SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY ASSIGNMENT
Submitted by
GROUP 3
GROUP MEMBERS:
SAQIB RAZA (GROUP LEADER)
HIRA SADIA
ALISHBA KHALID
TOOBA ISHAQ
SHAFA ASHFAQ
MASOOMA
MAHAM SAWERA
FAKHR-UN-NISSA
Submitted to:
MAM FAIZA KIRAN
Topic:
1. Self in social world
2. Attribution
3. Schemas
1.Self in social world
Definition:
Social self refers to how we perceive ourselves in relation to others. It involves relationship
building, empathizing, and communicating. A healthy, or not so healthy, social self will also
impact your overall mental wellbeing and ability to meet life goals.
Role:
In psychology, the notion of the self refers to a person's experience as a single, unitary,
autonomous being that is separate from others, experienced with continuity through time and
place. The experience of the self includes consciousness of one's physicality as well as one's
inner character and emotional life.
Theory of social self:
Mead's theory of the social self is based on the perspective that the self emerges from social
interactions, such as observing and interacting with others, responding to others' opinions about
oneself, and internalizing external opinions and internal feelings about oneself Parts of self:
1.
2.
3.
Self-knowledge
Interpersonal self
Agent self Example:
Self-concept is how we perceive our behaviors, abilities, and unique characteristics. 1 For
example, beliefs such as "I am a good friend" or "I am a kind person" are part of an overall
selfconcept.
2.ATTRIBUTION
Definition:
In social psychology, attribution is the process through which individuals explain the causes of
behavior and events.
Example.
Dispositional attribution is a tendency to attribute people's behaviors to their dispositions; that is,
to their personality, character, and ability. For example, when a normally pleasant waiter is
being rude to his/her customer, the customer may assume he/she has a bad character
Objective
Explain how the process Of attribution helps our Understanding of others Behavior
Theories of attribution


How we attempt to make sense of the social world?
When why and how we do so?
You met a very attractive person and want to met with Again you offer him but he reject.
You made different believes this person reject my Invitation because
1.He is in relationship with other person.
2. He don’t like me.
3.He already busy or do commitment with other person.
If u though he don’t like me or relationship with other Chances of again meeting with him
become less. But if u believe he is to busy you want to met him again.
Stages of attribution in e-Learning

Stage 1: Observation. The individual must
Observe the behavior first-hand…

Stage 2: Belief. The individual must believe that
The behavior or action was performed
Intentionally, instead of accidentally or
Involuntarily. …

Stage 3: Cause
Who introduced Attribution theory?
The foundations of the theory can be traced too 1958, when Heider focused his attention on the
Process of drawing inferences-the assumptions Individuals make regarding the causes of
Behavior as well as the judgments made about
Who is responsible for that behavior.
What factor does attribution Depends on?


That determination depends on three factors.
Attribution theory is an approach used to explain how We judge people differently, based
on what meaning
We attribute to a given behavior.



Distinctiveness.
Consensus.
Consistency.
Distinctiveness
The extent to which the person reacts in the same manner to other, different Stimuli or events.
Example
If Alison only smokes when she is out with friends, her behavior is high in distinctiveness. If she
smokes at any time or place, distinctiveness is low.
Consensus
The extent to which other people react to a given stimulus or event in the same manner as The
person we are evaluating. The higher the proportion of people who react in the same Way, the
higher is the consensus.
Example
Alison smokes a cigarette When she goes out for a mean with her Friend. If her friend
smokes, her behavior is high in consensus. If only Alison smokes, it Is low.
Consistency
The extent to which the person in question reacts to the stimulus or event in the same way on
other Occasions, over time.
Example
If Alison only smokes when she is out with friends, consistency is high. If she only smokes on
one special occasion, consistency is low.
Types of attribution
There are basically two types of attributions



Internal
and external, or personal and situational.
Either the person is in control of his/her behavior, Or the situation is exerting influence
upon Him/her, to shape his/her behavior.
Example
Maria’s car breaks down on the freeway. If she believes the breakdown happened
because of her ignorance about cars, she is making an internal attribution. If she believes that
the breakdown happened because her car is old, she is making an external attribution.
Importance:
It helps to explain the causes of behavior and events. It makes them logical or reasonable to
easily comprehend them.
Attribution theory:
Attribution theory, proposed by Fritz Heider (1958), is a social psychology theory that deals with
how individuals relate and make sense of the social world. More specifically, it is concerned with
how people translate events around them and how their translations affect their thinking and
behavior.
3.SCHEMAS
Definition:
Schema, in social science, mental structures that an individual uses to organize
knowledge and guide cognitive processes and behavior.
Types of schemas:
1. Person schemas (focused on specific individuals)
2. Social schemas (include general knowledge about how people behave in certain social
situations.)
3. Self-schemas (focused on your knowledge about yourself)
4. Event schemas (focused on patterns of behavior that should be followed Effects:
Schemas allow us to think quickly.
Even under conditions when things are rapidly changing our new information is coming
in quickly, people do not usually have to spend a great deal of time interpreting it.
Because of the existing schemas, people are able to assimilate this new information
quickly and automatically.
Importance:
It has been found in research that Schemas link to the development and strengthening of
cognitive structures (the basic mental processes people use to make sense of information) in
the brain. Children are able to act out experiences and take risks, testing out and talking about
what they already know and can do.
Example:
For example, when a child is young, they may develop a schema for a dog. They know a dog
walks on four legs, is hairy, and has a tail. When the child goes to the zoo for the first time and
sees a tiger, they may initially think the tiger is a dog as well.
(THE END)