Consumer Choice
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A consumer faces choices involving many goods. A
consumer must allocate his/her available budget to buy
a bundle of goods.
We assume that consumers have a set of tastes or
preferences that they use to guide them in choosing
between goods.
Indifference curve – a curve that shows consumption
bundles that give the consumer the same level of
satisfaction
A preference map is a complete set of indifference
curves that summarize a consumer’s tastes.
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(1) Higher indifference curves are preferred to lower ones.
(2) Indifference curves are downward sloping.
a. In most cases, the consumer would like more of both goods.
b. Therefore, if the quantity of one good increases, the quantity
of the other good must fall in order for the consumer to remain
equally satisfied.
(3) Indifference curves do not cross.
(4) Indifference curves are bowed inward.
a. The slope of the indifference curve is the rate at which the
consumer is willing to trade one good for another.
b. Because people are more willing to trade away goods that
they have in abundance and less willing to trade away goods
of which they have little, the marginal rate of substitution falls
as the consumer gains pizza and loses Pepsi.
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Utility function measures preferences over a set of goods
and services. Utility represents the satisfaction that
consumers receive for choosing and consuming a product
or service.
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Utility is measured in units called utils.
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We measure utility in terms of revealed preferences by
observing consumers’ choices. Then, we create an ordering
of consumption baskets from least desired to the most
preferred.
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Revealed preferences – the best indicator of consumers’
preferences, holding income and the price of the item
constant.
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Marginal utility (MU) is the increase in utility that a
consumer gets from an additional unit of that good.
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Diminishing marginal utility is where marginal utility
declines as more of a good is consumed.
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Marginal rate of substitution (MRS) is the amount
of a good that a consumer is willing to consume in
relation to another good, as long as the new good
is equally satisfying.
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A change in income shifts the budget constraint.
a. An increase in income can be shown by an
outward shift of the budget constraint; a decrease
in income means that the budget constraint shifts
inward.
b. Because the relative price of the two goods has
not changed, the slope of the budget constraint
remains the same.
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An increase in income means that the consumer
can now reach a higher indifference curve.
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If the price of only one good changes, the budget
constraint will tilt.
Income effect: the change in consumption that
results when a price change moves the consumer
to a higher or lower indifference curve.
Substitution effect: the change in consumption
that results when a price change moves the
consumer along a given indifference curve to a
point with a new marginal rate of substitution.
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The movement from point A to point B is the substitution effect;
the movement from point B to point C is the income effect.
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A demand curve shows how the price of a good affects the
quantity demanded.
We can view a consumer’s demand curve as a summary of the
optimal decisions that arise from his budget constraint and
indifference curves.
When the price of Pepsi falls from $2 per litre to $1, the
consumer’s budget constraint shifts outward, leading to both an
income effect and a substitution effect. The consumer moves from
point A to point B, increasing his consumption of Pepsi from 250
litres to 750.
Note that at a price of $2, the consumer’s quantity of Pepsi
demanded is 250. At a price of $1, quantity demanded is 750.
These are two of the points on his demand curve for Pepsi.
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Suppose your favourite pizza restaurant offers a dine-in
“buy one, get the second one half price” special. Normally
you would buy one pizza. Would the discount change your
behaviour? Why or why not? What does “standard
economics” of marginal utility suggest about this
behaviour?
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