ECE 2006 Theory and Design of Analog Filters Dr. Shweta B. Thomas School of Electronics Engineering Dr. Shweta B. Thomas, VIT Vellore Frequency Selective Filters A filter is one, which rejects unwanted frequencies from the input signal & allow the desired frequencies to obtain the required shape of the output signal. The range of frequencies of the signal that are passed through the filter is called passband & those frequencies that are blocked is called stopband. Types of filters are: Lowpass filter Highpass filter Bandpass filter - Anti-notch Filter Bandreject filter - Notch Filter Dr. Shweta B. Thomas, VIT Vellore Magnitude response of the filters Low and high pass filter The magnitude response of an ideal low pass filter allows low frequencies in the pass-band 0 < Ω < Ωc to pass, whereas the higher frequencies in the stop band Ω > Ωc are blocked. Opposite to that, the high pass filter allows high frequencies above Ω > Ωc and rejects the frequencies between Ω = 0 and Ω = Ωc. The frequency Ωc between the two bands is the cutoff frequency, where the magnitude 𝐻(𝑗ω) = 1/ 2. Dr. Shweta B. Thomas, VIT Vellore Dr. Shweta B. Thomas, VIT Vellore Band pass and band reject filter It allows only a band of frequencies Ω1 to Ω2 to pass and stops all other frequencies. Opposite to band pass, band reject filter rejects all the frequencies between Ω1 and Ω2 and allows remaining frequencies. Dr. Shweta B. Thomas, VIT Vellore Dr. Shweta B. Thomas, VIT Vellore Dr. Shweta B. Thomas, VIT Vellore Specifications for the magnitude response of analog LPF Dr. Shweta B. Thomas, VIT Vellore Specifications for the magnitude response of digital LPF Dr. Shweta B. Thomas, VIT Vellore Alternative specifications for the magnitude response of LPF Dr. Shweta B. Thomas, VIT Vellore Analog LPF Design Dr. Shweta B. Thomas, VIT Vellore Analog LPF Butterworth Filter Increasing the filter order N, the magnitude response of the Butterworth filter approximates the ideal response. At Ω = Ωc, the curve pass through 0.707, which corresponds to -3 dB point. However, the phase response becomes more non-linear with increasing N. Dr. Shweta B. Thomas, VIT Vellore Analog LPF Butterworth Filter Dr. Shweta B. Thomas, VIT Vellore Analog LPF Butterworth Filter For N odd, 𝑠 2𝑁 =1= 𝑒 𝑖2π𝑘 . Now roots can be found as , 𝑠𝑘 = 𝑒 𝑖π𝑘/𝑁 k = 1,2,…….2N. For N even, 𝑠 2𝑁 = -1= 𝑒 𝑖(2𝑘−1)π . Now roots can be found as , 𝑠𝑘 = 𝑒 𝑖(2𝑘−1)π/2𝑁 k = 1,2,…….2N. For N = 3, k = 1,2,…….6 (k = 1,2,…….2N). π π 𝑠1 = 𝑒 𝑗π/3 = cos 3 +jsin 3 = 0.5 +j0.866 𝑠2 = 𝑒 𝑗2π/3 = cos 2π 3 +jsin 2π = 3 -0.5 +j0.866 𝑠3 = 𝑒 𝑗π = cos π +jsin π = -1 𝑠4 = 𝑒 𝑗4π/3 = cos 4π 3 𝑠5 = 𝑒 𝑗5π/3 = cos 5π 3 +j sin +jsin 4π 3 = −0.5 −j0.866 5π = 3 0.5 -j0.866 𝑠6 = 𝑒 𝑗2π =cos 2π +jsin 2π = 1 Dr. Shweta B. Thomas, VIT Vellore Pole location for magnitude square function of B. F. (N=3) All the above poles are located in the s-plane and separation between the poles are given by 3600/2N, which in this case is equal to 600. To ensure stability, consider the poles that lie on the left half of the s-plane. Dr. Shweta B. Thomas, VIT Vellore Poles at stable condition Dr. Shweta B. Thomas, VIT Vellore Butterworth approximations for magnitude response Dr. Shweta B. Thomas, VIT Vellore Order of Butterworth Filter Dr. Shweta B. Thomas, VIT Vellore Dr. Shweta B. Thomas, VIT Vellore Steps to design analog low pass B. F. From the given specifications find the order of the filter