Army Vision: By 2028, a World-class Army that is a source of national pride
MAP READING &
LAND NAVIGATION
• MC(P), TRADOC, PA
• FMNE
Army Core Purpose: Serving the people. Securing the land.
Army Vision: By 2028, a World-class Army that is a source of national pride
INSTRUCTOR'S PROFILE
CPT JUNE MARK P MATUGAS (INF) PA
PMA Class 2008
Lanao del Norte
Schooling:
• Tradecraft Training
• Platoon Leader Course
• Scout Ranger Course
• Infantry Officer Basic Course
•Infantry Officer Advance Course
Previous Assignments:
• PL/Ex-O, “B” Coy, 4IB, 2ID
• CO, “B” Coy, 4IB, 2ID
• S2 / S7 4IB, 2ID
• S1 / S3 2MIB, 2ID
• S3 1DTS, 1ID PA
• S3 TFZ, 1ID PA
• Head Basic
Department
• Course Director:
IOAC 150-20
Army Core Purpose: Serving the people. Securing the land.
Honor. Patriotism. Duty.
Army Vision: By 2028, a World-class Army that is a source of national pride
ROADMAP
 Review of Map Reading and Land
Navigation
 Perform different methods of
locating points
Army Core Purpose: Serving the people. Securing the land.
Army Vision: By 2028, a World-class Army that is a source of national pride
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the session, the
learners will be able to apply the
advance procedures and techniques
in Map Reading and Land Navigation.
Army Core Purpose: Serving the people. Securing the land.
Army Vision: By 2028, a World-class Army that is a source of national pride
CLASSROOM RULES
 Exercise academic freedom
 Raise your concerns anytime.
 Please go out silently to attend personal necessity
 Drinks and foods are authorized.
 (Mobile phones should be in silent mode.)
Army Core Purpose: Serving the people. Securing the land.
Army Vision: By 2028, a World-class Army that is a source of national pride
NEW NORMAL PROCEDURES
Army Core Purpose: Serving the people. Securing the land.
Army Vision: By 2028, a World-class Army that is a source of national pride
REFERENCE
SP 8-032
MAP READING AND LAND NAVIGATION
Army Core Purpose: Serving the people. Securing the land.
MAP
- is a graphic representation of a
portion of the earth's surface drawn
to scale, as seen from above.
-. It uses colors, symbols, and labels
to represent features found on the
ground.
Purpose of Map
• Provides information on the existence of
and the distance between ground
features
• Indicates variation in terrain, heights of
natural features and the extent of
vegetation.
CATEGORIES
A.
SCALE
- the ratio or fraction between the
distance on a map and the corresponding
distance on the surface of the earth
B. TYPE -
Map categorized according to its
purpose or the manner it was made. Maps
produced by other government agencies or
civilian entities
ENGINEER 10
CATEGORIES
SCALE
1. SMALL SCALE - 1:1,000,000 & SMALLER
•
•
used for general planning and for strategic studies
standard SMALL-scale map is 1:1,000,000.
2. MEDIUM SCALE – 1:75,000-1:1,000,000
•
•
used for operational planning
standard medium-scale map is 1:250,000.
3. LARGE SCALE - 1:75,000 & LARGER
•
used for tactical, administrative, and logistical planning
•
STANDARD LARGE-SCALE IS 1:50,000
SMALL
1:1,000,000 & smaller
MEDIUM
1:75,000 1:1,000,000
LARGE SCALE
1:75,000 & LARGER
BY TYPE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
PLANIMETRIC
TOPOGRAPHIC
PHOTOMAP
JOINT OPERATIONS GRAPHIC
PHOTOMOSAIC
TERRAIN MODEL
MILITARY CITY MAPS
SPECIAL MAPS
PLANIMETRIC
MAP
Presents only
positions
for
represented.
the horizontal
the
features
TOPOGRAPHIC MAP
-Portrays terrain features
in a measurable way
(usually through use of
contour lines)
-Shows both horizontal
and vertical positions of
the features represented.
topographic maps
PHOTOMAP
A reproduction of an aerial photograph
upon which grid lines, marginal data,
place names, route numbers, important
elevations, boundaries, and approximate
scale and direction have been added.
