expand the de nition to include these important aspects and provide a more holistic approach of the de nition of power system resilience, namely organizational, infrastructure and operational. Expanding the de nition and recognizing the importance of organizational resilience as a key element in surviving a crisis that does not directly and physically affect or stress the assets of the infrastructure but the underlying mechanisms and strategies keeping the infrastructure together, is a fundamental step towards achieving the three essential capabilities of a resilient system, namely absorptive, adaptive and restorative capacities. Looking ahead to a more resilient future It is important to keep in mind that a hazard does not develop to a disaster if the appropriate measures are in place and rapidly activated. However, this is only possible through effective multi-discipline management and strategic planning over the years to predict and effectively manage the impacts of disruptive incidents to the continuity of mission critical operations. This requires risk-averse or risk informed decision-making and proactive rather than reactive thinking to develop holistic resilience enhancement frameworks, which would proactively enhance the infrastructure, operational and organisational resilience to be able to withstand and rapidly recover form large-scale, disruptive incidents. The coronavirus pandemic is testing the leadership in every sector around the world and its consequences could last for longer and present greater dif culties than anyone anticipates. These challenge calls for a conscious and resilient leadership through COVID-19 lessons learnt. However, the industry is rising to the challenge, coordinating effectively with government partners and taking aggressive steps to confront these threats to the reliability and resilience of the power system. ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 18 Safety measures have been instituted to safeguard utility employees, contractors, and the public at all times from infections. Electricity utility’s contribution to the COVID-19 ght is to sustain electricity provision, especially to critical and essential sites, and to residents under the national lockdown period. When returning back to workplace, utilities must have COVID-19 risk assessments and plans in place and must conduct worker education on COVID-19 protection measures. These safety measures must be monitored to ensure that compliance and effectiveness with the safety protocols and identi cation of new infections among employees. Although the wider electricity industry has reacted quickly and ef ciently to this threat without any major problems so far, it is becoming increasingly imperative to develop a more in-depth understanding of the impacts of such events on the operation and planning of a power system, market mechanisms and business continuity. Such an understanding would help put in place those measures that would provide the exibility and absorptive capacity to deal with similar events in the future. As these impacts are multi-dimensional and propagate across different interdependent infrastructures, collective response from organizations and stakeholders across multiple sectors (moving away from in silo planning and operation) is of paramount importance for building resilient and sustainable infrastructures and business continuity mechanisms. ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 19 GLOBAL CONNECTIONS Utility 3.0: Japan’s Utility of the Future Five megatrends (5Ds) will bring about changes to the Japanese power/energy business. These changes are inevitable and irreversible. We call them the 5Ds and they are: Deregulation, Decentralization, Decarbonization, Digitalization and Depopulation. Depopulation is the trend that Japan will likely face earlier than the rest of the world, while the other 4Ds are global megatrends. by Dr. Hiroshi Okamoto, EVP, TEPCO Power Grid Inc. Transition of the electricity business (utility X.0) The electricity business has existed for over a century. During that time, it transitioned from Utility 1.0 to Utility 2.0. Utility 1.0 was the mainstream business model until about 20 years ago. It pursues the economies of scale via a legal monopoly and has supported vigorous economic growth – as in many countries - due to aggressive investment. When the economy shifted to low growth, Utility 1.0 shifted to Utility 2.0. The facilities tend to be surplus under the legal monopoly, so have been switched to an ef ciency model based on market principles. During Utility 1.0, the entire electric power system was thought to be a singular monopoly. To allow for fair competition in the wholesale and retail businesses during Utility 2.0, we unbundled the transmission and distribution businesses to ensure competitive neutrality. Japan is now at this stage. Utility 2.0 is not the nal stage. Electricity businesses will shift to Utility 3.0 driven by the 5Ds. During that process we will experience (1) technology shifts from centralized to decentralized systems accelerating electri cation of transportation/heat and (2) new integration to improve productivity and create new value. What are 5DS? Decentralization ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 20 Exponential price declines are taking place in distributed energy resources (DERs[1]). DERs are 1) CO2 free, 2) zero marginal cost, and 3) not dispatchable. PV and EV combined with energy storage are shown as the next technologies that will enter the market. The ‘tipping point’ will occur at some time before 2050. Decarbonization Based on the Paris Agreement, many countries have set targets to signi cantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 (e.g. net-zero emission or 80% reduction). The Japanese government has stated that, ‘as a long-term goal, we aim to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 80% by 2050’, in the Global Warming Countermeasure Plan (May 2016 Cabinet decision). Deregulation Deregulation has brought a shift from Utility 1.0 to Utility 2.0. Now, decentralization is calling for changes in deregulation. Conventional power plants were able to provide energy (kWh), capacity (kW), and exibility (DkW – lling the gaps between supply and demand) simultaneously through the wholesale market. Renewable resources such as PV and windfarms have zero marginal costs and but not dispatchable. DERs can supply energy cheaply, but their ability to provide capacity and exibility are limited unless a massive number of diversi ed energy devices are used in a coordinated manner. We need re-powering of the power market so that every customer and every energy device can participate in the energy marketplace. This means democratization of the energy marketplace beyond deregulation. Digitalization Digitalization is a trend seen in the entire economy, including the energy eld. Many ‘things’ loaded with sensors are connected to the Internet, and business is rede ned through the interaction and convergence between the digital and physical world. A business that provides ‘things’ will transform into a business that provides a valueadded user experiences (UX) by utilizing ‘connected things’ as interfaces. Prices for various technologies declined rapidly. This leads to enhanced connectivity and digitalization which accelerates the move of enterprises to the ‘X-as-a-Service’ business model utilizing data obtained from sensors. Depopulation The total population of Japan is predicted to decrease 20% by 2050. In addition, the non-urban population is expected to be reduced to less than half in 60% of the country, primarily in the countryside. ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 21 All infrastructure services will face sustainability challenges in Japan’s countryside, including power, gas, telecommunications, logistics, public transportation, water supply, road/bridges, and medical services. What do the 5DS bring? Electri cation is the key Exponential DER penetration due to price limitations means that electricity will have a competitive advantage against other energy sources. Decentralization will inevitably promote electri cation. Since DER is CO2 free, the high carbon prices that decarbonization brings will also promote electri cation. TEPCO Holdings conducted a preliminary simulation-based study of the long-term energy portfolio in Japan through optimization of the suppy and the demand sides considering the DER price drop and GHG emission restrictions. As seen in Fig.1, the sector-coupling by expansion of renewable energy integration and electri cation on the demand side (heat / transportation) will have progressed and CO2 reduction of 80% will be achieved in 2050. As fossil energy consumption will decrease sharply, the overall cost to the consumer will decrease due to the combined effect of cost reduction and renewable energy expansion. This has the potential to be 40 trillion yen per year in 2050, which is more than 10 trillion yen below 53 trillion yen in 2030. This simulation does not consider capital investment related to grid enhancement and initial cost for electri cation. However, it shows that the bene ts may be able to recover the investment in grid and electri cation. In addition, an electri ed heating process will improve the manufacturing productivity, product quality control, and the working environment. ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 22 From this preliminary study, we obtained the following observations on the future utility’s role: 1. Renewable energy alone cannot keep up with Japan's increasing electricity demand due to electri cation, and it is necessary to build a portfolio of carbonneutral power sources including next-generation nuclear power, CCS, and ondemand gas to power. 2. As shown in Fig. 2, we need to invest in a balance between the inter-regional transmission grids of the regions which have a huge surplus of renewable energy and who might share with those which have a shortage of renewable energy. 3. Fig. 3 shows that pumped storage and EV batteries will be key players for providing exibility required for the huge amount of intermittent DER integration. It will be important to create a mechanism that can utilise a massive number of EV storage batteries to respond to a demand-supply gap during power system grid congestions. 4. As shown in Fig. 3, even in the peak season, we will see over-generation during the daytime and control of DER is indispensable. On the other hand, conventional power generation is required for backup when renewable energy generation is insuf cient. ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 23 Towards integrated infrastructures Focusing on the creation of value in the community where depopulation is progressing, network infrastructure operators will cooperate to form a consortium and become a new public service provider, namely Utility 3.0. Since a large amount of EVs and drones will become mobile storage batteries, the interdependence between the transportation network and the power grid will be strengthened. In addition, in order to develop a massive number of base stations for next-generation wireless communications, it will be necessary to share infrastructure such as transmission towers and poles. ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 24 Therefore, it is important to share these network infrastructures with each other and to consider the optimization of their layout so that we will be able to minimize the total amount of infrastructure in the community. In order to respond to the future decrease in the number of maintenance personnel, it is effective to share digital solutions such as automated drones and EVs for smart maintenance, and maintenance personnel. Furthermore, by sharing various data including energy usage, it will be possible to provide new value and services to local customers. Conclusions As mentioned in this article, the utility’s future role is expected to increase. In order to solve social issues facing communities, such as improving energy resilience and decarbonization, it is necessary to collaborate with many other infrastructure owners and service providers. Utility 3.0 will continue to contribute to the sustainable development of society as an integrated infrastructure service provider. References S. Takeuchi, T. Ito, H. Okamoto, and N. Toda, (2017): Energy industry in 2050 Game change to Utility3.0, written in Japanese. IEA (2017): Digitalization & Energy. WEF (World Economic Forum) (2017): The Future of Electricity: New Technologies Transforming the Grid Edge. [1] In this article, DER means renewable resources such as PV and wind power. ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 25 GLOBAL CONNECTIONS Q&A with Andrey Murov First Deputy General Director – Executive Director, Rosseti PJSC, and Chairman of the Russian National Committee of CIGRE 1) What are the key tasks for the development of transmission grids and the Russian energy sector as a whole necessary to ensure sustainable power supply to consumers? T oday, Russia is witnessing implementation of multiple macroprojects aimed at promoting social and economic growth of the regions, launching new mining and processing enterprises, increasing the throughput capacity of the North-South and West-East international transport corridors, including the Trans-Siberian and BaikalAmur railways. To address these issues, the government has developed a comprehensive plan for upgrading and expanding the infrastructure. As Rosseti FGC UES (the Federal Grid Company – part of Rosseti Group) makes a substantial contribution to this campaign, this is our absolute priority for the upcoming years. Eventually, we are determined to ensure the guaranteed supply of affordable electricity to consumers. We have already completed some of the projects. For example, in 2019, we commissioned two new power hubs in Eastern Siberia making it possible to close the 3.3 thousand km long energy ring. The project involved energy, industrial and ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 26 transport companies. Thus, Rosseti FGC UES commissioned a total of 918 MVA of capacity and 791 km of transmission lines. All these efforts provided favorable conditions for the development of regions, launch of new petrochemical, gold mining and gas production facilities, as well as enabled improving the reliability of power supply to railway facilities and the Eastern Siberia–Paci c Ocean oil export pipeline. Like many other countries, Russia is becoming increasingly environmentally conscious, which stimulates the development of renewable energy generation and related technologies. These processes have not changed the market very much so far, but still there is some progress that cannot be ignored. Speci cally, within the previous investment cycle, Rosseti FGC UES focused on building a network infrastructure for the delivery of power from thermal, nuclear and hydroelectric power plants, whereas our plans for the next ve years include many projects related to connecting renewable energy facilities to backbone grids in various regions up to the Far North. We are committed to securing reliable power supply and optimizing costs, which allows us to keep our services competitive. Digital transformation is the key element of our strategy. We expect it to pay off in the short run by improving the quality of electricity supply while reducing the operating costs. In this area, as far as transmission grids are concerned, our priority is to increase the proportion of lowmaintenance, yet resilient digital energy facilities. By 2025, we plan to implement more than 30 complex digital projects (substations) and bring over 100 substations under remote control. By then, the infrastructure of the Uni ed National Power Grid will be 100% digitally accessible, and all energy facilities will be monitored remotely from single control centers. In addition, we have a number of initiatives to reduce the environmental impact of the fuel and energy complex. One of them is the “Energy-Ef cient Substation” project that we have developed and are now introducing. It provides for the implementation of technical solutions that will enable reducing internal energy consumption up to 50% at the existing energy facilities. 2) Looking into the future, how do you see the industry in the mid-century? What new technologies do you think will be used? As I have already said, today we see the prerequisites for a change in the structure of generation, such as the lowering cost of energy from renewable sources, and the new emerging class of consumer producers, prosumers, who themselves become part of generating capacities. The emergence of effective energy storage systems will further enhance these processes. This raises a question: what will happen to centralized power supply systems? Are they likely to ‘scatter’ into dozens or even hundreds of microsystems that are ‘bound’ to speci c consumers? I don’t think that such a scenario would be the best option for Russia, a vast and geographically diverse country with a robust nuclear and hydro power generation, and numerous energy consumers of epic proportions, such as megacities, industrial clusters, and transport hubs. A compromise development model is most likely to be worked out, with the new generation models and accumulation systems phased into ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 27 the existing power supply system wherever reasonable. This process can be optimized by introducing smart meters, digitalizing power management systems, and boosting the capacity of communication channels. 3) What about your human resources strategy? Any changes? We have always considered professional development to be one of the top priorities. Today, its importance is greater than ever, because there’s a growing need for multidisciplinary specialists, I mean, power engineers, who also possess expertise in IT, communications, cybersecurity, and a good command of foreign languages to adopt the world’s cutting-edge practices. The company has been developing new training programs and upgrading its own training facilities to keep pace with the latest digital technologies and equipment. Besides, we offer our employees retraining courses to acquire new professional competencies. Moreover, we have been willingly taking part in staff training for the future energy industry, while enhancing the cooperation with other energy companies, universities and the international industry community. The Rosseti company teams up with industry-speci c universities and colleges to design the new and update the existing curriculums, as well as to arrange training labs and digital equipment testing facilities. We give much emphasis to engaging undergraduates and postgraduates in research activities, and to carrying out the Young Professional program allowing the young talents to harness their potential, together with RNC CIGRE Youth Section. 4) How can CIGRE contribute? The main advantage of participating in the CIGRE activities is making the international expertise and mechanisms for forming the power industry regulatory framework accessible to Russian specialists. By scaling up scienti c and technical collaboration, we more than strengthen the reliability and add to the ef ciency of national energy sector – we open up new opportunities for international cooperation. To illustrate the point, we have the agreements signed on the sidelines of the 47th CIGRE Session: on the transfer of innovative technologies from Russia to India and Portugal; on the implementation of joint projects with our partners in the United States and the Netherlands; on cooperation with our Chinese colleagues in the eld of certi cation of product compliance with IEC and other regulatory documents. Besides, as I have already noted, we have been keenly engaged in the RNC CIGRE Youth Section activities. This is where Russia plays a leading role, by having arranged the world's largest agenda of youth events that involved about 7 thousand people in 2019 alone. Apart from enthusiastic participation in global scienti c cooperation, the young bloods of Russian power engineers become inspired protagonists of the new ideas in international projects. This paves a promising way for the industry to keep evolving further, well into the future. About Rosseti FGC UES ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 28 Rosseti is one of the world’s largest power transmission system operators. It runs 2.37 mn km of power lines, 517 thousand substations with a total transformer capacity of over 802 GVA. In 2019, the company supplied 763 bn kWh of usable energy to end consumers. Rosseti is the parent company of 88 subsidiaries that are active in 80 regions of Russia. The group incorporates, among others, Rosseti FGC UES that operates a transmission system comprising 148.3 thousand km of power lines, 951 substations with a total capacity of 352.9 GVA. About Andrey Murov Doctor of Economics, Andrey Murov began his career in the electric power industry in 2012 as Deputy General Director of IDGC Holding JSC (currently Rosseti PJSC). Previously, he worked in telecommunications and pharmaceutical industries. For a few years, he was in charge of one of the Russia’s largest international airports, Pulkovo in St. Petersburg. In 2013, Andrey Murov took over as Chairman of the Management Board of FGC UES, PJSC and in 2015 he headed the Russian National Committee of CIGRE. In 2020, Andrey Murov was appointed to the post of First Deputy General Director – Executive Director of Rosseti PJSC. Within his new métier, he coordinates the holding’s operations, including those of Rosseti FGC UES. ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 29 GLOBAL CONNECTIONS Hydrogen, Power to Gas (P2G) and Gas to Power (G2P): Interesting technologies which need additional R&D and analyses within a system approach The current use of wind and photovoltaic generation pose several challenges to their increasingly strong penetration. The use of energy resources that do not generate CO2 emissions is becoming increasingly important. The idea of green hydrogen, produced by electrolyzers fed with electricity from renewable sources, which by burning generates water, is more compelling today considering the new needs of the electrical power systems with the explosion of wind and solar generation, taking care of its possible multi-sector uses as well. by Alessandro Clerici, Honorary Chairman WEC Italy, IEEE Life Fellow Hydrogen was discussed a great deal in the session “Hydrogen: Bridging sectors and regions” as part of the September 2019 World Energy Congress in Abu Dhabi. [1] The great technological potential of hydrogen has clearly emerged (Figure 1 [2]), both to replace fossil fuels in current hydrogen production (and here the emphasis has been on electrolysis) and for the use of hydrogen instead of fossil fuels in various ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 30 domestic, transport and industrial energy uses. Hydrogen for storage of electricity has also been highlighted and its possible use as feedstock to produce synthetic methane. Current and future scenarios of production and consumption of H2 The data presented in Abu Dhabi showed current annual H2 production values ranging from 80 to 110 million tons; something more than 40% comes from methane (STM process, Steam Methane Recovery), 30% from hydrocarbons, 18% from coal and only about 4% from water electrolysis. Current production involves signi cant emission of greenhouse gases (with the STM process, 1 kg of hydrogen corresponds to 8 – 9 kg of CO2) and is therefore referred to as “black hydrogen.” From IRENA data, 33% of hydrogen is now used in re neries, 27% in ammonia manufacturing, 10% to produce methanol, 4% in steel and the remaining in various industrial processes [3]. The future use of hydrogen varies with the Hydrogen Council estimating an increase of 5.5 times by 2050 with IRENA estimating a little more than doubling. The shares in end-use sectors are quite different: IRENA considers 66% industry, 20% buildings and 14% transport while Hydrogen Council sees 45% industry, 29% transport,14% buildings and 12% power generation (not considered by IRENA) To achieve a strong demand for green hydrogen, the following key factors emerged in the presentations and discussions for a production concentrated on electrolysis: a low cost of producing electricity from "close" and dedicated renewable sources, the investment cost (CAPEX) of electrolyzes and their lifespan, the hours of annual use (not so high in many locations due to photovoltaic or wind plants). and the costs of O&M. including spare parts which do not seem negligible in some cases. The cost of the current “black hydrogen” assessed at site of production, is in the range of 1.25 - 2.5 $/kg. The present cost of “green hydrogen” produced by renewables according to Hydrogen Europe around 7.8 €/kg. IRENA assumes that in 2050 hydrogen at the exit of the electrolyzer would cost 1.4 $/kg with the following assumptions; CAPEX of electrolysis plant at 200 $/kW and cost of electricity of 20 $/MWh with renewables load factor of 4,200 hours per year (combined values for electricity dif cult to be considered for Central and Western Europe). Hydrogen Europe is predicting a cost of hydrogen in Germany at around 3 €/kg in the mid-2030s, with a CAPEX of electrolyzer more than halved to 500 €/kW (present value), ef ciency 66% with 100 MW electrolyzers and 50 €/MWh for renewable energy (offshore wind with load factor of 4,500 hours per year). Considerations on power to gas and gas to power The three main alternatives for use of hydrogen at present with priority of involvement are all starting with the production of green hydrogen via electrolysis of water and they are: ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 31 1. Direct use of hydrogen for a variety of applications and possible storage/reconversion to electricity. 2. Hydrogen as feedstock with CO2 to produce methane (according to the exothermic reaction 𝐶𝑂2 + 4𝐻2 → 𝐶𝐻4 + 2 𝐻20 + heat) with all the present well known and reliable facilities for CH4 transportation/distribution/utilization and electricity generation, and 3. Hydrogen to add CH4 content to bio-methane transforming its CO2 and CO by products to methane with H2. All are clearly dependent on the cost of H2 production and for B) and C) for transportation to the “factory“ for production of methane if not coincident with the electrolyzer facility. Conclusion The relatively low cost of black hydrogen is inhibiting the widespread development of green hydrogen. To lower the price of the green H2 from electrolysis a drastic reduction in the costs of electrolyzers and the production of renewable electricity with an increase in its equivalent operating hours (load factor) is required. The direct transformation of H2 to electricity, assuming in the medium term cost at 3 €/kg, with a transformation into electricity with ef ciency of around 50%, the pure fuel costs results are 180 €/MWh (to which capital charges and O&M costs of a GTP plant tailor made for H2 use must be added taking care the utilization factor). This is compared to around 25 €/MWh for the component of fuel cost in EU in a natural gas CCGT plant (to which capital charges and O&M costs of a conventional and well experienced plant must be added taking care the utilization factor). Considering the low speci c energy content of H2 per liter with respect to CH4 (less than 1/3) both in the gaseous and liquid state (apart from safety standards), the transportation of hydrogen is more expensive with respect to methane. The transportation of H2 in the liquid state (-253°C) would require about 1/3 of the energy contained in 1 kg of hydrogen for liquefaction alone and the energy needed to keep the low temperature. A 5% in volume blending of H2 with CH4 in existing pipelines provides an energy content per unit volume of around 1.6% with a reduction of 3.4% in the calori c value of the mixture, and an extreme blending of 20% (6.5% in energy), this would reduce the energy content of the mixture of 13.5% (with impossibility of interconnection of the speci c pipeline in the gas grid). This blending does not appear a strategic choice. More technical and economic analysis is required with long term experiments to predict the best option between massive sectorial use of H2 and a spread use of synthetic methane from H2 as a feedstock with CO2 and making use of present gas infrastructures. It is recommended we proceed thoughfully. Note This article is an extended version and translation into English of the Italian paper of A.Clerici: “Idrogeno, tecnologia interessante ma adelante con juicio” published by Nuova Energia Vol 1-2020 ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 32 [1] (a) A.Clerici:”Energy transition with holistic, pragmatic and sustainable approaches. PART 1: Global energy resources and outstanding development of wind and solar” - No.304 - June 2019 ELECTRA (b) A.Clerici:”Energy transition with holistic, pragmatic and sustainable approaches. PART 2: Challenges for integration in electricity systems of variable renewable energy resources” - No.305 - August 2019 ELECTRA [2] Manuel Kuehn, Siemens UAE: ”Hydrogen – Bridging Sectors and Regions” - Paper presented at the “Hydrogen: Bridging Sectors and Regions” event in Abu Dhabi 20 September 2019 during 24th World Energy Congress [3] Asami Miketa, IRENA: ”Hydrogen from Renewable Power Technology Outlook for the Energy Transition” - Paper presented at the “Hydrogen: Bridging Sectors and Regions” event in Abu Dhabi 20 September 2019 during 24th World Energy Congress ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 33 The creation of CIGRE A century ago, as if history were repeating itself, the world was battling the Spanish Flu pandemic, but European nations were also recovering from the damages caused by World War I. T he economic situation in the post-World War I period was still dif cult for the electricity industry in 1920-1921. The development of energy transmission was seen as a way to reduce local shortages and, in Western Europe, the years 1920 and 1921 were exceptionally dry years so the supply from several hydraulic regions was severely affected. ‘High voltage’ technology was already advancing enough to allow connections over quite long distances, and technology was progressing rapidly: 120 kV was quite developed in Europe, 132 kV and 150 kV were developed in America, and California was planning a switch up to 220 kV. The strengthened post-war union between the European Allies and the United States fostered a more open eld of cooperation on many issues, notably electri cation and electrical engineering, was extended. The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) – established in 1906 and with clearly de ned objectives – had a speci c role to play but many believed a different organization, more clearly on electrical transmission, was needed but complementary to IEC. This new organization to study electrical transmission was clearly set in the context of a new economic and technological governance. There were three prime factors leading to the creation of a new organization. The rst factor was clearly related to the international cooperation presented above. The second factor was the shortage of equipment and facilities, or even energy, in the post-war economic situation. Many localized power stations were damaged or destroyed during the war, or inoperable due to a lack of maintenance. The theory was that it would be faster and more ef cient to develop regional transmission networks than build new power stations. However, the third and most important factor was probably the necessity of a resolutely systemic approach to power systems, their technological development and their economy, in the original sense of the term. The interconnection of previously separate networks was conceivable though there was concern over dif culties that might arise in the simultaneous operation of multiple generators. Controlling and adjusting what was then considered very extensive interconnections was the biggest concern. Not only were basic theories still insuf cient to clearly shed light on these complex questions, but very little had been published on the subject during the war. Thus, in 1921, the wish was to develop an experienced and professional community dealing with networks and systems as a whole. The new organization was to include industrial, entrepreneurial, and economic aspects, as well as the socio-cultural repercussions of the expansion of electricity. ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 34 In late 1920, Mr. Bauer, Director of the Société Suisse pour le Transport et la Distribution de l’Electricité in Berne, met in Paris with René Legouez, Chairman of the Union des Syndicats de l’Electricité (USE). Both men believed the pooling of ideas and experience would aid the growth of interconnections. The IEC had, by this time, succeeded in setting up an international system of electrical units. The IEC had sponsored several previous electricity congresses so it was a natural move for M. Bauer and René Legouez to turn to the IEC President, who, at the time, was Mr. C.O. Mailloux, from the United States. C.O. Mailloux, and Charles Le Maistre, IEC Secretary General, recommended the formation of a specialised body of a technical, scienti c, and applied technology character. Like the IEC, the new body was to be open to electrical engineering teachers and researchers and network operators, manufacturers, and entrepreneurs. Their desire was to have a somewhat ‘private club’ character and it was not to directly question or challenge governments, nor spill over into the of cial area of regulations. The contacts established in various countries con rmed these aims and led to the organization of the rst conference in Paris in the Autumn of 1921. This meeting was considered as the inaugural conference of a new international electrical engineering organization. Jean Tribot-Laspière, who was then Secretary General of USE, was entrusted with the practical organization of this rst conference, and also, more generally, with the study and de nition of the conference’s administrative structure. He was assisted by the Delegate General of the Syndicat des Producteurs Distributeurs d’Electricité, Emile Brylinski, for his in-depth knowledge of technical issues. The birth of CIGRE - Paris International Congress in November 1921 USE of France took charge of organising this rst Congress called Conférence Internationale des Grands Réseaux Électriques à Haute Tension - International Conference on Large High Voltage Electric Systems (CIGRE), under the impetus of its President René Legouez and its Secretary General Jean Tribot-Laspière. It is noteworthy that all the illustrious technicians of electric energy from the attending countries were present at the Paris Congress. They represented the “elite” of the world’s electrical engineers, as shown by the historic photograph of the participants posing for posterity. ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 35 231 high voltage electrical engineers and technicians, 167 of whom were from France and 64 participants from eleven other countries (Belgium, Denmark, Spain, United States, United Kingdom, Italy, Japan, Norway, Netherlands, Sweden and Switzerland) met from November 21 – 28, 1921 at 7 Rue de Madrid, where the USE’s headquarters were located at the time. At the opening ceremony, C.O. Mailloux and A. Blondel (France) were appointed Honorary Presidents, while R. Legouez was appointed President and J. Tribot-Laspière Secretary General of the conference. Having been founded under the auspices of the IEC, CIGRE adopted two languages from its creation: English and French. Two major features of CIGRE were established from the outset: It would be organised as biennial Sessions, which were its fundamental raison d’être and its core activities; the Sessions were to always be held in the same city: Paris, the City of Light. The vital relations between CIGRE and the IEC were of cially de ned by the following resolution at the end of this founding Session in November 1921: “CIGRE: Considering that its work is of a nature that provides very interesting and useful indications to the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) for its standardisation work and for facilitating this work, asks the Secretary General of the Conference to forward the result of its works to the IEC”. Therefore, the major link with the IEC remained one of CIGRE’s natural functions. ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 36 With this “club” of pioneers, CIGRE aimed to provide an international setting for the discussion and the study of technical questions concerning the generation, transmission and distribution of electric energy and to disseminate the progress made by experts from all over the world in these elds. Concretely, the Conference enabled renowned specialists to meet in order to address questions and problems in the following areas: 1. The manufacture of machines for the generation, transformation and interruption of electric current; 2. The design, construction and the maintenance of overhead and underground lines; 3. The operation, protection and interconnection of transmission systems. ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 37 André-Marie Ampère and the two hundred years of electrodynamics by Philippe Ponchon, SEE and SAAMA, Georges Delorme, SEE and SAAMA, Bernard Pallandre, SAAMA, Curator of the Electricity Museum Electrodynamics discovery On September 18, 1820, the French scientist André-Marie Ampère presented his rst re ections on the equivalence between magnets and currents at the Paris Academy of Sciences. This intervention followed the reproduction in front of this same academy, a week earlier, of the Danish scientist Hans Christian Oersted’s famous experiment during which the compass needle de ected when approaching a conducting wire connected to a Volta-type battery. At the time there was still no discussion of ‘electric current’ and it was André-Marie Ampère who rst clearly distinguished between the notions of current and voltage. While Oersted was content to observe the phenomenon, Ampère devoted all of his time and energy between 1820 and 1826 to the experimental demonstration of his intuitions and mathematical electrodynamics modelling; at least all the time he had considering professional duties as Professor of Analysis at the Ecole Polytechnique de Paris and the university’s General Inspector, as well as his family and his health permitted. André-Marie develops incredibly ingenious experiments. He invented several devices of magnetized needles (called astatic needles) that could cancel the in uence of terrestrial magnetism, allowing him to show that the interaction force due to the current is perpendicular to the conducting wire in the absence of terrestrial magnetic eld. It highlights the forces of attraction between two conductors carrying currents in the same direction and the forces of repulsion when carried by currents in opposite directions. ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 38 He de ned the conventional direction of the current outside the battery and invented the observer's rule on the wire to predict the magnetic needle’s direction of de ection, now known as the "man-of-Ampere" rule. ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 39 It showed that turns, spirals, and helixes of conducting wire connected to a battery behaved exactly like magnets, orienting themselves in the earth's magnetic eld and attracting or repelling each other. This con rmed his intuition of the unity between magnetic phenomena and electric currents. He attributed the existence of magnetic phenomena to the existence of currents inside magnets, including terrestrial magnetism. The foundations of electromagnetism had been laid. By placing, with the physicist Arago, a soft iron core in the centre of a helix, which he baptised solenoid, he invented the temporary magnetisation that is the basis for the electromagnet. It rotated a permanent magnet through which a current would ow pre guring the electric motor. ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 40 Ampère, a great mathematician, de ned the mathematical expression of the force between two elementary parts of conductors and deduced the force between macroscopic conductors in many arrangements. In 1881, the rst international congress of electricians held in Paris honoured Ampère by naming ‘Ampère’ the international unit of electric current. In November 2018, at the 26th General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM), the Ampere was con rmed as the unit of electric current and one of the seven fundamental units of the international system. Its de nition has changed and is now based, as with all other fundamental units, on universal constants. After having been, until May 20, 2019, based on the electrodynamic forces between conductors, the Ampere is now distinctly de ned from the de nition of the elementary charge of one electron and the second. This new de nition makes it possible to implement new realization methods, including quantum technologies, and to achieve accuracies approximately 10 times more precise. ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 41 The new Ampere de ntion ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 42 This de nition is written: e = 1,602 176 634 x 10–19 A s. As a result, one Ampere is the electric current corresponding to the ow of 1/(1,602 176 634 x 10–19) elementary charges per second. But if the Ampere unit is universally known and used daily, who knows the man Ampere? L’homme Ampère Ampère was born in 1775 into a bourgeois family from Lyon (France). His father worked in the silk trade. An erudite follower of Rousseau's ideas on education, he educated André-Marie in complete freedom, without school or tutor. In 1782, the ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 43 family settled in the countryside in the Poleymieux estate on the Mont d'Or, about ten kilometres from Lyon. Ampère took advantage of his father's library, in particular the Encyclopaedia of Diderot and Alembert, to acquire all the knowledge of the time. His curiosity, his exceptional memory, and his gift for mathematics allowed him to become a teacher of physics, chemistry, and mathematics without ever having gone to school! Appointed to the Ecole Centrale de Bourg en Bresse in 1802, then in 1803 to the Lycée de Lyon, he became a teacher of mathematics at the Ecole Polytechnique in Paris in 1804, and nally professor at the Collège de France in 1824. He was also Inspector General of Education until his death in Marseilles in 1836 during an inspection tour. André-Marie's youth, free, happy, and carefree, had ended however in 1793 with the death of his father. When he became justice of the peace in Lyon, he was guillotined, a victim of the Terror. This misfortune was followed by the premature death of his wife in 1803, shortly after the birth of their child Jean-Jacques. Afterwards, and until his death in 1836, André-Marie's sentimental life was a succession of misfortunes, overcome by his friendly relations, both in Lyon and Paris, a deep spirituality, and an intense philosophical and scienti c intellectual activity. In addition to his work as a teacher and his work in mathematics, he was passionate about philosophy until his last day, with the un nished project of establishing an orderly classi cation of all knowledge, literary, philosophical, and scienti c. For this purpose he created new terms, such as ethnology, cybernetics, kinematics, solenoid,... A renowned mathematician, but an enlightened amateur of chemistry, from 1804 to 1814, he contributed to the discovery of the simple elements (chlorine, uorine, etc.), as well as to the "molecular" theory (Avogadro-Ampere number). From 1814 onwards, he again devoted himself to research in mathematics, in particular the resolution of partial differential equations, with a view to his admission to the Academy of Sciences, obtained in 1814. Ampère's house and the electricity museum The Ampère family home, where André-Marie spent his childhood, had an exceptional destiny. The Poleymieux estate on the Mont d'Or, some twenty kilometres from Lyon, was sequestered for the bene t of the Nation in 1793, at the time when the French Revolution sentenced the father of the future scientist to death. Restored to the family two years later, it was passed down - in 1812 - to Ampère, after his mother’s death. He sold the property about ten years later when he settled permanently in Paris. ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 44 It took a century for the Poleymieux estate to regain the memory of its prestigious owner; on the advice of Paul Janet, a member of the French Academy of Sciences and then director of the Ecole Supérieure d'Electricité, that two wealthy American industrialists, Hernand and Sosthène Behn, founders of ITT, bought the estate in 1928 to donate it to the Société Française des Electriens, which entrusted it to the Société des Amis d'André-Marie Ampère, created to perpetuate the memory of the illustrious Lyonnais. The Museum of Electricity was inaugurated on July 1, 1931 in the presence of President Edouard Herriot and Louis Lumière, the rst President of the Société des amis d'André-Marie Ampère. For more information Readers will be interested in the bulletins of the Société des Amis d'André-Marie Ampère: SAAMA website (in french) See also the website of the Ampère Museum And the bicentennial site More references ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 45 Ampere and the Creation of Electrodynamics by Christine Blondel (CHHTS Bibliothèque Nationale, 1982) Le génial bonhomme Ampère: Le roman de sa vie by Pierre Marion (Mémoire Des Arts, 1999) André-Marie Ampère, encyclopedist and metaphysicist by Robert Locqueneux (EDP Sciences, 2008) SEE : Société de l’électricité de l’électronique et des techniques de l’information et de la communication SAAMA : Société des Amis d’AndréMarie Ampère ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 46 LIFE OF THE ASSOCIATION CIGRE General Assemblies 2020 In accordance with the French Legislation on French Associations, every year in the rst semester, CIGRE must hold an annual Ordinary General Assembly to approve the accounts of the previous year. Article disponible en français ici . The Article 7 of the CIGRE Statutes also states that the Ordinary and Extraordinary General Assemblies may take place by correspondence, and may be undertaken electronically, or by other conventional or modern means. The Secretary General of CIGRE, on behalf of the Administrative Council invited the members of the Association to take part in an electronic vote for the Ordinary and Extraordinary General Assemblies organized by the CIGRE Association in June 2020. Both Assemblies were grouped on the electronic voting form. The agenda of the Ordinary General Assembly was: Resolution 1: Approval of CIGRE annual 2019 accounts and allocation of CIGRE annual 2019 result; Resolution 2: Approval of the Administrative Council membership; Resolution 3: Appointment of the Statutory Auditor; Resolution 4: Approval of the membership fees for 2021-2022. The agenda of the Extraordinary General Assembly was: Resolution 5: Modi cations in CIGRE Statutes. The vote was closed on June 30th, 2020 at 5:00 p.m. CEST. The results of the General Assemblies are as follows: ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 47 Invited members 5669 359 756 111 Individual members I (incl. Honorary) Collective members I Individual members II Collective members II 10 717.5 Equivalent member number Participation Individual members I (incl. Honorary) 563 9.93% Individual members II 18 5.01% Collective members I 44 5.82% Collective members II 6 5.41% ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 48 Equivalent member number 854 7.97% Results (% Invited members) Equivalent votes Yes No Abstention Number % Number % Number % ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 49 Resolution 1 827 7.72% 0.5 0.00% 26.5 0.25% Resolution 2 829 7.74% 2.5 0.02% 22.5 0.21% ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 50 Resolution 3 820 7.65% 3 0.03% 31 0.29% Resolution 4 792 7.39% 24 0.22% 38 0.35% ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 51 Resolution 5 801.5 7.48% 6.5 0.06% 46 0.43% Results (% Expressed votes) Equivalent votes Yes No Abstention ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 52 Number % Number % Number % Resolution 1 827 96.84% 0.5 0.06% 26.5 3.10% ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 53 Resolution 2 829 97.07% 2.5 0.29% 22.5 2.63% Resolution 3 820 96.02% 3 0.35% 31 3.63% ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 54 Resolution 4 792 92.74% 24 2.81% 38 4.45% Resolution 5 801.5 93.85% 6.5 0.76% 46 5.39% The results were elaborated and checked under the scrutiny of CIGRE statutory auditor and CIGRE Central Of ce staff. ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 55 LIFE OF THE ASSOCIATION Next Generation Network Signi cant Contribution Award 2020 The 2020 CIGRE Awards recipients are: Ste e CRAY (Germany) Stanislav EROSHENKO (The Russian Federation) Andreas KUBIS (Germany) Tara-Lee McARTHUR (Australia) Amanda OLSON (The United States of America) CIGRE grants 7 kinds of distinctions in recognition of the services rendered by members. More information on cigre.org ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 56 LIFE OF THE ASSOCIATION CIGRE Honorary Members 2020 Every Session year the "Honorary Member" award is granted to maximum ten members who have proven participation in CIGRE technical activities in a leadership role of CIGRE, and for members whose service of CIGRE has been judged exceptional. The CIGRE Honorary Members 2020 are: Doug ABERLE Australia Former Steering Committee member Thani AL-KHUSAIBI Oman Former Steering Committee member Josias MATOS de ARAUJO Brazil Former Steering Committee member Susana DE GRAAFF The Netherlands Former Study Committee C2 Chair Ole GJERDE Norway Former Norwegian National Committee Chair, and Convener of SC C2 Working Groups Mohamed RASHWAN Canada Former Study Committee B4 Chair ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 57 Simon RYDER United Kingdom Former Study Committee A2 Chair Henk SANDERS The Netherlands Former Study Committee C3 Chair Nicolas SMIT New Zealand Former Study Committee A1 Chair Konstantin STASCHUS Germany Former Study Committee C1 Chair CIGRE grants 7 kinds of distinctions in recognition of the services rendered by members. More information on cigre.org ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 58 LIFE OF THE ASSOCIATION CIGRE Medal 2020 Recipients Every Session year, the "CIGRE Medal" is granted to maximum two members of CIGRE, in recognition of an oustanding contribution to the development of CIGRE (either administrative or technical achievement). Konstantin O. Papailiou has spent his entire career of more than 40 years in Power Systems. Ηe holds a Ph.D. degree from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich and a postdoctoral quali cation as lecturer (Dr.Ing. habil.) from the Technical University of Dresden. Until his retirement at the end of 2011, he was CEO of the P sterer Group of companies. He has held leading positions in a number of international technical societies and standardization bodies and has published more than 100 papers in professional journals as well as co-authored a monography on “Silicone Composite Insulators” and the EPRI Transmission Line Reference Book “Wind-induced Conductor Motion”. In addition he is the Editor of the CIGRE Green Book “Overhead Lines” and the “Springer Handbook of Power Systems”. Professor Papailiou is also active in power engineering education, teaching Master level courses at the University of Stuttgart and TU Dresden. Since more than 40 years he is strongly involved with CIGRE and has served from 2010 to 2016 as Chairman of CIGRE Study Committee B2 “Overhead Lines”. He is presently the Editor-in-Chief of the CIGRE Science & Engineering Journal. ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 59 Mark Waldron graduated in Electrical Engineering in 1988 and joined the Research Division of the Central Electricity Generating Board and then, following privatization, National Grid in the UK by whom he is still employed. He has been involved in all aspects of lifetime management of switchgear and substation equipment, including research and development, speci cation, assessment, maintenance and monitoring, condition assessment, and end-of-life management. He presently holds the position of Switchgear Technical Leader in addition to his role as the Technical Council Chairman of CIGRE. His involvement in CIGRE spans over 20 years, during which he has been a participant in several working groups, working group convener, and Study Committee Chairman of Study Committee A3 and has led the Technical Committee project on Ultra High Voltage Transmission. C IGRE grants 7 kinds of distinctions in recognition of the services rendered by members. More information on cigre.org ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 60 LIFE OF THE ASSOCIATION CIGRE Fellows 2020 Recipients The "CIGRE Fellow" award is attributed for active participation in the activities of the technical work of the study committees and for providing a lead technical role in the study committees (maximum ve awards every two years). The Recipients 2020 are: Dhananjay Kumar CHATURVEDI India 2020 Convener of Working Groups A1.46 (TB 724 : Guide on Use of Premium Ef ciency Motors in Existing Plant and Industry & Determining bene ts of CO2 Emission Reduction), A1/C4.66 (Guide on the Assessment, Speci cation and Design of Synchronous Condenser for Power System with Predominance of Low or Zero Inertia Generators), and main contributor to TB 558 (Guide on Diagnostics, Monitoring and Prognosis of Large Motors). Masoud FARZANEH Canada 2020 Convener of Working Groups B2.28, B2.44 and B2.69, and main contributor to TB 438, TB 631, TB 179, TB 645. Maks BABUDER Slovenia 2020 Chair of the CIGRE International Colloquium on Lightning and Power Systems in 2017 in Ljubljana. Chair of the Technical Advisory Committee of the 1st and 3rd CIGRE SEERC Conferences in 2014 (Portoroz) and 2018 (Kyiv). ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 61 Paulo GOMEZ Brazil 2020 Special Reporter in 2008 and 2014 CIGRE Sessions, Secretary of Working Groups C2.21 (TB 608 : Lessons learnt from recent Emergencies and Blackout Incidents) and C2.23 (TB 712 : System Restoration Procedure and Practices), Speaker at Large Disturbances Workshops in Sessions 2000, 2002 and 2014. Pouyan POURBEIK United States 2020 Chair of Study Committee C4 "System technical performances" from 2012 to 2018, Convener of Working Groups C4.601 and TF 38.02.25 CIGRE grants 7 kinds of distinctions in recognition of the services rendered by members. More information on cigre.org ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 62 LIFE OF THE ASSOCIATION In Memoriam - Árni Björn Jónasson 1946 - 31 May 2020 Árni Björn Jónasson, born 1946 in Iceland, passed away on May 31 ©2020 - CIGRE st 2020. ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 63 Arni was a very active member in the CIGRE Study Committee B2 “Overhead Lines”. He was convener of B2.61 “Transmission Line Structures with Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites”, a very timely and modern subject, and nished the brochure recently. He unfortunately did not survive to see the publication and fruit of his hard work. His enthusiasm and speed with which he undertook this task was an example to all. He was so dedicated that he wanted to continue with another WG and just shortly before he died he has been nominated as Convenor of B2.81 “Increasing the Strength Capacity of Existing Overhead Transmission Line Structures”. He told us in a mail how much he was looking forward starting the new challenge. Arni Björn Jonasson was a dedicated technician. He obtained his BSc in Civil Engineering at the University of Iceland and his MSc in Civil and Structural Engineering at the DTH Copenhagen.With additional training he became an expert for overhead lines, for conductor vibration and galloping, loads from wind and ice, avalanche protection, environmental tower design, maintenance and many other areas. Arni was full of life, ideas and positive energy to everyone around him. He founded approximately ten companies in Iceland, Norway, Turkey, France, Poland, Russia, mainly working in the eld of engineering and constructing for overhead line structures in the voltage range from 33kV to 500kV, telecommunication masts, buildings, and was also involved in hydro power projects. He and his companies had more than 120 projects, among them concerning e.g. mechanical design, international tendering, Expert witness and supervision, strengthening of structures, studies, in many European countries, in Turkey, Tanzania, Ghana, Uganda, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Syria and Saud-Arabia. Arni was not only a very competent structural engineer, but at the same time a very successful company manager, a very rare combination. In spite of all his knowledge and success, Arni was a humble person and could be approached for any advice. Speaking to him you would not expect him to be a person of such stature. His humility increased the respect others had for him. Arni was an exceptional wine connoisseur. It is reported, that his legendary wine cellar is the largest in Iceland. Arni was also a devoted sportsman and nobody and nothing could move him to postpone his salmon shing. He died during shing holidays in the region of his favourite river in North Iceland. Our deepest condolences are with his family, and wishes to overcome this dif cult and sad situation. We all will remember Arni with his typical whimsical smile. Study Committee B2 ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 64 LIFE OF THE ASSOCIATION Extraordinary found beyond boundaries through CIGRE SA WiE & NGN involvement As a professional engineer, some of the special phrases I have ever heard from other leaders were “being an engineer is a calling” and “engineers are a passionate breed”. I began my career as an engineer for investigating failures of substations’ equipment and also branched into substations refurbishment planning environment for a year. by Keneilwe Seleme My career journey started in a (then) newly established section in the Plant Management department 7 years ago. In the rst few months of arrival I was warmly welcomed by failures of at least 2 distribution power transformers, which absolutely depended on the guidance of the experienced mentors. Investigating failed equipment knowledge and skill expanded into investigating high voltage complex network interruptions, testing of tower footing resistance, substation earth grid, publishing papers with colleagues and assisting functional departments in the maintenance and operations space with training. I am frequently involved in technical investigations with original equipment manufacturers. I participate in Switchgear and Medium Voltage lines Study Committees and form part of the technical change forum for the utility. I am from ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 65 South Africa, Pretoria and I am employed by Eskom Distribution division in Mpumalanga Province. I was introduced to CIGRE 3 years ago as an observer in CIGRE SA combined feedback session. I was later appointed as a representative for the Transformer Reliability Working Group “WG A2.62” as a Next Generation Network member. The global chairperson Khayakazi Dioka of Women in Engineering forum introduced me to the CIGRE Next Generation Network. I was of cially introduced to WIE forum’s purpose and intention in December 2018. Women in Engineering forum’s goal is to globally in uence the development of women’s careers, enable female engineers to participate in CIGRE Working Groups by sharing their acquired skills and technical knowledge with colleagues and to eventually become global in uencers. The engineering industry was previously male dominated and currently the number of women engineers does not reach 50%. WiE has afforded me the opportunity to be part of the percentage that contributes towards CIGRE activities. As part of its developmental strategy, WiE has ensured its members’ exposure to functions of diverse engineering companies through arranged quarterly factory tours. Through WiE factory tours I have been acquainted with latest products and technologies introduced to Eskom. I have visited high voltage cable local factory, CBI and ester oil factory M&I Material in the last two quarters. It was also through the WiE forum that I was able to attend the South African CIGRE session in October 2019 as part of the NGN and WiE forum. I have had the opportunity to interact with professionals from companies and utilities who are part of CIGRE. It was a great experience to serve as both a WiE and NGN member in one of the important events in the engineering industry. My contribution to the CIGRE Transformer Reliability Working Group WG A2.62 is based on collecting transformer failures data, populating data onto a questionnaire and analyzing it. This is in line with my daily tasks and adding to my knowledge. I am learning about different transformer applications and combined factors resulting in failures. I collect data from different provinces in South Africa with the assistance of respective custodians. With all that being said, I developed a better understanding of the two special phrases mentioned in beginning. Being a female engineer in such a busy industry is indeed a calling and it surely requires a passionate breed. To all women who may be feeling stagnant in repetitive daily tasks, I would say “there is a better world out there named “WIE”. Let us be busy with achieving set goals and give the industry what it deserves and that is; our positive energy, skill and acquired knowledge we received from great mentors. I would like to thank the WiE forum for all provided opportunities. ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 66 What excites me about the future of WiE? I am excited about the fact that we are at the beginning stages of WiE and so much has been achieved. I am one of the blessed female engineers that was trained and supported by good male mentors; I would like to encourage our male colleagues to continue in the support of female engineers. I am excited that female engineers will be given opportunities to display their skill and competence with the rest of the world. I look forward to the uplifting of fellow women engineers and increasing con dence by participating in Working Groups and future CIGRE events. I quote another phrase from a book I have read, “Exceptionalists began as ordinary people”. This is where WiE is heading in the career of women globally. ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 67 LIFE OF THE ASSOCIATION Embracing diversity On the 1st of October 2019, CIGRE Southern Africa hosted its rst Women in Engineering Forum at the 9th Southern African Regional Conference held in Johannesburg. With this being the rst of many sessions to come, a crucial task was in choosing a theme that would be the fundamental topic in opening this forum and starting the conversation of women in the engineering industry. “Embracing diversity” to me has always been more than just simply accepting differences, but rather celebrating them. Nevertheless, as amazing and beautiful as this ideology is, there are always challenges faced when implementing it into our societies and into our workspaces to realise this dream. by Nadia Mahomed Electrical Engineer, Siemens Energy Pty (Ltd) J ohannesburg, South Africa 1st October 2019 The engineering industry is still primarily male dominated and women are often overlooked due to unconscious bias that has been embedded deep in our minds over decades. However, the message that was emphasised on this day was the idea of embracing diversity in the workplace to remove barriers and create opportunities. It was to create an understanding that to solve challenging problems we need people with different ideas, different approaches and different perspectives. These stem from who we are as individuals, our genders, our cultures, our religions, our races, where we come from and our life experiences. It is important to understand that by embracing these differences, we are unlocking great potential in individuals and organisations that will bene t us as a nation with a workforce that re ects South Africa as a whole. ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 68 The Chairman of CIGRE SA and the President of CIGRE International, Mr. Prince Moyo and Dr. Rob Stephen (in absentia), welcomed all those who attended the session with great words of encouragement, motivation and appraisal for the work and intention of the CIGRE Women in Engineering Forum here in Southern Africa. What better way to have begun a session with such powerful women than an opening address by Mrs. Khayakazi Dioka, who was introduced as the CIGRE International Chair for CIGRE Women in Engineering (WiE). She is one of our very own women in engineering at the forefront of introducing the CIGRE WiE vision and among those implementing changes in support of women engineers. ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 69 It was such a great opportunity for me to chair this session with a group of astounding women from the different sectors who are making waves in the industry and educational institutes. My panel on that day included Ms. Kehinde Awodele, a senior lecturer in the department of electrical engineering at the University of Cape Town; Ms. Re lwe Mokgosi, an executive director at Emfuleni Municipality and President for the Association of Municipal Electricity Utilities (AMEU), Ms. Bertha Dlamini, the founding president of African Women in Energy and Power and Dr. Britta Buchholz (video message), the Vice President Active Distribution Grids of ABB Power Grids. Each of these dynamic women gave their insight into the conversation of what ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 70 embracing diversity means to them and the initiatives they are involved in to turn this dream into a reality. This experience for me, as both a CIGRE Next Generation Network and a CIGRE WiE member, was a real eye opening moment in realising the opportunities available and the number of women here who have the expertise and experience to provide guidance, support and inspiration in developing my own career as an engineer and as a woman. The purpose of this session was realised through the energy of the audience and the abundant networking and interactions that took place throughout the session. This made me believe that the message of “Embracing Diversity” was one well received. The session was then concluded by the CIGRE SA executive board member who was the Chair of the organising committee for this regional conference, Ms. Sharon Mushabe. A key point that was raised during the session was the need to increase the number of actively participating women in CIGRE Study Committees and Working Groups. This would give female engineers the opportunity to prepare contributions and present at such committees. The statistics of female representation in CIGRE Southern Africa at the time of this conference stood at: 20% of the National Committee members, 12% of the Executive Board, 23% of the Technical Board, 44% of the 2019 Regional Conference Organizing Committee and 60% of the Conference Session Chairs. We, as CIGRE WiE want to drive the growth of these numbers through creating awareness of such opportunities within CIGRE and through building technically strong individuals who will make substantial contributions towards the engineering industry. This will take time, but we believe there is change coming. Platforms, like the CIGRE WiE forum, enable us to build agile individuals. Through coaching, mentoring, network opportunities with role model and senior leaders, an individual is provided with the opportunity to build both technical and non-technical skills, create clear goals, and develop a career path within the eld of electrical ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 71 engineering right from University level. It also provides a space to discuss challenges faced in the working environment and can inspire and motivate young women entering the industry both as a professional in their career as well as a woman in society raising the next generation. It is so crucial for women to realise how much we need each other and to realise the potential we have by building one another. This next generation of women have the power to push boundaries and impact the generations to come. Dr. Buchholz said, “… it has always been women taking care of the basic needs of their families. Electricity is such a basic need, so for me it’s most natural that it’s women shaping the power system, and especially women shaping the sustainable power system of the future”. ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 72 ANNUAL REPORT SC C3 Power system environmental performance by Henk Sanders, Chair & Mercedes Vázquez, Secretary and Flavia Serran, new Chair, & César Batista, new Secretary since August 2020 Overview of the Study Committee C3 SC C3 was created in 2002, with the main mission to present unbiased positions and produce approaches on power system environmental performances and impacts and their implications for management, construction, operation and investment decisions. Since 2018, SC3 developed a new Strategic Plan. The nal version has been approved in the last SC meeting, in Aalborg (2019). Main modi cation was the inclusion of a focus on “Sustainability”, that is now included in one of our Technical Directions (TD). This new focus shows the aim of the SC3 to focus on sustainability aspects and the increasing relevance of the concept within CIGRE. Including Sustainability as one of the focus brings to light broader aspects regarding social aspects. Sustainable Developments Goals de ned by the United Nations, include Affordable and Clean Energy (SDS#7) as one of the goals to be achieved by 2030. Therefore, the work conducted by CIGRE SC C3 members involves the environmental and social issues related to power system planning and to components and sub-system design and operation, focusing on “system” aspects. This work can only be developed with good communication and co-operation with the other SCs. 2019 Highlights The SC C3 continues to improve its presence and activity within CIGRE. As environmental and social issues have interactions with almost all aspects of power systems, SC C3 is constantly developing efforts to maintain and increase good communication and co-operation with the other SCs. The highlights of this year are the following: ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 73 SC C3 has been involved in two Green Books: green book about asset management and green book about the electricity supply systems of the future; SC3 is involved in the Africa project (collaboration between CIGRE and the WorldBank); C3.01 has formally changed into Advisory Group EMF SC C3.01: Electromagnetic elds and health; SC C3 has collaboration with SC B1, B2 and B3 through designated ambassadors. This experience has been observed to work quite well increasing interaction among SCs; SC C3 launched its second tutorial, about the work of JWG C3/B1/B2 “Environmental issues of high voltage lines in urban and rural areas”. This was presented by the Convenor of this JWG, Hector Pearson for the rst time in Aalborg Symposium 2019; Webinar about the work of C3.19: Responsible management of the electric and magnetic eld issue was given by the convenor James Hart. Due to the COVID19 pandemic and the need for everyone to take care of each other and be safe, some of our 2020 activities had to be adapted. The Paris session 2020 was modi ed to a digital meeting and the physical meeting was transferred to 2021 when will have our Centennial meeting in Paris. Our next SC C3 meeting will be held on line and we are developing efforts to organize everything to have a fruitful meeting. With the same objective, the ERIAC meeting that was going to be held in Argentina in 2021 was also postponed for 2023. Therefore, SC C3 will not meet in Argentina in 2021 as planned. Our 2021 meeting will be during the Centennial Session, in Paris, in 2021. Workstreams SC C3 has 28 regular members (including the Chairman and the Secretary) and 11 observers representing 30 countries. Since last annual report, SC C3 increase the presence of different countries from 24 to 30. Currently SC C3 has the Strategic Advisory Group (SAG) in place, comprising six professionals aiming to represent the diversity of C3 members, including gender, continents and type of institutions. There are also 12 active Working Groups, three of them approved in 2019 (WG C3.21, WG C3.22 & WG C3-23). The aim of the SC C3 is to start new Wrking Groups every year. New Working Groups New Working Groups, approved in 2019 that will begin in 2020 are: C3.21: Including stakeholders in the investment planning process (Renewed TOR of former JWGC1/C3.31) C3.22: Vegetation management in substations C3.23: Eco-design methods for TSOs/DSOs under environmental transition Ongoing Working Groups ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 74 C3.09A: Corridor management This WG was disbanded for a few years but TB or articles had not been published. With the aim to nish the publications, the TOR of the group has been reviewed and a new version of the group (C3.09A) has started to work, with some old and new members. The intention of the WG is to collect information and compare regulation, procedures, methods and best practices from different countries that apply to relations with landowners and environmental aspects of corridor management. WG C3.14: Impact of Environmental liability on transmission and distribution activities The aim of the WG is to create a reference document to enable T&D utilities to understand the possible impact (practical and nancial) of environmental liability and to have a view on best practices regarding prevention, investigation and remediation of environmental damage. The works are expected to be nished soon. WG C3.15: Best environmental and socio-economic practices for improving public acceptance of high voltage substations The Working Group aims to make an inventory of the best practices, options, and boundary conditions for the integration of substations in their environment. The resulting Brochure intends to be an international reference document to be used in the discussion with other stakeholders. It shall help to identify workable solutions from environmental and socio-economic perspectives and increase acceptance by local authorities. WG C3.16: Interactions between electrical infrastructure (overhead lines and substations) and wildlife The objective of the Working Group is to gather knowledge and best practices about interactions between electrical infrastructure and wildlife. The scope is so broad that a new group has been created and WG C3.17: Interactions between wildlife and emerging renewable energy sources and submarine cables. WG C3.16 is focused in OHL and substations dealing with all the aspects of the grid lifetime and WG C3-17 will address renewable projects and associated transmission systems, focusing on operational aspects, though construction impacts will also be considered. WG C3.18 Eco-friendly approaches in transmission and distribution The scope of the work is to focus on eco-friendly approaches in electricity transmission and distribution that require extra funds. It will identify the incentives and disincentives for such approaches faced by companies for such approaches, related to regulatory and other drivers as well as good practices in dealing with external in uences. ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 75 WG C3.19: Responsible management of the Electric and Magnetic Field Issue In 2017, the CIGRE Working Group C3.01 concluded that considering that electric and magnetic elds have been extensively studied worldwide, a causal relationship with any health outcome is very unlikely. Nevertheless, while the evidence falls short of establishing any adverse health effects, EMF can be signi cant in uencing factor for new projects. The subject requires consistent, open and responsible management in order to avoid serious implications for business. The goal of the group is to provide accurate, consistent, industry-wide information for guidance to the electricity distribution and transmission industry to address the EMF issue. This Technical Brochure is conclude and it is already published on e-cigre . WG C3.20: Sustainable development goals in the electric power sector Approved in 2018, the general aim of the WG is to develop recommendations on how the electric power sector should implement SDGs within their business strategies in order to reach a maximum contribution to the achievement of these goals. Ongoing Working Groups as per the Technical directions And nally, WG C3.12A : Greenhouse Gas Emissions inventory and report for transmission system operators (Re-start), that is currently in the approval process. The purpose of the WG was to review and recommend harmonized procedures and methods for accounting and reporting GHG emissions that can be used by TSO’s worldwide. ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 76 And nally, WG C3.12A : Greenhouse Gas Emissions inventory and report for transmission system operators (Re-start), that is currently in the approval process. The purpose of the WG was to review and recommend harmonized procedures and methods for accounting and reporting GHG emissions that can be used by TSO’s worldwide. And nally, WG C3.12A : Greenhouse Gas Emissions inventory and report for transmission system operators (Re-start), that is currently in the approval process. The purpose of the WG was to review and recommend harmonized procedures and methods for accounting and reporting GHG emissions that can be used by TSO’s worldwide. Events In 2019 SC C3 participate in the organization, in June 2019, jointly with the CIGRE Danish National Committee, SC C4, SC C1, SC C2, SC C6, SC B2, SC B4 and the Aalborg University the Symposium “Going offshore – challenge of the future power grid". The Tutorial Line Routing in Urban and Rural Areas was presented. The SC C3 Session discussed the Eco-design and environmental concerns, the social aspects (people). Five main issues were presented and discussed comprising new design for structures, recommended practices for safety, environmental regulations regarding new electrical installations, how to improve public participation and an experience in how to create a safety culture of “better together” and cooperation among employers, contractors and subcontractors. SC C3 was also involved in a discussion meeting with very interesting papers. The lessons learned from this event can be summarised as follows: Engagement of people (externally and internally) is crucial for being successful in all the challenges that the power sector is facing; Objectives from public is still one of the major problems our sector faces. Today we saw several ideas to improve public acceptance: from taking care of safety of all our workers to measurements for improving visual impact and from new methods for reducing environmental effects to the use of modern communication techniques; The importance of sharing also the failures/bad examples; Shortage of accurate data (bird collision and mammals); Working with SDG’s is helping on organizing and structuring the approach from the sector; The objectives that is set by national plans is creating pressure in the sector, there is a gap between the politics want and what the sector can deliver; Sharing is a major key factor for our future work (e.g. Information with stakeholders in early stage, multipurpose platforms). Conclusions SC C3 will continue working to improve and increase its contribution to CIGRE activities, with the aim to include the electric systems in the contemporary challenges of the ef cient use of the planet natural resources, taking into account a balance of economic, social and ecological functions. If, in the past, these challenges were considered as ideals or abstract goals for a distant future, the international community nowadays considers these goals as concrete and immediate concerns. The nancial sector is increasingly considers environmental and social criteria and standards in their investment strategies. Therefore, the environmental and social ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 77 performance, the focus of SC C3 work, contributes in a way that its members, companies and other professionals involved with the electric systems to insert its daily and routine activities in an overall context of challenges and achievements of our society. We are very grateful for all SC C3 members work and for the partnership and support of other SC and CIGRE. Thanks! ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 78 ANNUAL REPORT SC C2 Power system operations and control by Dr. Susana Almeida de Graaff, Chair & Vinay Sewdien, Secretary Introduction E lectrical power systems keep on increasing the level of renewable energy sources (RES) penetration, while the environmental and political goals are driving a discussion of energy system integration by coupling different energy sectors. There are initiatives to produce green hydrogen from RES, resulting in decreasing CO2 emissions and an increase of the available exibility in the network. Distribution systems are becoming producers and exibility providers, making information exchange and coordination crucial to keep the system security of supply. In 2019, during the Climate Action Summit the EU succeeded to call the attention of world leaders, from government, the private sector and civil society, on the urgency for action to address the climate emergency, and on increasing climate action with concrete, realistic plans in line with reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 45 per cent over the next decade, and to net zero emissions by 2050. This brings enormous challenges to power systems, and consequently, for system operators that need to keep the lights on with the same level of reliability as we have today. Therefore it is important to develop innovative concepts, methods and technology for system operations, increasing not only the observability but also the controllability and intelligence of the power system. System restoration and system resilience enhancement are part of current activities, to be able to recover and restore the system adequacy when facing high impact and low probability events, which seems have become more likely with global warming. With the increasing complexity of the power system, which is becoming more dynamic and volatile, system operators need to develop new tools, new training philosophies, including power system dynamics and stability analysis, in order to increase the knowledge and skills of their staff. System operators need to be prepared to operate a low-carbon power system now and in the future, and SC C2 is engaged in supporting system operators with this challenging task. In addition, when re ecting on the abovementioned challenges and looking at the focus of the current activities of SC C2, we recognise a trend of knowledge integration, where the cooperation and sharing knowledge among CIGRE SCs is becoming essential to correctly address the complexity that we are facing. In the end of 2019, beginning of 2020, system operators were confronted with a worldwide pandemic with a major socio-economic impact, especially after the beginning of March when the extraordinary containment measures were taken by Member State governments. All TSOs have as one of the main priorities to keep their personnel safe and healthy, especially control room operators and eld personnel, in addition with their permanent goal of ensuring security of supply. Power systems seem to be operating in a secure manner during this pandemic period. There was an impact on the load magnitude and shape in some more than others depending on the ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 79 extension of the con nement measures, but Covid-19 extraordinary measures may not be the sole factor responsible for the load decrease. Weather conditions, especially solar irradiation, also play a role, boosting the electricity generation of RES. SC C2 is starting initiatives to capture the Covid-19 impact world-wide. SC C2 Mission and scope The scope of the SC C2 covers the technical, human resource and institutional aspects and conditions for a secure and economic system operation of power systems in a way that is in compliance with requirements for network security, against system disintegration, equipment damages and human injuries, and security of electricity supply. Unbiased and high-quality knowledge dissemination to the power systems community by CIGRE Study Committees is a strong pillar for the development and performance of power systems, especially in the increasingly integrated environment. This applies not only to current but also to future power systems. SC C2 therefore needs to understand, use and integrate results from other Study Committees to assure that technical concepts can be applied in real-time in various contexts and implemented by the System Operators. An area which is unique for C2 is however the dependence on good performance of human resources in performing operational planning and real-time system operation. In these respects SC C2 embraces a wide range of competence areas and interfaces to other disciplines. The mission of SC C2 can be summarised in the following four points: 1. To facilitate and promote knowledge dissemination and worldwide collaboration in the eld of system operation and control, providing adequate conditions for progress of engineering. 2. To facilitate unbiased technical information exchange, integrating solutions and recommendations for system operations issues and problems. These rst two points are achieved among others by the publication of Technical Brochures and papers, delivering tutorials, and participating in conferences, symposia and colloquia. 3. To prepare for the foreseen future challenges by integrating and consolidating available knowledge, and taking into account the usage of new and proven technologies. For example, the joint effort of several Study Committees in establishing Joint Working Groups, where different expertise and knowledge is combined, as well as in writing multi-disciplinary Reference Papers. 4. To engage and encourage young members in order to increase their involvement in the SC activities. By integrating them into Working Groups, a bridge between the young experts and experienced members can be built. SC C2 aims to connect, when possible, a young member to a mentor from the same SC and NC. This gives the opportunity to support the young member's development in a supervised way. Structure An overview of the structure of SC C2 is given in Figure 1. The SC has 27 regular members (incl. 3 from distribution) and 15 observer members, 8 active Working Groups of which 2 are Joint Working Groups with other CIGRE SCs, and 3 Advisory Groups. ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 80 The Strategic Advisory Group, consisting of the SC Chair, Secretary and other SC C2 experts, deals with SC strategy and updates the scope of the Technical Directions. The Publication Advisory Group is responsible for the revision of synopses and papers for CIGRE activities where SC C2 plays a role. The Tutorial Advisory Group (TAG) coordinates the development, planning, quality assurance and delivery of tutorials for conferences, symposia, colloquia and webinars. There are around 170 experts from 39 countries actively involved in SC C2 activities. Figure 2 gives an overview of the geographical distribution of SC C2 members. Main technical directions SC C2 has de ned three Technical Directions (TD) to address important emerging factors that will in uence and de ne new requirements on the System Operation performance. ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 81 TD 1: Real-time System Operation and Control Wide area control, supervision and increased coordination: integration of regional and national grids into large control areas Operation and control of new technologies and system protection schemes Increased power system controllability, observability, exibility and exchange of information, both at transmission and distribution level: e.g. voltage control, frequency control Interaction between market mechanisms and power system operation, e.g. ancillary services and congestion management Operational real-time security and risk assessment Maintaining Security of Supply, Emergency control and restoration procedures and tools Information and data exchange in real-time operation The Working Groups C2.17 and C2/B4.38 address topics in this TD 1. TD 2: System Operational Planning and Performance Analysis Impact on system operation from new generation mix, storage and changes in electrical load behaviour Close to real-time operation, crucial for a successful and secure real-time operation, performed both by operational planners and control room operators Security assessment in Operational Planning, including coordinated activities Assessment of monitoring, control and protection functionalities, including development of new operational strategies Emerging Operational Issues for Transmission and Distribution Interaction Impact assessment on integration of new technologies Blackout integral analysis, defence plans, resilience schemes and restoration strategy considering the evolving environment Reliability, network security principles and generation and transmission adequacy Operational requirements in Grid Codes Information and data exchange in the operational planning timeframes The Working Groups C2.24, C2.25, C2.26 and C2/C4.41 address topics in this TD 2. TD 3: Control Centre Infrastructure and Human Resources for System Operation Knowledge management and Operator training Operator training simulator and other training tools Control Centres processes, methods, tools and organisation development Tools for decision support and situational awareness Integration and exchange of information in system operations and data management EMS/SCADA systems, speci cations and experiences WAMS system requirements and their integration within CC Control Centre reliability and resilience Information, cyber-security and other vulnerability aspects on control centres The Working Groups C2.39 and C2.40 address topics in TD 3. ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 82 However, it is relevant to point out that some of the WGs actually touch upon more than one technical direction. Working Groups Report Below a short update of the Working Groups active in 2019-2020 is provided. WG C2.17 Wide Area Monitoring Systems - Support for Control Room Applications The Working Group will restart to draft an additional Technical Brochure, which will continue the work already published in TB 750 by going one step forward in extending the monitoring to system protection and control. Therefore, after identifying the current experience and control room practice it is planned to describe a exible and scalable system architecture, identity possibilities for standardisation in event recording and analysis. Further on the process of WAMPAC implementation up to recommendations for control room measures will be addressed. Possibilities for the use of PMUs for special protection schemes (SIPS) and usage for interactions with HVDC links or inverter-based generation will be addressed as well. WG C2.24 Mitigating the risk of re starts and the consequences of res near overhead lines for system operations The WG C2.24 is made up of representatives utility representatives, consultants and academics, from 10 countries. The substantive work of the group has been in completion of a survey of transmission and distribution utilities on wild re (bush re) risk management practices. The group received 24 responses, some of which are from utilities with both transmission and distribution assets. Of these, 16 utility responses will be used to produce the Technical Brochure. Topics to be included in the brochure include wild re modelling, technologies for wild re risk mitigation, classi cation of wild re risk areas and coordination of utilities with emergency services ( rst responders). The TB is expected in Q1-2021. WG C2.25 Operating strategies and preparedness for system operational resilience The Working Group was approved in June 2018. In the meantime WG members are working in different work streams on the common understanding of operational resilience as well as identifying the most relevant high impact low frequency (HILF) events. In 2019, WG C2.25 performed a survey collecting information in relation to system operational resilience. 