N. Round off it to the next higher integer. Find the transfer function H(s) for Ωc = 1 rad/sec for the value of N. Calculate the value of cutoff frequency Ωc. Find the transfer function Ha(s) for the above value of Ωc by substituting s = s/ Ωc in H(s). Dr. Shweta B. Thomas, VIT Vellore List of Butterworth Polynomials Dr. Shweta B. Thomas, VIT Vellore Problem: Design a low pass Butterworth filter that has a -2dB pass band attenuation at a frequency of 20 rad/sec and at least -10 dB stop band attenuation at 30 rad/sec. Dr. Shweta B. Thomas, VIT Vellore Dr. Shweta B. Thomas, VIT Vellore Dr. Shweta B. Thomas, VIT Vellore Dr. Shweta B. Thomas, VIT Vellore Dr. Shweta B. Thomas, VIT Vellore Problem: For the given specifications, design a low pass Butterworth filter Dr. Shweta B. Thomas, VIT Vellore Dr. Shweta B. Thomas, VIT Vellore Dr. Shweta B. Thomas, VIT Vellore Difference between Butterworth and Chebyshev Filter Dr. Shweta B. Thomas, VIT Vellore Magnitude response of Chebyshev Low Pass Filter Dr. Shweta B. Thomas, VIT Vellore Magnitude response of Chebyshev Low Pass Type I Filter Dr. Shweta B. Thomas, VIT Vellore Analog Low Pass Chebyshev Filter (Type I) Dr. Shweta B. Thomas, VIT Vellore Order of Low Pass Chebyshev Filter (Type I) Dr. Shweta B. Thomas, VIT Vellore Analog Low Pass Chebyshev Filter (Type II) Dr. Shweta B. Thomas, VIT Vellore Steps to Design Analog Low Pass Chebyshev Filter From the given specifications find the order of the filter N. Round off it to the next higher integer. Using following expression find the values of a and b, which are minor and major axis of the ellipse respectively. Calculate the poles of the Chebyshev filter which lies an ellipse by using the formula Dr. Shweta B. Thomas, VIT Vellore Find the denominator of the transfer function using above poles as: (s – s1)(s – s2)……. The numerator of the polynomial depends on the value of N. For N=odd, substitute s = 0 in the denominator polynomial and find the value. This value is equal to the numerator of the Transfer function. (Since for N odd, the mag. Response starts from unity). For N even, substitute s = 0 in the denominator polynomial and devide the result by .. This value is equal to the numerator. Dr. Shweta B. Thomas, VIT Vellore Dr. Shweta B. Thomas, VIT Vellore Dr. Shweta B. Thomas, VIT Vellore Dr. Shweta B. Thomas, VIT Vellore Dr. Shweta B. Thomas, VIT Vellore Dr. Shweta B. Thomas, VIT Vellore Dr. Shweta B. Thomas, VIT Vellore Dr. Shweta B. Thomas, VIT Vellore Design steps of Chebyshev Type II (Inverse Chebyshev) Filter From the given specifications find the order of the filter N. cosh 1 1 cosh A N cosh 1 1 1 s cosh k p 10 0.1 p 1 0.5 and 10 0.1 s 1 0.5 Round off it to the next higher integer. Find the values of a and b, which are minor and major axis of the ellipse respectively. 1 Dr. Shweta B. Thomas, VIT Vellore 2 The zeros are located on the imaginary axis at the points s s k j k 1,2, sin k ,N The poles are located at the points (xk, yk), where s k xk 2 k 1,2, 2 k k ,N s k yk 2 k 1,2, 2 k k ,N k a cos k and k b sin k Dr. Shweta B. Thomas, VIT Vellore The transfer function can be found as pk s zk H s k 1 zk s pk N Problem: Find the transfer function of the analog Chebyshev type II filter for the following digital filter specifications. Use bilinear transformation. 1 H e j H e j dB dB 0 0 0.2 20 Dr. Shweta B. Thomas, VIT Vellore 0.3 Dr. Shweta B. Thomas, VIT Vellore