JOINT OPERATIONS GRAPHICS
Maps based on the format of standard
1:250,000
medium-scale
military
topographic
maps
that
contain
additional information needed in joint
air-ground operations
TERRAIN MODEL
• A scale model of the terrain showing
features, and in large-scale models showing
industrial and cultural shapes.
• It provides a means for visualizing the
terrain for planning or indoctrination
purposes and for briefing operations.
MILITARY CITY MAP
A topographic map (usually at 1:12,550
scale, sometimes up to 1:5,000), showing the
details of a city
SPECIAL MAPS
Maps for special purposes, such as trafficability,
communications, and assault maps
MARGINAL INFORMATION
ARE INFORMATIONS AND
INSTRUCTIONS WRITTEN ON
THE OUTER EDGE OF THE MAP
GENERAL TINIO
SHEET NAME
TITLE OF THE MAP AND IS NAMED AFTER THE
LARGEST GEOGRAPHICAL AREA PRESENTED
GENERAL TINIO
SHEET
7273 IV
SHEET NUMBER
used as a reference number for the map
sheet
7273 IV
PHILIPPINES
SERIES NAME
- Usually includes a group of similar maps
at the same scale and on the same sheet
lines or format designed to cover a particular
geographic area
- the name given to the series is generally
that of a major political subdivision.
PHILIPPINES
1:50,000
MAP SCALE
A representative fraction that gives the ratio of a
map distance to the corresponding distance
on the earth's surface.
1:50,000
SERIES
S701
SERIES NUMBER
- It is a sequence reference expressed either
as a four-digit numeral (1501) or as a letter,
followed by a three- or four-digit numeral
(S711, S701, etc). In the regional grouping of
allied mapping projects, our map series was
designated “S”.
SERIES
S701
MARGINAL INFORMATION
Example: S701
S - is for World Series
7 - is for Scale of the map as follows;
8 - 1:25,000
7 - 1:50,000
6 - 1:100,000
0 - is for Sub Geographical area as follows:
0 - Philippines
1 - Luzon
2 - Visayas
3 - Panay
4 - Sulu
5 - Mindanao
EDITION
3-AFPMAC
EDITION NUMBER
Editions
are
numbered
consecutively; the highest numbered
sheet is the most recent.
EDITION
3-AFPMAC
INDEX TO BOUNDARIES
Is a miniature of the map that shows the
boundaries that occurA within the map area,
such as provincial and city boundaries.
PHILIPPINES
A. PROVINCE OF NUEVA ECIJA
B. PROVINCE OF BULACAN
B
ADJOINING SHEETS DIAGRAM
The
diagram
usually
contains
nine rectangles that
represents
the
adjoining
sheets
surrounding
your
map.
All
represented sheets
are identified by
their sheet numbers.
7174 II 7274 III 7274 II
7173 I
7273 IV
7273 I
7173 II 7273 III 7273 II
DECLINATION DIAGRAM
Indicates the
angular
relationships
of true north,
grid north &
magnetic north
BAR SCALE
Are rulers used to convert map
distance to ground distance
CONTOUR INTERVAL NOTE
It states the vertical distance between
adjacent contour lines of the map
CONTOUR INTERVAL 20 METERS
SUPPLEMENTARY CONTOUR 5 AND 10 METERS
ENGINEER 33
GRID REFERENCE BOX
Contains instructions for composing a grid
reference.
UNIT IMPRINT
Identifies the agency that prepared and
printed the map with its respective symbol.
This information is important to the map user
in evaluating the reliability of the map
LEGEND
Illustrates and identifies the topographic
symbols used to depict some of the more
prominent features on the map. The symbols
are not always the same on every map.
TOPOGRAPHIC SYMBOLS
REPRESENTS THE NATURAL AND MAN MADE
FEATURES OF THE EARTH’S SURFACE
TOPOGRAPHIC SYMBOLS
HOUSE
BUILDING
SCHOOL
QUARRY
TRAIL
FOOTPATH
BRIDGE
BUILT UP
AREA
TOPO SYMBOLS USED ARE DEPICTED ON THE LEGEND
STANDARD COLORS OF
TOPOGRAPHIC SYMBOLS
BLACK.