38 responses were received and analysed. The information will be included in the further work and provide relevant information for the TB. A short follow-up questionnaire is planned for summer 2020. As an outcome of the survey and as next steps a list of conditions and the associated operating strategies and procedures that have been developed to help system operators to systematically manage and restore disrupted systems to their normal or predisturbed state will be prepared. A CSE paper providing rst glance on the WG ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 83 ndings was published in June 2020. The nal aim of this WG is to identify and provide possibilities to enhance and improve current existing operational resilience. The TB is expected in Q1-2021. WG C2.26 Power system restoration accounting for a rapidly changing power system and generation mix This Working Group, approved in March 2019, aims to identify and manage emerging risks on system restoration, investigate opportunities for increased utilisation of new and emerging technologies during system restoration, and enable system operators and network owners to continue to execute a successful system restart when required despite the rapidly changing generation mix. The work carried out so far in this WG includes discussion on system restoration practices and challenges in more than 10 countries from those represented in the WG, the role of inverter-based resources in system restoration either as a black starter or to support system restoration, tools and techniques for analysing system restoration including realtime and of ine electromagnetic transient simulation and fast decision support tools, and physical testing demonstrating the capability of VSC HVDC during restoration. Emerging areas recently started include system restoration subject to cybersecurity, loss of control centres, and pandemic situations. Other immediate areas of work include power system modelling and physical testing to better understand the roles and limitations of various types of inverter-based resources during system restoration. The TB is planned to be published in Q4 2021, however, a delay of up to a maximum of six month may occur due to the impact of COVID-19. The TB is planned to be published in Q4 2021. WG C2.39 Operator Training in Electricity Grids at Different Control Levels and for Different Participants/Actors in the New Environment The Working Group started its work in August 2018. A rst task was based on a basic ve-item questionnaire answered by all members of the group, whose analyses and conclusions resulted in Document No.1 that clari es the existing situation on the topic based on the scenarios presented by the 16 companies surveyed. This document has its nal version ready by the end of 2019. During the preparation of this document, the group chose 9 items that were considered important for further details on training based on simulator exercises, including the processes and resources available and to be developed. These 9 items generated a new questionnaire answered by the group members. The responses received will be available to members and the new material that will complete the nal Technical Brochure will be prepared. The TB is expected in Q1-2021. WG C2.40 TSO-DSO Co-Operation – Control Centre Tools Requirements The paradigm shift in the con guration of the power system with a high penetration of distributed renewable generation connected at the DSO level creates a new dimension in TSO-DSO coordination practices and procedures. The role of this WG, approved in June 2018, is to specify a set of control centre tools and related IT platforms for both the TSO and DSO to manage and operate this newly evolved power system. A critical aspect that must be addressed is that the tools must enable a high level of cooperation between the TSO and DSO. Interoperability between the tools ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 84 should be developed taking into account different time-horizons (at least real-time and short-term operational planning) and different services. The Working Group will publish its rst paper at the next Paris session. The Working Group has 25 experts from 12 different countries and expects to publish its TB in Q4-2020. JWG C2/B4.38 Capabilities and requirements de nition for Power Electronics based technology for secure and ef cient system operation and control The JWG worked in two parallel streams, one to identify the operational challenges that are expected with increasing levels of power electronics and one preparing an overview of the capabilities of power electronic devices. The JWG published its nding on the operational challenges in the CSE Journal, Volume 17. Next, the JWG made a mapping of the capabilities of the power electronics that can help to solve some of the challenges. The focus was then shifted to develop an overview of examples and best practices, while the last part will describe how to prepare system operations for the expected large amounts of power electronics interfaced devices. Doing this, the synergy between the system operation experts and the power electronics technology experts in the JWG showed to be very bene cial. The TB is planned to be published in Q4-2020. JWG C2/C4.41 Impact of high penetration of inverter-based generation on system inertia of networks The rapid increase in integration of renewable generation globally has led to concerns around the depletion of power system inertia more especially when large eets of static renewable generation displaces the conventional synchronous generation. The objective of this JWG is to study the impact of depleting power system inertia and to advice and formulate philosophies for system operations in order to prepare for the ongoing energy transition. This JWG has produced two papers to date and has conducted a survey about industry experience on FCR, FFR requirements and minimum inertia levels. The JWG comprises 31 experts from 17 countries. The TB is planned to be published in December 2020 and a webinar is scheduled around the same time. Overall TB progress to date is at around 75%. The TB is planned to be published in Q4-2020. Past Tutorials & Webinars During the Aalborg Symposium, a tutorial was delivered on behalf of SC C2 on Tuesday 4 June 2019. During the tutorial the main results of the work conducted under Working Group C2.17 "Wide Area Monitoring Systems - Support for Control ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 85 Room Applications" was presented. Furthermore, on 5 September 2019, the rst webinar of SC C2 was organized. In this webinar, the main contents of the Technical Brochure (TB) 742 was presented. This TB sets forth a systematic basis for the classi cation, integration and coordination of stability control from a global perspective. The proposed framework integrates preventive, event-based, response-based, restorative controls with online DSA to enhance control adaptability and coordination. The webinar is available free of charge on e-cigre: WBN009 - A proposed framework for coordinated power system stability control Joint Technical Activities The SC also participates in other Working Groups that are being led by other SCs. SC C2 is part of Joint Working Groups C6/C2.34 and D2/C2.48 and C4/C2.58/IEEE. The SC has active liaisons in the Working Groups A1.65, C5.27, C1/C4.36, C6.36 and C6.40. Reference Paper The electric power system industry is becoming increasingly aware of the potential adverse impact of extreme events and physical and cybersecurity attacks on the power system operations. The High Impact, Low Frequency events and increased frequency of system disturbances caused by natural phenomena results in a shift of focus of the energy industry from purely developing preventive measures, towards providing and enhancing resilience of the power system. Working Group C2.25 produced a Reference Paper titled “Power System Operational Resilience – What It Means and Where We Stand”, in which a framework for quantifying resiliency is introduced, which captures the step by step assessment of resiliency in the process to achieve a desired strategy. The Reference Paper is published on e-cigre, available for free: CSE Journal N.18 - Power system operational resilience – What it means and where we stand - WG C2.25 Green Books SC C2 contributed to two Green Books. For the Green Book "FACTS" of SC B4, SC C2 contributed with a chapter on the operational practices of FACTS devices. Furthermore, SC C2 wrote a chapter for the Green Book on Future Power Systems. In this chapter, an overview is given of the current state of the art, including implemented processes in the system operation time frame (capacity calculation, security analysis, coordination, operator training, etc.), as well as expected operational challenges, trends and solutions to address these challenges. Both Green Books are expected to be published in August 2020. Publications ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 86 The following publications have been made since August 2019 as a result of work carried out by SC C2 Working Groups: Technical Brochure 778 - Reliability standards and market rules related to maintaining reliability and market CSE Journal N.17 - System operational challenges from the energy transition JWG C2/B4.38 ef ciency - JWG C2/C5.05 JWG C2/B4.38 is nalizing its Technical Brochure, to be published in Q4-2020. The WGs C2.24, C2.25, C2.39, C2.40 and C2/C4.41 are also nalising their Technical Brochures for publication in Q1-2021. Awards The following SC C2 members received CIGRE Awards in 2020: Paulo Gomez (Brasil) was awarded the CIGRE Fellow Award; Susana de Graaff (Netherlands) and Ole Gjerde (Norway) were awarded the Honorary Member Award; Renuka Chatterjee (USA) was awarded the 2020 Technical Council Award; Enrico Carlini (Italy) and Rick Spyker (Canada) were awarded the Distinguished Member Award. Workshops, Conferences and Seminars From August 2019 onwards, the following SC C2 members took part in events: Jan van Putten, convener of JWG C2/B4.38, delivered a keynote speech on 5 December 2019 during the IEEE workshop on Representation of Power Electronics for Grid Dynamics in London; Vinay Sewdien, Technical Secretary of SC C2, delivered a keynote speech on system operational challenges due to the energy transition for CIGRE Colombia on 13 March 2020; Walter Sattinger, convener of WG C2.17, together with several WG members had planned presentations during a Joint CIGRE SC C2/IEEE WAMS workshop in Arnhem on 18 May 2020. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, this workshop is postponed until further notice. Future Activities The next events for SC C2 are: 2020 CIGRE e-Session: The Large Disturbances Workshop, organised jointly with SC C5, will take place on Monday 24 August 2020. The following presentations are con rmed for the workshop: Topic Region ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 87 UK power cut (9/8/2019) – SO & Market aspects UK Day ahead market coupling failure in Europe (7/9/2019 and 4/2/2020) – SO & Market aspects Europe Blackout Argentina (16/6/2019) Argentina Hokkaido whole area blackout in September 2018 Japan Proliferation of shale gas in the US USA August 2018 System Separation Events in Australia – SO & Market Aspects Australia Massive System Imbalance Situations in Germany in June 2019 – SO & Market Aspects Germany Giorgio Giannuzzi and Cosimo Pisani will give a tutorial, titled “Wide Area Monitoring – Control Room Applications”, planned for 24 November 2020 during the CIGRE South East European Regional Council conference in Vienna. A Webinar of JWG C2/B4.38 is planned for Thursday 29 October 2020. During the webinar operational challenges due to the energy transition will be presented. Then, insights will be given in the technical capabilities of and requirements for the integration of power electronics based devices in the power system, with the focus on the usage of these technologies for system operation. The participation in the webinar is free of charge, but registration is compulsory; A Webinar of JWG C2/C4.41 is planned for Thursday 10 December 2020. During the webinar the presenters will discuss the impact of inverter-based generation on system inertia. The participation is free of charge, but registration is compulsory. Incoming Team After the 2020 CIGRE Session, Jayme Darriba Macedo (jayme(@)ons.org.br) and Flavio Alves (frma(@)cepel.br) will take of ce as the next Chair, respectively Technical Secretary of SC C2. Conclusions ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 88 In the future the integration of energy system will have an impact on system operations, and SC C2 will undoubtedly contribute to the developments of the future power system. System operation is at the heart of the power system and has a crucial role in "keeping the lights on". This is re ected by all the activities and active Working Groups in the Study Committee. As well as by welcoming and integrating distribution system operators, and in the more integrated and increased cooperation with other SCs, facilitating multi-disciplinary discussions, and opening the potential to provide excellent contributions to the CIGRE community. I would like to say that the four years in the driving seat of SC C2 have been a very rich and rewarding personal experience that I take in my heart. I would also like to acknowledge and thank with gratitude the active participation and support of all dedicated individuals that contributed to the above mentioned achievements, respectively Vinay Sewdien, all convenors, advisors, and members. I believe we have and will continue to make a real difference by improving and developing system operations further. Finally, I extend my best wishes to Jayme Darriba Macedo and Flavio Alves, as respectively the incoming Chair and Technical Secretary of SC C2. ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 89 TECHNICAL BROCHURE TB 804 WG B4.72 DC grid benchmark models for system studies HVDC technology is an increasingly important power system technology and the concept of HVDC grids has evolved rapidly, receiving increasing attention internationally. As more complex, multi-terminal systems are being built and planned, and even more complex grid systems are in discussion. To help achieve generally accepted standards, aid equipment interoperability, and support R&D in this important and emerging eld, a common set of HVDC grid benchmark models to allow communication, standardization and training is required to achieve collaboration in research and comparison of results. This Technical Brochure has developed, and provides benchmark models of seven candidate multi-terminal HVDC grids/systems. Reviews of the built and planned HVDC systems around the globe, and R&D literature, underpins the selection of these models. The models are described, sample results are provided, and the les for the benchmark models are given in a variety of offline and RT simulation packages/platforms. Convenor (CN) T. AN Secretary (CA) R. AZAR Secretary (CA) M. EL-CHEHALY M. BARNES (UK), S. AZAD (CA), J. JARDINI (BR), S. ELIMBAN (CA), H. YE (CN), C. D. HAN (CN), J. SERRANO (ES), A. MORALES (ES), S. DENNETIERE (FR), W. X. LI (CA), S. SANTO (BR), T. DOBBIN (BR), W. LIN (CN), H. SAAD (FR), J. LIANG (UK), R. T. PINTO (DE), M. OHRSTROM (SE), I. BELANGER (CA), H. DING (CA), P. YANG (CN) CORRESPONDING MEMBERS: R. FERRER SAN JOSÉ (ES), C. MUSSI (IT), B. SILVA (PT), E. GALVAN (ES), M. SZECHTMAN (BR), Z. Y. HE (CN), J. AWODOLA (GB), J. Z. XU (CN) Introduction HVDC Grids are today considered to be the most effective and promising technical solution for the connection of renewable onshore and offshore wind generation, remote energy resources, ocean power supply, sharing of energy storage including ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 90 hydro plants, as well as interconnection of AC systems perhaps even on a global scale. The concept of HVDC Grids accordingly is evolving rapidly, Nan’ao, Zhoushan and Zhangbei are good examples of multi-terminal systems/grid in China. The Luxi backto-back system and the Skagerrak 3 and 4 mixed VSC-LCC bipole demonstrate how LCC and VSC systems may be combined. For their continued development, the use of common benchmark models, with publicly available baseline study results, is extremely important, essential and necessary. This allows collaboration in research, comparison of results directly and effectively, and ultimately the formulation of common standards of DC grid equipment and operating standards. It allows the rapid training of engineers with public models that have been checked by a wide group of engineers. It also serves as a useful tool for the development of modelling of new control systems. Existing HVDC benchmark models have largely been point-to-point, with the notable exception of the HVDC grid test system produced by Cigre WGs B4-57, published in Technical Brochure 604, which has been widely used. This multi-terminal test system was largely created at a time when rapid development of offshore wind in Europe meant that multi-terminal VSC-HVDC was becoming an important topic, and the HVDC grid test system re ected this. Since then a number of other topics have emerged, such as collection, integration and transmissions of onshore renewable power generation over long distances, integration of the previous LCC point-to-point systems to form LCC-HVDC grids, the development of mixed LCC-VSC hybrid HVDC grids, AC system interconnections via DC grids, etc. The required modelling is discussed and various of ‘benchmark’ models are proposed in this brochure. The models have been modelled in a number of of ine and real time (RT) simulation packages and example results are illustrated in the brochure. Full models are also available online. While it is not the intention of this brochure to offer models for every possible case, there are suf cient variations to serve as starting points for many common con gurations under investigation at present. Scope The scope of work for the Working Group was to establish HVDC grid benchmark models to cover most of the different HVDC grid applications for different types of studies. This was based on the output of WGs B4-52, B4-57, B4- 58 and B4-59, and the test models developed and published by Global Energy Interconnection Research Institute (GEIRI). Both VSC and LCC HVDC grids were to be considered, and the possibility and limitations for LCC HVDC grid were to be addressed. Methodology The Working Group examined the various worldwide applications of LCC-based and VSC-based HVDC technologies, with the objectives of providing several HVDC grid models for most applications of DC grids. To do so, the following activities were performed by the Working Group: A global survey was conducted, the goal of this was to outline the background context in the wider framework of electricity systems; the basic information of existing HVDC systems; the potential applications of DC grids in most continents. ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 91 It also intended to summarize the documented proposed con gurations and topologies of HVDC grids for regional, long distance and other HVDC grid applications. A literature review of the existing HVDC grid models proposed by researchers for different types of studies and for different HVDC grid applications. as well as various small-scale laboratory demonstrations of multi-terminal HVDC systems that are available around the world was undertaken. This was based on the review of the HVDC grid related papers published mainly in IEEE transaction journals, IET journals, ELSEVIER journals and Cigre conference proceedings between 2012 and 2018. Based on the outcomes of the above two activities, seven HVDC grid benchmark models (six new and one existing Cigre B4 HVDC grid test system) were developed to provide uni ed study platforms to meet the needs for most different HVDC grid studies and applications. The modelling methodology and models of the key components (i.e. AC/DC converters, DC/DC converters, DC circuits breakers, renewable generation, and conventional AC equipment) of the benchmarks for load ow (LF) and electromagnetic transient (EMT) studies are introduced. The of ine modelling and veri cation of all seven benchmark models was undertaken by building their LF and EMT types of models with different types of software (i.e. MATLAB, DigSilent, PSCAD and/or EMTP) and the corresponding dynamic simulation results of two dynamic disturbances were conducted. Finally, the general details of models used to achieve real time simulation were provided followed by the real time EMT simulation models for BM1 to BM7 (excluding BM6) built on RTDS NovaCor simulator (BM1 to BM4) and Hypersim (BM1 to BM7 excluding BM6), and veri ed by two dynamic simulations. Survey and literature review As a rst step, a survey of global HVDC installations was conducted to assess the existing, planned and proposed (potential) HVDC schemes around the globe, along with their con gurations and applications. The global survey revealed that DC grids could potentially be formed in any continent, especially in Asia, northern Europe and North America, due to the growing penetration and integration of renewables, as well as the increasing necessity of power exchange between neighbouring networks and high-power transmission over long distances. It also identi ed the presence of multiterminal HVDC systems that are currently operating or in planning in China, USA and Europe. Potential DC grids are expected to be developed gradually from small scale multiterminal systems, of three to ve terminals, towards larger scale grids with more terminals. Such grids will comprise both underground/undersea and overhead lines with different con gurations and voltage levels. Thus, appropriate modelling of different potential con gurations is particularly important because there is unlikely to be a single formal ‘system architect’ of the whole eventual grid. For each region, the potential applications of DC grids were compiled as well as the characteristic requirements for modelling these applications. This was followed by a literature review of existing DC grid models and their applications, as well as of laboratory hardware test-systems around the globe. The literature review examines the existing HVDC test system from Cigre B4 and GEIRI models and their applications, the most common DC grid models used by researchers for different types of studies and for different DC grid applications, as well as various small-scale laboratory demonstrators of multi-terminal HVDC ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 92 systems that are available around the world. This demonstrated that a set of benchmark systems will be required to facilitate comparison of results from various DC grid related studies – the range of applications means that a ‘one-size- ts-all’ approach would be insuf cient. The applications of the Benchmark models (BMs) should include, but are not limited to the following: 1. Offshore/onshore renewable integration; 2. Feasibility study of Multi-Terminal DC (MTDC) network; 3. Interconnection of DC grids with different voltage levels; 4. Key DC equipment and components; 5. Load ow and electromagnetic transient (EMT) studies; 6. Protection and control; 7. Dynamic performance analysis and control; 8. Real time simulation of multi-terminal DC systems. HVDC Grid benchmark models developed The Technical Brochure has developed Seven (7) BMs as summarized below. BM1 - HVDC grid model for the integration of large scale onshore renewable generation This model represents a ±500 kV Voltage Source Converter (VSC) HVDC grid for the integration of large scale onshore renewable generation. A number of countries including the USA, China and Australia are actively studying the widespread roll-out of largescale onshore renewables, and HVDC transmission becomes economically attractive at distances of several hundred kilometers. The literature review carried out in the Technical Brochure indicated that the most common DC grid models used for the EMT studies are of three to ve DC terminals with one mesh and one voltage level. Thus, the model is designed for one DC mesh formed by the minimum three DC buses, but with additional DC terminals and including major different types of largescale renewables (i.e. wind, solar and hydro) connected to the DC grid (Figure 1). The model has also two AC/DC hybrid meshes and this, together with the DC mesh, is able to provide redundancies to the system. As it has different types of renewables connected together, generation has temporal and spatial complementarities that are useful in balancing the power ow, increasing the availability and reliability of the system. Moreover, the reason why the DC grid is connected to two AC systems (750 kV and 220 kV) is to increase the exibility of the integration of a local VSC DC grid to increase the practicability of the model. The model is suitable for (but not limited to) feasibility studies of HVDC grids for integration of renewables; EMT studies with the converters modelled in detail for designing and verifying the control functions of HVDC grids; impact studies of AC system strength. ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 93 BM2 - ±800 kV Line Commutated Converter (LCC) HVDC grid model This system is formed by interconnecting two existing point-to-point LCC-HVDC schemes. The interconnection of the two schemes is achieved by installing two DC lines at the both ends on the DC links, highlighted as dashed lines on Figure 2. If the power ow is kept in one direction (e.g. from left to right) the requirement of DC voltage reversal can be avoided. A number of countries have LCC systems connected in close proximity, not least China, and the need to study converter interactions or the interconnection of links is pressing. This model is suitable for (but not limited to) carrying out LCC-HVDC grid feasibility studies and studies on the different converter control schemes. ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 94 BM3 – MTDC system model for integration of small onshore renewables This model is complementary to BM1 and models a smaller-scale integration of onshore renewables with a ±320 kV system. It is suitable for (but not limited to) the same studies as listed for BM1 above. The model has an AC/DC hybrid mesh only to provide redundancy to the system – in contrast to BM1’s DC plus AC/DC mesh (Figure 3). BM4 - HVDC grid model for offshore wind power and offshore oil/gas platform connection Offshore wind power integration using HVDC is well-establish in Germany and is being planned elsewhere in Europe. This model was rst developed by Cigre Working Groups B4-57 and B4-58, and is already widely used. It covers a point-to-point HVDC link, a multi-terminal HVDC system and a meshed HVDC grid. It has two voltage levels and two DC/DC converters (one for different voltage level interconnection and the other for power ow control only) (Figure 4). Some potential for interactions of different lines types (i.e. overhead line and cable) has been considered in the BM by connecting overhead lines and cables in series. It is suitable for (but not limited to) for electromagnetic transient (EMT) and electromechanical transient (i.e. RMS dynamic) studies; offshore HVDC grid studies; design and veri cation of offshore HVDC grid system coordination control functions. ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 95 BM5 - LCC/VSC hybrid HVDC grid model This system is made of two interconnected small-scale models (BM1 and BM2), for the integration and transmission of renewables. If the LCC terminals are replaced by VSC terminals, BM5 is also a medium sized VSC HVDC system set for integration of local renewables and transmission of surplus power to a faraway load centre over long distances. The two HVDC systems (rated ±800 kV and ±500 kV) link two asynchronous networks. The model is suitable for (but not limited to) EMT and RMS studies; feasibility studies for VSC/LCC hybrid HVDC grids; studies on different converter control schemes; assessment of the transient performance of LCC/VSC hybrid systems. ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 96 BM6 - HVDC grid model for parallel interconnection of two AC power systems The BM6 system considers AC two systems interconnected by a multi-terminal grid in parallel with and HVDC point-to-point system (Figure 6). The DC grid in the middle is of 10 AC/DC converters, three DC/DC converters to interconnect three different DC voltage levels (±400 kV, ±500 kV and ±800 kV). A parallel top route is formed by three buses and is independent from the other routes. The DC grid is formed by three different DC systems, i.e. two local DC systems at both ends highlighted in blue (rated at ±400 kV and ±500 kV) and a DC interconnection system highlighted in green (±800 kV), providing multiple DC power transmission routes between the two AC/DC hybrid systems. Such a system might be a regional interconnection between two AC systems having a high degree of HVDC interconnectivity. A particular focus for the model is to study the use of DC circuit breakers plus the associated AC breakers to divide the DC grid into different zones and to clear many of the DC side faults. Although DC breakers have been tested by several manufacturers, the commercial availability of DC breakers is still a bottleneck in the development of DC grids due to the large size and expense of DC breakers at present. In order to provide a platform for researchers to study different arrangements of DC breakers to protect the DC system under different con gurations, the benchmark model is designed such that different DC system con gurations are included with a low requirement for the DC breakers to divide the DC grid into different DC zones. ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 97 BM7 – Large comprehensive HVDC grid model This model is comprised of BM1, BM2, BM3 and BM4 interconnected. BM7 is designed as a large comprehensive DC grid with more than 20 terminals, multiple DC voltage levels interconnected by DC/DC converters, multiple energy resources, to cover most different applications of DC grids and to meet the needs of most different research purposes. Due to its large size and complexity, it is not suitable for EMT studies which model all components. Some studies may wish to use detailed EMT representation for parts of the model, and simpli ed models for other sections – this was partly behind the thinking of forming this model from smaller sub-systems. It can be used for RMS dynamic studies, with part of the system modelled in detail; hybrid electromagnetic and electromechanical transient studies, with part of the system modelled in detail; DC grid planning studies; design and veri cation of power ow controllers; design and veri cation of DC grid system coordination control functions. ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 98 Modelling and veri cation of the benchmark models The load ow and EMT models of the seven benchmark models were built with common used of ine and RT simulation software packages/platforms named Matlab, PSCAD, EMTP, DigSilent, RTDS and Opal-RT Hypersim. The power components of the models are built based on previous Cigre brochures or on the most standard/general model available in the literature and the corresponding software packages. These are brie y described in the Technical Brochure, with references to literature providing more detailed coverage. They include AC/DC converters, DC/DC converters, DC circuits (both OHL and cables), renewable generation, and conventional AC equipment. It should be noted that some benchmark parameters are generic and will need adjusting for speci c studies. In particular this Technical Brochure makes no recommendations on protection strategies. In total, there are seven (7) model le folders containing 38 model les (i.e. 9 LF models under normal operating conditions, 9 load ow models under (N-1) operating conditions, 10 EMT of ine models and 10 real time simulation models), and one (1) le folder containing one excel spreadsheet le for (N-1) remedial action schemes and the complete (N-1) study results. The descriptions, software and sample results to allow users to undertake research and development in a common framework are provided in the Technical Brochure. This should aid innovation in this increasingly important eld. The speci c model les attached to the Technical Brochure are: ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 99 Load ow models under normal conditions for all models, in Matlab; Load ow modes under N-1 contingency conditions for all models, in DigSilent PowerFactory; EMT simulation models in PSCAD for BMs 1 to 5; EMT simulation models in DigSilent PowerFactory for BM 6; EMT simulation model in EMTP for BMs 4 and 7; EMT real-time simulation models for the RTDS platform for BMs 1 to 4; EMT real-time simulation models for the Opal-RT platform (Hypersim) for BMs 1 to 5 and 7. Conclusions The Technical Brochure has been prepared to help the engineering community study the important emerging eld of multi-terminal and grid systems utilizing HVDC. It provides a wide-ranging study of HVDC systems around the world, and literature on multi-terminal and grid systems. It summaries the present system models for HVDC systems and grids. It develops seven benchmark models, with justi cation for their choice and summaries the key results, as well as online models across a variety of off-line simulation and real-time simulation platforms. It will provide a substantial resource to help users, researchers and developers of HVDC systems across a variety of study areas. ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 100 TECHNICAL BROCHURE TB 805 WG B3.46 Guidelines for safe work methods in substations This Technical Brochure provides guidance for working safely during construction, inspection, maintenance and operation. The research by the WG discovered that despite intense efforts and improvements by utilities and contractors in recent years, accidents still happen. The TB provides a collection of examples and best utility practices from around the world. The key to a safer substation workplace is a design that can control the outcome plus empowering and supporting everyone when identifying unsafe activities. Convenor (US) M. MCVEY Secretary (GB) J. NIXON K KAWAKITA (JP), T. ABE (SG), E. BURT (CA), G. BUCHS (CH), A. CALAZANS (BR), J. CAMDEN (US), A. CHEANG (SG), F. FRAGA (BR), M. FURUYA (JP), J. HUISMAN (NL), A. ILO (AT), M. KATSUMATA (JP), L. KORPINEN (FI), J. MEEHAN (CA), A. OKADA (JP), S. RUNGKHWUNMUANG (TH), D. QUINN (IE), J. RANDOLPH (US), I. ROHLEDER (CH), S. SAMEK (PL), S. SHOVAL (IS), G. TREMOUILLE (FR), I. ULLMAN (CZ), A. WILSON (GB) CORRESPONDING MEMBERS: H. CUNNINGHAM (IE), J. FINN (GB), T. KRIEG (AU), K. WILLIAMS (AU) Introduction T here have been many books, seminars and utility programmes about a safe work environment. Safety manuals are full of rules that represent insight from the past performance of personnel that have been injured or killed. It is important to learn from the mistakes of the past, but trending and analytics will only take an organisation so far. In the last thirty years great strides have been made in safety performance and personal safety in substation work, but the struggle to move to zero accidents for most utilities has hit a plateau. The TB focuses not only on what the industry views as the best practise but also discusses human factors on attitude and performance. A questionnaire was distributed globally to known experts in utilities, engineering companies, consultants and academia, see Figure 1 for details. A workshop was also held at the CIGRE Paris session in 2018 were 84 global experts collaborated on ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 101 “Safety Culture” tasks. The information gained from both have been incorporated into the TB. The scope of the TB should provide ideas and topics that the participants in CIGRE across the world view as important for any safety performance. The goal of this TB is to provide guidance on ways of approaching an accident free environment. Design plays an important role in achieving this. Substation design is not just a function of correct electrical clearance but should be about providing a safe work environment. This TB addresses human factors in work and design, and shares a philosophy for the betterment of all, to have a safe working environment for substation construction and operation that ensures safety and wellbeing for all who interact with it. Guidance is included on concepts of good engineering and safety practices. All phases in the life of a substation are considered, not only when workers are on the substation site carrying out their duties but before anyone ever sets foot on the site. The TB also considers other people, potentially with limited knowledge of the electrical dangers present, who are likely to be on or near the substation during, and post, construction. Every worker at every level should have the right to say “STOP” when something has changed or is not understood. Management inside and outside the organisation of the party instigating the stop work should be supportive, as continuing beyond this point has the potential to end badly for all concerned. Structure and content of the Technical Brochure The structure of the TB, see Figure 2, follows the lifecycle of a project and that of the substation: ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 102 Before we begin any site work Looking after the public and the substation workers, no matter what their training or knowledge, is of paramount importance. So before undertaking any physical work, businesses within our electricity supply industry set out their stall; this is what we say we are going to do. Safety should be a consideration at all stages of a project, not just whilst the work is being carried out but from project inception through to design implementation. Safety aspects can be addressed before the site work stage thus ensuring hazards do not present themselves to site workers. The TB message is not just to reduce risk but also to consider mitigation measures that reduce the potential impact of an accident. Thoughtful focused work is how designers can in uence the safety of those who build, operate and maintain the substation. Utilities should employ a “Safety by Design” process for developing the safe design of its substations. The safety by design process should consider all possible scenarios and at all stages. Figure 3 shows types of examples that safety by design considers. ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 103 Carrying out the site work safely In order to implement sitework safely, all workers on site and utilities should acknowledge the risks of the work and remove or mitigate the risks before the work starts. A regular inspection programme is necessary to document the current condition of the substation. The TB provides examples of guidance on important work practices for safe operation and maintenance activities for the life of the substation. Ensuring we have the right people Any plan or project that is intended to be safe and successful must have a test for success. An accredited process to train personnel has proven to be instrumental worldwide. Professional preparation has signi cantly reduced accidents on and off the work site. The process should be rigorous and continuously updated and examined. The TB outlines a process followed by many countries and utilities to train, examine and record worker capability. Safe workers need experience and tools to perform. Skills and methods training must also involve attitude training. A list of activities is presented and should be discussed by utility workers and supervisors to share the best approach to ensure the maintenance process works and data is available to verify results. Learning lessons and preventing reoccurance At the end of each project or at the end of each phase of the works all utilities and contractors should go through a “lessons learned” process to evaluate what went well and what should be improved for the next project. It is important to include all stakeholders in the process to capture as much information as possible. Data and KPI’s generated during the works are useful to feed into the lessons learned process. Actions that result in unsafe work should be targeted and eliminated to ensure they are never repeated. Making actual changes can be dif cult. It is the most problematic part of the overall lessons-learned process and, therefore implementing change is the most important part which will require energy, determination and management support to be successful. Conclusion The WG believes having safety as the number one priority is essential to ensure the lowest levels of incidents and accidents. This belief has been validated by the answers and feedback received from the survey and the workshop. The WG recognises there is no hazard-free environment. Every work day, wherever we are, we are subjected to hazards that are surrounding us. How we complete the day with no injuries largely depends on our own awareness and taking necessary precautions. It is not just the management of the organisations that are responsible for the health and safety of everyone, but it must be emphasised that it is every individual who has the responsibility of ensuring he or she is safe whilst ensuring their colleagues around them also remain safe when carrying out their duties. Designers have the ability and duty to eliminate hazards, where possible, preventing them from ever appearing at site. ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 104 Adopting a great safety culture needs to become second nature. “Stop work” is a recent introduction to try and promote safer work and to prevent a potential incident occurring. This human performance objective must be supported at all levels of the utility, contractor organisation and the supply chain. At any level within the project organisation, if something looks unsafe or risky, the people involved should ‘stop work’. It must be recognised that intervening and requesting someone or a team to stop work takes courage as it can be intimidating. The management team in all organisations must be fully supportive of the safe way of working as a core value. It is not good enough to pay lip service to such an important subject. If we truly believe people who come to work each day, should go home in the same physical condition, then it is up to the management organisations to walk the talk and enforce the message that safety is the number one priority. When we have incidents our rst reaction is to amend existing, or introduce additional, procedures. These are “objective” elements. From the endeavours undertaken by the WG evidence would suggest we need to focus more on the “subjective” as incidents are more associated with individuals rather than the systems they follow. Feedback from the Paris workshop members was very “people” biased and not totally “process” driven. Change, whenever it occurs, can be problematic. When change occurs after the work has started then this can be a potential for an incident. “Change” does not necessarily mean something signi cant but can be subtle enough to make a real difference to working conditions such as; morning to afternoon, yesterday to today, etc. Life is precious, the consequence of an accident in a substation can be extreme for ourselves, colleagues, friends and families. Therefore, we all must take care of each other to ensure they do not happen, whether at the worksite or elsewhere. It is down to all of us individually to take ownership of the health and safety of ourselves and others. This TB strives to ensure the welfare of us all. ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 105 TECHNICAL BROCHURE TB 806 WG C3.19 Responsible management of electric and magnetic elds (EMF) This brochure provides information to assist the electricity utility industry in managing the electric and magnetic eld (EMF) issue. It discusses known health effects from exposure to EMF, the associated authoritative guidelines and how to asses compliance with the limits in those guidelines. There is a discussion on possible effects at levels below the guidelines, including the positions of key health authorities and guidance on how to effectively manage public concerns. The brochure also provides guidance on managing the risk of interference with implanted medical devices and details measures that can be used to reduce EMF where this is required. Convenor (AU) J. HART M. PLANTE (CA), F. DESCHAMPS (FR), S. NAKASONO (JP), C. WALL (AR), P. FERNANDES (PT), A. WOLLNY (DE), R. GRASS (US), A. DABIN (BE), R. ARTHUR (IE) CORRESPONDING MEMBERS: H. TRIPP (GB), J. SWANSON (GB), X. VERGARA (US), B. BAILEY (US), L. KORPINEN (FI), J. VARELA (PT), P. GAJŠEK (SI), L. DOMINGUES (BR), M. SOUQUES (FR), M. WALKER (NZ), T. SHIGEMITSU (JP), R. SAN MILLÁN (ES), D. GOULET (CA), K. GANESAN (IN), V. HØRLYCK (DK), D. LIEBHABER (US), G. OSTIGUY (CA) Background Both electric and magnetic elds occur naturally. Electric elds are produced by the local build-up of electric charges in the atmosphere associated with thunderstorms. Magnetic elds are caused by the movement of molten iron in the Earth’s core. EMF are also produced wherever electricity or electrical equipment is in use. Powerlines, electrical wiring, household appliances and electrical equipment all produce EMF. Guidelines based on scienti c evidence have been developed to protect workers and the general public from known adverse acute health effects. The requirements to comply with speci c guidelines vary between countries, regions and companies. ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 106 In most cases, EMF associated with the operation of electricity assets will be well below the guideline limits and compliance with the limits can be assumed. Exceptions could include speci c occupational activities near assets such as very highly loaded conductors, air cored reactors or air cored Transformers (Figure 1). There are also important safety precautions to consider in relation to workers with active implanted medical devices (AIMDs). This area requires appropriate policies, procedures and control measures within power utilities to appropriately manage the potential risk posed from high exposure to EMF in speci c areas of distribution and transmission utility work environments. Regarding possible health effects of exposure to EMF at levels below these guidelines, extensive research has been conducted since the 1960s. This includes over 450 epidemiology studies and over 1,600 laboratory studies. Based on the ndings of independent authoritative public health authorities, the body of scienti c research on EMF does not establish that exposure to EMF at levels below the recognised guidelines cause or contribute to any adverse long-term health effects. However, the possibility cannot be completely ruled out. In 2001 the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classi ed powerfrequency magnetic elds as “possibly carcinogenic” and that classi cation remains. Given the high standing of IARC, this classi cation often forms the main argument of opponents.While the phrase “possibly carcinogenic” can be interpreted in a manner that triggers concern, the underlying reasons for selecting this classi cation are more reassuring and consistent with the conclusions reached by other authoritative reviews. Concerns are also ampli ed by the way people perceive risks and the amount of publicly available information (much of it incorrect) freely available on the internet. ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 107 Several countries and regions have adopted precautionary policies and, in some cases, arbitrary limits below the recognised guideline limits. The World Health Organization’s advice in relation to such practices is that policies based on the adoption of arbitrary low exposure limits are not warranted. However, there are times when EMF mitigation measures may be required (Figure 2). Examples include complying with guideline limits or local laws, responding to concerns from the public and facilitating public acceptance of new installations. Adopting EMF mitigation measures in the name of prudence or precaution should be carefully considered and supported by effective risk communication. Such measures should not unduly compromise other issues and it cannot be said that they will result in any demonstrable health bene t. If not managed effectively, the application of prudence or precaution may be seen by the public as con rmation that the utility believes that EMF are likely to be harmful. Regardless of the extensive research and numerous authoritative assessments, some members of the public have genuine concerns about potential effects of EMF on their families’ health and potential environmental effects.Dealing with these concerns requires a genuine acknowledgement of the concerns and a factual, open and honest approach. Purpose and scope The purpose of the new technical brochure is to provide common, industry-wide information related to electricity distribution and transmission utility infrastructure to assist in managing the EMF issue. ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 108 The technical brochure is aimed at engineers and professionals within the industry who understand electricity transmission and distribution engineering principles. The content is industry speci c, and at times can be technically complex. It is not intended as a brochure for the general public. The brochure is applicable to power-frequency (50/60 Hz) EMF from AC sources and static EMF (0 Hz) from DC sources. It is focused on sources owned or operated by the electricity distribution and transmission industry. The brochure applies to both general public and occupational exposure situations associated with electricity infrastructure. Section 2 of the brochure provides background information about EMF and examples of typical exposure situations from electricity infrastructure (Figure 3) and other sources. Sections 3, 4 and 5 discuss the scienti c research on EMF, international guidelines and limits and methods for assessing compliance with those exposure limits. Sections 6 addresses managing potential interference with medical implants. Section 7 covers topics of public concern, precaution, key position statements and effective communication with the public. Section 8 provides options for reducing magnetic substations. elds from both powerlines and The brochure is not intended to cover Radio Frequency (RF) sources or sources within industrial, commercial and residential premises such as industrial equipment, electrical appliances or metering. ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 109 As EMF rules and regulations vary in different regions, the guidance provided within this brochure should be considered as appropriate based on local circumstances. Conclusion The electricity industry has been responsibly managing the EMF issue since the early 1980s. However, many key industry personnel have retired or moved on. This combined with the worldwide trend for downsizing and increased staff turnover has resulted in a reduction of knowledge and expertise around responsible EMF management. The issue of EMF remains an important issue for industry in terms of actual risks, possible risks and misinformation. The continued responsible management of the EMF issue is critical for ensuring the safe, reliable and cost-effective supply of electricity and maintaining the trustworthiness of the utility and the electricity industry as a whole. The brochure pulls together and builds on the work of many industry experts over the years, capturing lessons learnt and information accumulated. It provides a comprehensive and valuable resource for those responsible for managing the EMF issue, both today and into the future. ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 110 TECHNICAL BROCHURE TB 807 WG B3.47 Application of robotics in substations The application of robots could improve personal safety, enhance operation and maintenance ef ciency, and provide comprehensive information for asset management. This TB provides an overview of the existing applications of robotics in substations for construction, inspection, maintenance, and operation. It also presents the current and expected future trends in the development of new robot systems, pointing to the need for further research and standardization. Convenor (CN) J. FAN Secretary (US) S. SAGARELI L. LI (CN), T. SUGIMOTO (JP), R. ISHINO (JP), S. MONTAMBAULT (CA), A. RENTON (NZ), J. BEAUDRY (CA), P. PATEL (US), M.M. GONZALEZ (ES), X. JI (CN), R. GUO (CN) CORRESPONDING MEMBERS: G. MOTA (PT), A. SHAH (US), J.F. ALLAN (CA), Y. LI (AU) Introduction T raditional life-cycle management of substations requires signi cant manpower and is typically hindered by issues pertaining to ef ciency, consistency, quality, and safety (especially in high voltage environments), which can be further compromised by severe climate conditions and at dif cult to access locations. Substation owners, asset managers, and engineers are always looking for ways to achieve highest levels of safety and minimizing the costs of substation construction, operations, and maintenance. These goals can be achieved by employing robots. Rapid advancements in arti cial intelligence and sensor technologies lead to development of robotics, which could replace or assist people in substation operations and management. Some of these robots are already used in substations, with excellent results. This Technical Brochure (TB) provides an overview of the existing applications of robotics in substations. It also presents the current and future trends in the development of new robot systems. Scope and Methodology To gain a thorough understanding of the current state of research on substation robots and their applications, and thus promote the effective application in substations, the Working Group (WG) B3.47 was set up in November 2016 and was ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 111 tasked with the following responsibilities: Investigate and research worldwide requirements for the application of robotics in substations; De ne main application scenarios; Identify key technical requirements and challenges; Conduct case studies describing best practices; Identify standardization requirements and provide suggestions for the follow-up work. In order to get more information, a survey was designed for utilities and research institutes & manufacturers, mainly covering application scenarios, functional requirements, key technologies, current applications, and standardization requirements. The survey was conducted in 15 countries, focusing on those where substation robotics research is most advanced. Description of TB Historical overview Historical overview of the developments in the substation robotics is provided in Chapter 1. eld of robotics in general, and in Survey and categories of robotics in substations Chapter 2 presents results of the questionnaire that consisted of 54 questions, mainly covering application scenarios, functional requirements, key technologies, current applications, and standardization requirements. Based on the survey statistical data, we could nd the current application situation, functions and key technologies of existing substation robots, technological demands and development trends. To facilitate better understanding of robotics, a de nition of substation robots was proposed, based on the survey ndings and analyses of the robotic systems presently used in substations. Classi cations based on different criteria are presented to show the technical features that distinguish different robot types. See Figure 1. ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 112 Substation construction robots Chapter 3 is designated for in-depth examination of existing and emerging substation construction robots, as well as their key functions and technologies, bene ts and challenges. Construction using robotics requires precise three-dimensional data. As a result, after the construction work is nished, three-dimensional data is obtained as a byproduct. Three-dimensional data is useful for maintenance, planning and design when managing facilities and planning the replacement of facilities. Therefore, it is essential to be aware of the state of development of unmanned construction methods using robotics. Robots often carry out tedious and simple tasks. For example, a robot can be used for treating concrete walls and another for binding steel reinforcement rods. Substation inspection robots Chapter 4 is dedicated to inspection and patrol robots, including general architecture of robotic systems, current functionalities, and key technologies used in inspection robots. In ten years of recent technology improvement, UGV-based patrol robots have been developed and deployed in outdoor substations. Robots now utilize GPS localization and 2D laser localization, which considerably extends their navigation capabilities. Moreover, their inspection scope has been extended from visible-light and infrared monitoring to partial discharge detection based on ultrasonic and transient earth voltage detection. Thus far, over 1,000 outdoor patrol robots have been put into full operation worldwide ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 113 Substation operation robots Many other types of inspection robots have been developed in the last decade, as well, such as indoor rail-mounted patrol robots, valve hall patrol robots, PD inspection robots, and transformer internal inspection robots – see Figure 2. Many of these robots are capable of self-localization and fully autonomous navigation within substations, which makes them suited for autonomous patrol or inspection, as appropriate. Substation maintenance robots In Chapter 5, maintenance robots are discussed, including those employed for live washing and cleaning and other substation maintenance tasks. System composition, functions, performance, bene ts, and challenges of live line working robots are also presented. A live maintenance robot has been used to complete the post insulator cleaning, dry ice blasting, removal of foreign objects, repair of broken conductors, and other live work. Substation operation robots Chapter 6 provides information on existing and emerging operation robotics, such as breaker racking robots and robots capable of performing switching operations in remote unattended substations. Certain re ghting robot systems are also introduced. ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 114 A circuit breaker racking robot prototype has been tested, which could lift breakers exceeding 400 kg in the switchgear room by being manually driven in the control room. The robot can be commanded to automatically align with and pick up a breaker from the oor. A tele-operated patrol robot with a robotic arm has been developed to carry out visible and infrared inspection of substation equipment under a snow cover at -30 °C and operate a disconnect switch and other substation equipment by means of a mechanical arm. A prototype of an intelligent re ghting robot can operate in extremely high temperatures, as well as in toxic and anoxic environments affected by heavy smoke, to substitute manual re ghting operations. Fire ghting robot systems for largescale facilities consist of ying type reconnaissance & surveillance robots, ground reconnaissance & surveillance robots, water cannon robots, hose extension equipment, and command systems, all of which is transported in one vehicle. Figure 3 shows a conceptual image of their operation. Standardization analysis Chapter 7 provides speci c references to relevant IEC, ISO, IEEE, etc. standards, followed by national standards adopted in several countries. Based on these ndings, a standard system framework for robotics applied in substations is proposed, as shown in Figure 4. The standards for robots used in substations may include some general standards, in addition to those for individual robots of various types. Based on the lifecycle of robots, standards can be formulated to include requirements on system design, functions and performance, testing, commissioning and acceptance, operation and maintenance, as well as discarding and recycling. Priority should be given to standardization for robots with proven technology and clear user requirements, such as patrol robot systems used outdoors, to aid in more widespread application of such robots on a global scale. ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 115 Conclusion Readers of this TB will gain a comprehensive understanding of the current state of the art and research on substation robots and their applications. Bene ts, development trends, and proposals for standardization of substation robots are analyzed and presented. Robotics for substation being currently used and developed, include full spectrum of applications that cover whole lifecycle of substation from design to construction to inspections, operations and maintenance. In construction, their functionalities include taking measurements, 3D scanning, design, construction, and inspection, as these are the main activities targeted for automation in countries facing labor shortages and population aging. Substation inspection robots have been put into full operation for patrol and inspection equipment in outdoor and indoor environments, as well as in valve halls and inside the transformers. GIS inspection robots are being developed, and UAV-based inspection systems are presently being tested. Prototypes of robots performing water washing, dry ice blasting, brush cleaning, and replacement of drop-out fuses have been built and tested. Robots for autonomous breaker racking and disconnect switch operations are designed to eliminate the need for direct contact between humans and equipment. Fire ghting robots are developed to minimize hazards and losses caused by re. The bene ts of application of substation robots include improving personal safety, enhancing operation and maintenance ef ciency, and providing information for asset management. Deployment of robots in substations also provides an effective solution to the problems pertaining to safety, labor shortages, workplace hazards, and unattended operation. To improve product and service quality and promote global application of substation robots, international consensus standards should be developed through the IEC ISO, IEEE, etc. They should cover technical requirements for robot systems, and interfaces between robots and utilities’ infrastructure. This will ensure more reliable services, eliminate repeated development, lower the initial and maintenance costs. ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 116 ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 117 TECHNICAL BROCHURE TB 808 WG C5.27 Short-term flexibility in power systems: drivers and solutions The Technical Brochure "Short-term flexibility in power systems: drivers and solutions" explores the need for flexibility in the time frame between real time and up to 12 hours ahead in the future power system. First drivers are discussed, followed by a range of solutions. The main contribution of the report is based on a survey that was answered by 22 countries across the globe, about drivers for the need for flexibility, expected future providers as well as future market arrangements. The increased penetration of wind and solar PV are clearly seen as the main driver, while hydro and batteries are expected to give the most important contributions, however with some variation between continents. Convenor (NO) G. DOORMAN Secretary (SE) R. SCHARFF G. THORPE (AU), G. VERBIC (AU), C. DORNELLAS (BR), P. VALENZUELA (CL), C. CORREA (CO), L. RAMIREZ (CO), M. LAASRI (FR), C. HEWICKER (DE), J. RICHSTEIN (DE), K. PAWAN KUMAR (IN), J. GING (IE), I. ARONOVICH (IL), K. FURUSAWA (JP), Y. TAKAMIZAWA (JP), P. GIESBERTZ (NL), P. RODILLA (ES), T. PIYATERAVONG (TH), J. BLADEN (US), J. FRASIER (US), A. KEECH (US), J. LIN (US), A. TUOHY (US), C. WANG (US) The continuing increase of non-dispatchable generation such as solar and wind presents challenges for handling the real-time balance between production and demand. The growing deviations between forecast and actual generation ask for a broader range of solutions to ensure that there is enough exibility in the system to continue to meet that real-time balance. Flexibility is a characteristic of capacity. If we view capacity as the possibility (or option) to either consume or produce electrical energy, then exibility is the capability to use this capacity freely and to adapt the capacity responding to price signals. The more exible the capacity (in terms of lack of constraints), the better its ability to serve the short-term needs of the power market. ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 118 This report is about "short-term" exibility. It divides exibility into four time horizons inspired by (but not restricted to) the European TSOs' mechanisms for system balancing (from frequency containment reserve to replacement reserve) and ranging from real time to "short-term", de ned as being between 15 minutes and 12 hours. Flexibility aspects beyond 12 hours are not considered. Primarily through a survey, this report identi es future solutions. The need for more exibility is driven by a number of factors: The increase in variable renewable energy source, primarily wind and solar PV, including forecast errors and lack of observability Distributed generation and storage Decommissioning of conventional generation In exible dispatch of power plants Electri cation of transport and industry processes Outages Allocation of cross-border capacity While most of these factors are intuitive, a few require explanation. While storage clearly is a source to deliver exibility, it can also work in the opposite way if the dispatch is not aligned with the system needs. Allocation of cross-border capacity refers to how such capacity is allocated between time horizons – this is relevant where cross-border capacity is allocated rather than free owing in dispatch. If all corss-border capacity is allocated ahead of the delivery e.g. to the day-ahead market without the possibility to update scheduled exchanges close to real time, it is dif cult to use it for exibility purposes, which implies a local need for more exibility from other resources. Both these factor indicate the importance of market design. Outages have always created the need for handling sudden reductions of injections. This is not expected to change in the future, but large scale deployment of renewable generation with small unit sizes may reduce the probability of large single outages. On the other hand, large interconnectors between countries or to offshore wind parks may draw in the opposite direction. A number of resources to provide future exibility are identi ed in the report. These are characterized by their speed, technology scale (before aggregation), direction (up-down-both), duration and the need for time shifting. The report brie y discusses the various types of generation, being thermal, nuclear and hydro and also wind and solar PV. Subsequently it describes storage technologies: batteries, pumped storage hydro, "power-to-x" ("x" being e.g. gas, heat) and electric vehicles, the latter being basically batteries but with different characteristics. Another relevant resources is demand response, while transmission, although not being exibility resources in their own right, gives access to exible resources over larger areas.The gure below given an overview over the characteristics of the various resources. ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 119 A survey was answered by 22 respondents from ve continents, representing a wide range of power system and market characteristics. In the following, we brie y summarise the results of this survey with regards to drivers for the need for shortterm exibility, providers of future short-term exibility and arrangements to increase future short-term exibility. Drivers for the need for short-term flexibility The table below shows the respondents' views on the causes for the need for more short-term exibility, differentiated between the continents. The table show an average across all time horizons; detailed response per time horizon are shown in the full report. ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 120 The survey asked to rank drivers as "Low", "Medium" or "High", which in the table is equivalenced with "1", "2" and "3" and colours green, yellow and red respectively. So, 3.0 / red indicates that all respondents have indicated the actual driver as having high importance, while 1.0 / green indicates the opposite. The table shows large regional differences for some drivers (e.g. solar PV generation at the TSO level) but also regional similarities for other drivers (e.g. in exibility of conventional power plants). All responses were weighted equally – the answer from Northern Ireland had the same weight as that of e.g. India or PJM in the US. The values for each region are the average over the systems within the region and may hide signi cant subregional differences. Increased wind power at the TSO level and increased solar PV production at the DSO level clearly stand out as the most important drivers, closely followed by solar PV at the TSO level and wind at the DSO level. System level forecasting errors and lack of observability are seen as equally important, and clearly closely related drivers. Other important drivers are reduced contributions from in exibility of conventional power plants, as well as reduced contributions from those plants (assumed due to decommissioning), and increased levels of behind the meter generation. There are signi cant regional differences. Wind and solar PV at the TSO level were seen as very important in South America, and slightly less in Europe, but not so important in Asia & Oceania and the US. DSO level solar PV was seen as important in all regions. 51 % of all respondents indicate the importance as high and 20 % as medium. Other answers with high regional variability were "Changes in energy market design" and "Changing weather patterns", both seen as having high important in South America but less so in other regions. Differences across time horizons were not as large, but in general wind and solar PV are assumed to create most need for exibility in the time horizon beyond 5 minutes. The same is the case for all other identi ed options, although forecasting errors are important for all time horizons, especially in South America (but not in the US). A general conclusion is that the respondents expect the major needs for more exibility to occur in the time horizons between 5 minutes and 12 hours, and not in the shortest time horizons. This is probably due to geographical smoothing: although ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 121 the variations from individual wind or solar PV plants may vary also in the very short-term, this will quickly be leveled out over larger areas. In this context it should be noted that virtually all respondents were TSOs, and none were DSOs. Because the latter cover smaller geographical areas, they could be more concerned also about shorter time horizons (e.g. solar insolation variations on a particular feeder). An overall impression is that respondents in South America and Europe are more concerned about an increasing need for exibility than those in North America and Asia and Oceania. Providers of future short-term flexibility Table 2 shows the responses on the questions about expected future providers of short-term exibility. The highest expectations were to existing and new hydro and batteries, and somewhat less industrial level demand response and existing conventional fossil generation. If time horizons are taken into account, batteries stand out as the unambiguously most important future source for the time horizons below 5 minutes, with average values of 2.6-2.7 across all regions, see the full report for further details. There are signi cant regional differences. Expectations of hydro are high in all continents, but lower in Europe than in the rest of the world. Also expectations of conventional fossil generation are lowest in Europe, probably related to the continent's climate policies that imply decommissioning of large shares of such generation. On the other hand, expectations of contributions from wind generation, demand response and DC interconnectors are high in Europe, but less so in the rest of the world. Asia and Australia have high expectations from increased AC interconnection, which in Australia's case means between states. ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 122 There were generally small expectations of contributions from biomass generation, power to gas, hybrid exible heating systems and heat(cold) storage. The survey does not reveal if this is because respondents do not believe these technologies will generally not reach signi cantly larger penetration in the next 5-10 years, or that their contributions to exibility will be small despite their level of penetration. Arrangements to increase future short-term flexibility Table 3 shows the responses to questions about arrangements. Note that while values in the preceding tables were averaged over all time horizons, in the table below, several of the proposed arrangements are averaged only over relevant time horizons in order to reveal their real importance. E.g. droop control is not relevant beyond 5 minutes, and including all time horizons would dilute the real impact. The overall most important measures for all continents are: Improve functioning of intraday markets. Lower barriers for participants in balancing markets, and among these especially allowing more aggregation. Establish/enhance cooperation between DSOs and TSOs in order to utilize mutual resources. Improving intraday markets has very high interest in North America and Europe. Note however that there was only one respondent who answered the question in North America. Establishing intraday markets has a corresponding high interest in ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 123 Asia and Oceania (there was only one respondent in Europe) The lowest interest have increase volumes of droop control and reduction of gate closure times. In South America, there is generally little interest for any of the proposed measures, with the exception of increased volumes of secondary and tertiary reserves and DSO/TSO cooperation (medium). North America corresponds quite well to the average for most questions. In Asia/Oceania, there is more interest in new providers if droop control and secondary reserves, but also increase volume of tertiary reserves. In Europe, there is clearly more interest for new providers of reserves than for increased volumes, and there is more focus on increased integration of balancing markets. ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 124 TECHNICAL BROCHURE TB 809 WG B2.24 Dynamic loading effects on overhead lines: impact on structures The Technical Brochure provides an overview of dynamic analysis and its impact on transmission lines supports. Techniques for dynamic analyses to obtain line response under time-dependent loads are presented. The brochure discusses dynamic load events and transmission line performance. Examples demonstrate the use of dynamic analysis in predicting the dynamic response of line sections. The advantage of dynamic analysis is emphasized considering the perspective of the standard practice of transmission line structural design. Convenor, Author (US) L. KEMPNER JR Secretary, Author (CA) A. HALDAR F. ALMINHANA (BR), R.C. RAMOS MENEZES (BR), J.B.G.F. DA SILVA (BR), D. RICO (ES), D. BIEDRZYCKA-PIEGAT (PL), F. LEGERON (CA), G. GHEORGHITA (RO), J.T.F.M. GAIVÃO (PT), P. MARAIS (US), M.S. ERMOSHINA (RU), V. NUMMINEN (FI), T. OKAMURA (JP) CORRESPONDING MEMBERS: C. LAUB (CZ), D HUGHES (NZ), C-H. PARK (KR), K. S. HUN (KR), E. THORSTEINS (IS), M. RAVENA (CL), H. HAWES (AU), N. RIBEIRO (PT), N. LEMIEUX (CA), R. LAKE (AU), P. CHAPMAN (NZ), S. LANGLOIS (CA), R.P. GUIMARAES (BR), T. KAMIBAYASHI (JP), X. H. ZHANG (CA) REVIEWERS: GHYSLAINE MCCLURE (CA) AND ASIF BHANGOR (AU) Despite time dependent loads being treated in a quasi-static fashion, most of transmission line loads vary over a period of time, as illustrated in gure 1. Transmission lines are structural systems that extend over a signi cant distance and are exposed to a variety of meteorological, topographical, and geographical conditions. Examples of dynamic loads are wind, and wind-and-ice storms, as well as earthquakes. In addition to these events, there are other types of dynamic loads caused by conductor breakage and insulator string failure that can also impact the performance of transmission lines. ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 125 Dynamic analysis requires several parameters to be de ned in addition to the static structural stiffness. These parameters include component masses, damping properties, and the time dependent dynamic loads. A simple comparison of these parameters for a typical linear system is shown in the following two equilibrium equations for static and dynamic analyses. Ideally, the responses of all transmission line systems should be obtained based on time dependent loads and dynamic analysis, since this represents the real-world situation. This concept is not practical in an of ce environment in most of the situations, and therefore, simpli ed approaches based on equivalent static loads are used in line design. However, there are special cases when the designer should consider a dynamic analysis, such as for large river-crossings, special long span con gurations, or for new nontraditional tower designs. Additionally, dynamic analysis can be a useful tool for tower failure investigations to determine the ultimate limit states of towers, and to develop the load magnitudes for simpli ed static analysis methods. The transmission tower is part of a system consisting of multiple towers connected by multiple wire systems. These structural components have unique dynamic characteristics and can be subjected to different time varying load magnitudes. The ability to perform advanced dynamic analysis has been improving continuously over the past decades as numerical methods and computer capabilities are developed. Figure 2 depicts a ow diagram illustrating the solution types employed in a typical dynamic analysis. The two basic approaches that are considered in a dynamic analysis are linear and non-linear. The non-linear analysis can address large displacement as well inelastic material behavours. ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 126 Practically all structural loads applied to transmission line systems can be considered dynamic. This can be either in the initial state, such as wind, or sometime during the service life caused by ice drop-off, broken wires, or failed insulators. The main events generating signi cant time-dependent loads on transmission lines are presented here. Since wind is the most common source of dynamic loading on line components, the dynamic loads impacting transmission lines can be grouped into either wind-induced or wind-independent loads. The structural design of transmission line components is to a major extent governed by wind loads in most parts of the world not affected by atmospheric icing. These loads are time dependent, even though they are assumed as static loads, and their magnitudes vary vertically on towers and wires as well horizontally along the wire spans (Figure 3). Figure 4 illustrates time varying member stresses for the main legs of a tower responding to a wind load event. Traditional transmission line design standards adopt simpli ed static (quasi-static) wind models based on synoptic boundary layer winds originated by extended pressure systems (EPS), i.e. extratropical cyclones. EPS events are responsible for the strongest gust winds in many parts of the world. The performance of transmission towers designed to the appropriate extreme wind speed has typically been acceptable. It should be noted that although these models are widely used, and experience has proved that they produce adequate results in many situations. However, they cannot adequately either represent all wind events or capture the full impact on structures. ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 127 Most tower failures can be attributed to narrow high wind gusts exceeding the design wind velocity. A narrow high wind gust can affect a single tower, or both the structure and its connecting transmission line spans simultaneously. The application of a narrow high wind gust is further complicated by a lack of understanding of the characteristics of localized high intensity winds caused by downbursts, also referred as thunderstorm winds. In a transmission line system, there can be structures and structural components that may be sensitive to dynamic wind loads and in this case a full dynamic analysis should be considerd. Examples are large river-crossings and towers with unique con gurations. The application of wind loads to very long spans, with or without tall transmission towers should be carefully reviewed to consider any potential effect due to the dynamic response of the conductor system, or dynamic interaction with the “support system” of tall towers. Tower (tubular and lattice) members can also be subjected to wind induced vortex shedding vibration. In exceptional situations, fatigue damage has been observed at the tower member connections. ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 128 The wire spans can also be subjected to time varying loads and this can cause the wires to vibrate dynamically. Aeolian vibration is a high frequency low amplitude motion of the wire that can cause conductor fatigue, which is likely to develop at the conductor attachment points at the clamp mouth (conductor “take off” point). This type of vibration can also cause tower members to develop fatigue cracks and loosen connection bolts if the system is not damped appropriately. Conductor galloping, unlike aeolian vibration, is a low frequency high amplitude, primarily a vertical motion induced by a moderately strong steady wind on an asymmetrical ice shaped conductor. The conductor movement during galloping can result in infringement of operating clearances between wire phases, failure in insulator assemblies and ttings, as well damage to structural framing members. Wind induced vibration on conductor bundles can cause vibration problems that differ from those encountered in a single conductor. In addition to galloping and aeolian vibrations, conductor bundles are also affected by low-frequency “sub-span oscillations” induced by wake effects between the sub-conductors, and this can lead to conductor damage at spacer damper locations. Apart from the dynamic wind-induced loads, there are other dynamic loads that are wind-independent loads, which can impact signi cantly line components and should be considered in line design. These loads are: ice and snow shedding; conductor and shield wire breakages; insulator failures and earthquakes. Ice and snow loading events are typically classi ed as static loads. But after the ice/snow storm, this loading can become dynamic when the ice/snow sheds from wires in the full spans or segmented sections of the spans due to change in temperature. This loading event is called “sleet jump” or “snow jump”. Ice/snow shedding causes two effects, potentially large wire movements and impact loads. An ice shedding event can cause unbalanced bending and torsional loads on a tower that should be considered under these situations. Conductor breakage can induce large unbalanced impact loads on transmission towers and is regarded as the most frequent triggering event of severe longitudinal cascades, progressive failure of the line structures, gure 5. Conductor breakage produces shock waves that propagate throughout the line system (typically a line section de ned between two dead end structures). ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 129 In the past decades, several systems and strategies have been developed and implemented by electrical utilities across the globe in alleviating line collapses, although some of them have shown to have limited success. One cascading mitigation strategy is called failure containment design philosophy. This strategy is based on the determination of design longitudinal impact load factors and placement of towers within a line considering an acceptable number of cascading tower failures in the line section. Other cascade mitigation devices such as load control sliding clamps and load-limiting systems protect the supports from excessive loads by providing additional slack and localized dissipation of energy. With respect to seismic performance of transmission line systems to earthquakes, a full dynamic analysis is the only mean to investigate the response of transmission line systems (towers, conductors and foundation-soil interaction) to earthquake events. However, earthquake analysis is typically not applied to transmission line design. Historically, transmission line systems performed adequately to inertia loading during signi cant seismic events. Line support collapses have occurred, but these typically have been related to failures of the foundations from liquefaction, lateral spreading, or earthquake generated landslides. Another earthquake related failure mode of transmission line towers is earthquake generated rock falls. Although previous observations may apply to transmission line structures under usual conditions, it is recommended to carefully consider earthquake events for special and/or unique transmission line structures, such as large span crossings and/or very tall and slender towers installed in zones of high seismic activity. It is important to have a basic understanding of the parameters and modelling assumptions used in a dynamic analysis. The appropriate mass, damping, and stiffness of the structural model are critical to obtaining realistic dynamic response results. The effects of dynamic loading rate on line component capacity is also a very important issue. Rapid loading can arise from broken conductor loads, ice shedding, etc., and the question that needs to be addressed is how a line component (e.g. tower ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 130 members, insulator assemblies and foundations) responds to a rapid load event. Several structural systems and components have been tested to determine the effects of dynamic loading rate on failure modes. The behaviour of tower foundation capacity under rapid dynamic loads has also been investigated through full broken conductor tests on transmission lines (CIGRE TB 788). There is a signi cant number of published literatures where advanced structural dynamic analysis has been used to better understand the performance of transmission line systems. These investigations provide examples on how to carry out and apply dynamic analysis on overhead lines, and benchmark analysis in some cases. They have shown that numerical methods can be extremely powerful, i.e. they can produce highly accurate results when built upon a solid theoretical formulation and are properly calibrated using experimental tests. It is important to keep in mind that the equivalent static loads, usually provided in design codes, are derived to provide a similar component response as it would be subjected to a real dynamic loading. Hence, these given equivalent static loads are valid within a range of applications that satisfy the premises from where they were derived. The boundary between the range where they are valid and where they are inaccurate depends on the structural con guration and type of loading, and may be imperceptible by the industry and/or by transmission line engineers, who may not be familiar with advanced structural analysis concepts. In this context, structural dynamic analysis capabilities are an important tool to understand the structural performance of transmission line components when subjected to time-dependent loads. Structural dynamic analysis demands non-trivial efforts in modelling loads, member resistance, and structural response. To review the existing literature, as well as to collect the available information on the current industry practices around the world on this issue, a Working Group was created by CIGRE (WG B2.24), aiming to consolidate information in an unique document that could be a reference on this subject for transmission line engineers. Working Group members consider that the transmission line design industry will bene t as investigations and research continue to demonstrate the application of advance dynamic analysis tools to better understand tower/line system performance. The current studies clearly showed that a balance should be sought between impact of transient loading effects (short duration load with rapid rate of increase) on structural components and the increase in structural capacity. In conclusion, under the philosophy of the Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) methodology, the dynamic characteristic should be simultaneously considered in both sides of the design equation by using adequate coef cients to achieve a consistent design practice. Results of full-scale tests, researched by the WG on several components, strongly support this nding In this context, a CIGRE Technical Brochure is being issued addressing above mentioned themes and providing a comprehensive overview of dynamic phenomena impacting transmission line supports and dynamic analysis techniques employed to obtain line response under time-dependent loads. The fundamental concepts of dynamic analysis and modelling are examined. Relevant dynamic events inducing time-domain dynamic loads acting on transmission line components, especially line supports, are examined. A brief review of relevant published research employing advanced structural dynamic analysis techniques is provided to depict the importance of the dynamic performance of transmission line problems. Examples employing time domain dynamic analysis in predicting the response of typical line ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 131 sections to dynamic loads are also provided. These examples illustrate the usage of advanced dynamic analysis to transmission line applications. Solution procedures employed to solve the equations of motion in each example are discussed. The most signi cant modelling considerations e.g. element types, dynamic loading input generation, and boundary conditions are indicated as well the main analysis parameters adopted, such as time step of integration and damping values. The necessity of dynamic analysis is discussed under the perspective of the standard practice of transmission line structural design. ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 132 This edition is sponsored by ©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 133