REDDISH BROWN
BLUE
GREEN
BROWN
RED
COLORS USED IN CONVENTIONAL SIGNS
RED
depicts
classification
of roads, builtup areas &
special
features
BLUE – Water Features
(Hydrography)
ENGINEER 41
GREEN - represents vegetation
ENGINEER 42
BLACK represents man-made
objects, ie. Buildings,
tower,etc
ENGINEER 43
BROWN depicts
relief and
elevation
such as
contours on
older maps
ENGINEER 44
GRIDS
• GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATES
(LATITUDE/LONGITUDE)
• MILITARY GRID REFERENCE SYSTEM
(MGRS)
• Are series of straight lines intersecting at
right angles forming squares. It permits
linear or angular measurement from
known reference lines.
GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATES
• ONE OF THE OLDEST SYSTEMATIC METHOD OF
LOCATION
• EXPRESSED IN ANGULAR MEASUREMENT
REFERENCE LINES
EQUATOR- THE LINE
THAT BISECTS THE
GLOBE HORIZONTALLY
PRIME MERIDIAN – IS A
NORTH- SOUTH LINE
THAT RUNS THROUGH
GREENWICH, ENGLAND
REFERENCE LINES
PARALLEL-
the
rings
around the earth parallel
to the equator
MERIDIAN – The ring
around the globe at right
angles with the parallel
passing through the
poles.
GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATES
Geographic grids are intersecting lines
drawn on maps and globes
Longitude
Latitude
LATITUDE
IS THE DISTANCE OF A
North or south OF
POINT _____________
Equator
THE ______________
LONGITUDE
IS
THE
DISTANCE
East or West
_________________
Prime Meridian
__________________
OF
A
OF
POINT
THE
GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATES
ON A LARGE SCALE MAP
Army Vision: “By 2028, a world class army that is a source of national pride”
5
9
MILITARY GRID REFERENCE SYSTEM
THE UTM GRID
GRID ZONE DESIGNATION - 51P
100,000 METER SQUARE IDTT
10,000 METER SQUARE
12
1,000 METER SQUARE ( 4 DIGIT)
1020
100 METERS
( 6 DIGITS)
102205
10 METERS
(8 DIGITS)
10262053
1 METER
(10 DIGITS)
102680537
COMPLETED GC: (15DIGITS) 51PTT102680537
MILITARY GRID REFERENCE
SYSTEM (MGRS) DATA
Grid zone designation
Example: 51P
100,000 - meter square identification
Example: TT
Grid Coordinates
– Nearest 1,000 meters (Four digits)
– Nearest 100 meters (Six digits)
– Nearest 10 meters (Eight digits)
MILITARY GRID REFERENCE SYSTEM
WHILE THE FOLLOWING DATA WILL BE OBTAINED BY THE MAP
USER FROM THE MAP USING THE PRINCIPLE READ RIGHT- UP:
1,000 METER SQUARE ( 4 DIGIT)
1020
100 METERS
( 6 DIGITS)
102205
10 METERS
(8 DIGITS)
10262053
1 METER
(10 DIGITS)
1026805371
PRINCIPLE IN READING MAP COORDINATES
READ “RIGHT-UP”
RIGHT -OBJECTIVE SHOULD BE
TO THE
RIGHT OF THE VERTICAL GRID LINE
UP-
OBJECTIVE IS ABOVE THE HORIZONTAL
GRID LINE
PRINCIPLE IN READING MAP
COORDINATES
READ “RIGHT-UP”
RIGHT -1ST HALF OF THE COORDINATE AND IS THE NUMBER
OF THE NORTH-SOUTH GRIDLINE WHERE THE OBJ IS TO
THE RIGHT.
UP- 2ND HALF OF THE COORDINATE AND IS THE NUMBER OF
THE EAST WEST GRID LINE ( OBJ IS ABOVE THE LINE).
ENGINEER 70
PRINCIPLE IN READING MAP
COORDINATES
NEAREST TO 1000 M
NEAREST TO 100 M
NEAREST TO 10 M
9805
983057
98320579
DIRECTIONS
ENGINEER 79
DIRECTIONS
EXPRESSED AS UNITS OF ANGULAR MEASURE
ENGINEER 80
Methods of expressing Direction
Degree - the most common unit of measure
– 360 DEGREES IN A CIRCLE
Mil - abbreviated as “m”
– used in artillery, tank & mortar gunnery.
– circle is divided into 6,400 angles
Grad - is a metric unit of measure
– There are 400 grads in a circle.
ENGINEER 81
DEGREE
360 DEGREES IN A CIRCLE
1° = 60’
1’ =
60 “
0°
360°
270°
90°
180°
ENGINEER 82
Base Lines
ENGINEER 83
60°
45°
30°
90°
165°
TRUE NORTH
180°
INDICATED BY
LONGITUDES ON
165° THE GLOBE
15°
150°
135°
0°
15°
30° 45° 60° 75° 90°
120°
105°
ENGINEER 84
5’
10’
121°00’
121°15’
15°30’
15°30’
25’
25’
20’
20’
15°15’
15°15’
5’
121°00’
10’
121°15’
GRID NORTH -
INDICATED BY THE
NORTH-SOUTH
(VERTICAL )GRID LINES ON THE MAP
ENGINEER 86
ENGINEER 87
MAGNETIC NORTH - INDICATED BY THE
NORTH SEEKING NEEDLE OF THE
MAGNETIC INSTRUMENT (COMPASS)
ENGINEER 88
AZIMUTH
IS AN ANGLE MEASURED CLOCKWISE FROM A
NORTH BASE LINE 0°
360°
270°
90°
180°
ENGINEER 89
BEARING
IS AN ANGLE MEASURED CLOCKWISE OR
COUNTERCLOCKWISE FROM A NORTH OR SOUTH
BASELINE
N
N 65° E
0°
N 45° W
AZI = 65 °
AZI = 315 °
65°
45°
W 90°
90° E
40°
60°
S 60° W
AZI = 240 °
S 40° E
AZI = 140 °
0°
S
BACK AZIMUTH
OPPOSITE DIRECTION OF AN AZIMUTH
0°
360°
270°
90°
BACK
AZIMUTH
AZIMUTH
DIFFERS BY EXACTLY
180°
180 DEGREES
GRID AZIMUTH
AN ANGLE MEASURED CLOCKWISE BASED ON THE VERTICAL
GRID LINES OF THE MAP
MAGNETIC AZIMUTH
determined by using magnetic instruments, such as
lensatic and M-2 compasses.
TRUE AZIMUTH
AZIMUTH MEASURED BASED FROM THE TRUE
NORTH LINES ON THE GLOBE/MAP
DECLINATION DIAGRAM
Shows the angular
relationship,
represented
by
prongs, among grid,
magnetic, and true
norths
ENGINEER 93
GN
GN
GC
GC
GMA
GMA
GN - GRID NORTH
GMA - GRID MAGNETIC ANGLE
GC - GRID CONVERGENCE
FIG 1
FIG 2
ENGINEER 94
CONVERSION
GN
GRID AZI TO MAGNETIC AZI
GC
8°
GMA
FIG 1
MA = GA - GMA
= 96° - 8°
= 88°
CONVERSION
GN
MAG AZI TO GRID AZI
GA = MA + GMA
GC
8°
= 199° + 8°
= 207°
FIG 1
ENGINEER 96
GN
4°
CONVERSION
MAG AZI TO GRID AZI
GA = MA - GMA
= 186° - 4°
= 182°
FIG 2
ENGINEER 97
GN
CONVERSIONS
4°
GRID AZI TO MAG AZI
MA = GA + GMA
= 186°+ 4°
= 190°
FIG 2
ENGINEER 98
PROTRACTOR
ENGINEER 99
ENGINEER 100
METHODS OF LOCATING POINTS
•
•
•
•
Intersection
Resection
Modified resection
Polar plot
INTERSECTION - is the location of an
unknown point by successively occupying
at least two (preferably 3) known
positions on the ground and then map
sighting on the unknown point.
STEP 1. ORIENT THE MAP USING COMPASS
STEP 2. LOCATE YOUR POSITION ON THE
GROUND AND MARK IT ON THE MAP.
POS 1
STEP 1. ORIENT THE MAP USING COMPASS
STEP 2. LOCATE YOUR POSITION ON THE
GROUND AND MARK IT ON THE MAP.
EXAMPLE: ROAD JUNCTION AT TT 922084
POS 1
STEP 3. DETERMINE THE MAGNETIC AZIMUTH
FROM THE ROAD JUNCTION TO THE ENEMY
POSITION.
POS 1
STEP 4. CONVERT THE MAGNETIC AZIMUTH
TO A GRID AZIMUTH.
MAGNETIC AZIMUTH:
59 DEGREES
EASTERLY G-M ANGLE:
+0 DEGREES
GRID AZIMUTH:
59 DEGREES
STEP 5. DRAW A LINE FROM THE ROAD JUNCTION
ALONG THE 59° GRID AZIMUTH.
POS 1
STEP 6. OCCUPY THE SECOND KNOWN POSITION
AND MARK THE POSITION ON THE MAP.
STEP 7. DETERMINE THE AZIMUTH OF THE ENEMY.
POS 2
POS 1
STEP 8. CONVERT THE MAGNETIC AZIMUTH
TO A GRID AZIMUTH.
MAGNETIC AZIMUTH:
EASTERLY G-M ANGLE:
GRID AZIMUTH:
118 DEGREES
+0 DEGREES
118 DEGREES
STEP 9. DRAW A LINE FROM THE SECOND POSITION
ALONG 118° GRID AZIMUTH.
POS 2
118°
POS 1
STEP 10. READ THE GRID COORDINATE OF THE
INTERSECTION
TT 936095
POS 2
POS 1
RESECTION – the method of locating
one’s position on a map by determining
the grid azimuth to at least two
(preferably 3) locations that can be
pinpointed on the map.
STEP 1. ORIENT THE MAP USING COMPASS.
STEP 2. IDENTIFY TWO OR THREE KNOWN
DISTANT LOCATIONS ON THE GROUND AND
MARK THEM ON THE MAP.
STEP 1. ORIENT THE MAP USING COMPASS.
STEP 2. IDENTIFY TWO OR THREE KNOWN
DISTANT LOCATIONS ON THE GROUND AND
MARK THEM ON THE MAP.
EXAMPLE: TOWER LOCATED AT TT942077
KP 1
STEP 2. MEASURE THE MAGNETIC AZIMUTH
TO THE KNOWN POSITION
STEP 3. CONVERT THE MAGNETIC AZIMUTH TO A
GRID AZIMUTH AND CONVERT THE GRID
AZIMUTH TO A BACK AZIMUTH
MAGNETIC AZIMUTH:
EASTERLY G-M ANGLE:
231 DEGREES
+0 DEGREES
GRID AZIMUTH:
231 DEGREES
GRID AZIMUTH:
ADD:
231 DEGREES
- 180 DEGREES
GRID BACK AZIMUTH:
51 DEGREES
STEP 4. DRAW A LINE FOR THE BACK AZIMUTH
ON THE MAP FROM THE KNOWN POSITION
BACK TOWARD YOUR UNKNOWN POSITION.
51º
KP 1
STEP 5. LOCATE THE SECOND KNOWN DISTANT
ON THE GROUND AND MEASURE THE
MAGNETIC AZIMUTH
STEP 6. CONVERT THE MAGNETIC AZIMUTH TO A
GRID AZIMUTH AND CONVERT THE GRID
AZIMUTH TO A BACK AZIMUTH
MAGNETIC AZIMUTH:
EASTERLY G-M ANGLE:
261 DEGREES
+0 DEGREES
GRID AZIMUTH:
261 DEGREES
GRID AZIMUTH:
261 DEGREES
ADD:
GRID BACK AZIMUTH:
- 180 DEGREES
81 DEGREES
STEP 6. DRAW A LINE FROM THE SECOND KNOWN
POSITION BACKWARD TOWARD YOUR UNKNOWN
POSITION
STEP 7.
DETERMINE THE
COORDINATE TO
THE DESIRED
ACCURACY
TT 943093
81°
KP 2
KP 1
90
91
92
93
94
95
MODIFIED RESECTION - is the method of
locating one’s position on the map when
the person is located on a linear feature
on the ground such as a road, stream,
etc.
YOUR SQUAD IS TRAVERSING
ALONG THE ROAD, NORTH
EAST OF MT MAKAM GS 7656
AND OBTAINED A MAGNETIC
AZIMUTH OF 210º. DETERMINE
YOUR LOCATION TO THE
NEAREST 10 METERS .
Ref: SP 8-032 Map Reading and Land
Navigation
CONVERT THE MAGNETIC AZIMUTH TO A GRID
AZIMUTH AND CONVERT THE GRID AZIMUTH TO
A BACK AZIMUTH
MAGNETIC AZIMUTH:
EASTERLY G-M ANGLE:
210 DEGREES
+0 DEGREES
GRID AZIMUTH:
210 DEGREES
GRID AZIMUTH:
ADD:
210 DEGREES
- 180 DEGREES
GRID BACK AZIMUTH:
30 DEGREES
MODIFIED RESECTION.
DETERMINE GC TO
30 DEGREES THE NEAREST 10M.
TG 77105855
Ref: SP 8-032 Map Reading and Land
Navigation
POLAR PLOT - a method of locating or
plotting an unknown position from a
known point by giving a direction and
distance along that direction line
DETERMINE THE GRID
COORDINATE OF ENEMY
ENCAMPMENT LOCATED
SOUTH OF PATICUL HILL.
OBJECTIVE IS 148° AND
APPROXIMATELY 2,500
METERS FROM PATICUL
HILL.
148°
Ref: SP 8-032 Map Reading and Land
Navigation
SELECT THE APPROPRIATE SCALE
MEASUREMENT. PLACE A PAPER AND ALIGN THE
STRAIGHT EDGE ON THE SCALE. THEN, MARK
THE KNOWN DISTANCE. (GIVEN IS 2,500)
DETERMINE THE GRID COORDINATE OF ENEMY
ENCAMPMENT LOCATED SOUTH OF PATICUL
HILL. OBJECTIVE IS 148° AND APPROXIMATELY
2,500 METERS FROM PATICUL HILL.
TG 842570000
148°
Ref: SP 8-032 Map Reading and Land
Navigation
10 minutes break
ELEVATION AND RELIEF
• Elevation - is the vertical distance above or
below mean sea level.
• Relief - the representation of the shapes of
hills, streams or landforms on the earth’s
surface
• Slope - The rate of rise and fall of the ground
CONTOUR LINE
• REPRESENTS AN IMAGINARY LINE ON THE
GROUND ABOVE OR BELOW SEA LEVEL. ALL
POINTS ON THE CONTOUR LINE ARE AT THE SAME
ELEVATION
• USED TO :
– IDENTIFY RELIEF FEATURES
– DETERMINE ELEVATIONS
Ref: SP 8-032 Map Reading and Land
Navigation
Types of contour lines
• Index - starting at zero elevation or mean sea
level, every fifth contour line is a heavier line
• Intermediate - the contour lines falling
between the index contour lines
• Supplementary lines - resemble dash. They
show sudden changes in elevation
Types of contour lines
Major Terrain Features
Depression
Saddle
Ridge
Valley
Hill
Minor Terrain Features
Spur
Draw
Cliff
Terrain Features
Ref: SP 8-032 Map Reading and Land
Navigation
TYPES OF COMPASSES
1. THE LENSATIC COMPAS
- COMMOM AND SIMPLEST INSTRUMENT FOR
MEASURING DIRECTION
2. THE ARTILLERY M2 COMPASS
- SPECIAL PURPOSE INSTRUMENT DESIGNED FOR
ACCURACY
3. WRIST/POCKET COMPASS
- ATTACHED TO A WRISTWATCH BAND
Ref: SP 8-032 Map Reading and Land
Navigation
Lensatic Compass
Ref: SP 8-032 Map Reading and Land
Navigation
ORIENTING A MAP
1.
2.
3.
4.
DETERMINE DECLINATION
ANGLE.
PLACE COMPASS ALONGSIDE
NORTH-SOUTH GRIDLINES.
ROTATE THE MAP AND
COMPASS TOGETHER.
ALIGN NORTH SEEKING ARROW
WITH RESPECT TO THE VALUE
OF DECLINATION ANGLE.
Ref: SP 8-032 Map Reading and Land
Navigation
SUMMARY
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Overview of maps
Marginal information and symbols
Locating point in the map
Determining scale and distances
Obtaining and measuring directions
Methods of locating point
Ref: SP 8-032 Map Reading and Land
Navigation
Army Vision: By 2028, a World-class Army that is a source of national pride
•GOOD DAY!!
Army Core Purpose: Serving the people. Securing the land.