Welcome to The Course!
Dr. Matt Casturo DPT, CSCS
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Doctorate of Physical Therapy from The Ohio State University
B.S. Exercise Science from The Ohio State University
Former High School Strength and Conditioning Coach
Ohio State University Olympic Sports Intern Strength Coach
The Movement System
The Movement System
CSCS Study Course
Chapter 1:
Structure and
Function of Body
Systems
Overview:
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Skeletal System
Muscular System & Physiology
Sliding Filament Theory
Muscle Fiber Types & Function
Cardiovascular System
Respiratory System
Skeletal System
Skeletal System
Axial Skeleton:
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Skull
Ribcage
Vertebrae
Appendicular Skeleton:
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Everything else!
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Scapula
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Humerus
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Pelvis
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Femur
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etc.
(TeachPE, 2022)
Skeletal System
Skeletal System:
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Bones make up the frame of the body
(Miller, N.D)
Skeletal System
Joints:
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Synovial Joints: Primary movement joints in the
body (ex: hip, shoulder, knee, and elbow)
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Joint Capsule: synovial fluid
Bone Ends: hyaline cartilage
(Teach Me, 2023)
Skeletal System
Vertebral Column:
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7 Cervical
12 Thoracic
5 Lumbar
Sacrum/ Coccyx
(Teach Me, 2023)
Muscular System
Muscular System
Tendons:
Attach Muscle to Bone
(Inline Physio, 2021)
Ligaments:
Attach Bone to Bone
(Recoup Fitness, 2020)
Muscular System
What Makes up A Muscle?
Muscle
Fascicle
Muscle Fiber
Myofibril
Sarcomere
Actin / Myosin
(Oregon State University, N.D.)
Muscular System
What is Fascia?
● A thin layer of connective tissue surrounding
different layers of muscle
Layers of Fascia:
1.
Epimysium: Outermost layer surrounds the
entire muscle
2.
Perimysium: Surrounds one Bundle of
Muscle Fibers
3.
Endomysium: Surrounds one Muscle Fiber
(National Cancer Institute, N.D.)
Muscular System
Fascicle
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A bundle of muscle fibers (cells)
Grouped by fiber type (Ex: Type 1 fascicle)
Motor Units
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One nerve + muscle fibers it innervates
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So all fibers in one unit contract at same time
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Can be different sizes (type 1 smaller)
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One section of fibers ranging from 50 to 1000+
fibers
(Neurological Imaging, 2016)
Muscular System
Muscle Fiber (a muscle cell)
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Made of myofibrils
○ Contains sarcomeres
■ Contractile unit of muscle
■ Smallest unit of muscle
■ Made of actin and myosin
Sarcomere Structure:
Muscle Physiology
Z Disc: The “walls”
A Band: The length of the Myosin
THE A BAND NEVER CHANGES LENGTH
I Band: Actin but no Myosin
H Zone: Myosin but no Actin
The I Band and H Zone shorten when a muscle
contracts.
(Bioninja, N.D)
Sarcomere Action:
Muscle Physiology
Muscle Relaxes: (or Contracts Eccentrically)
Z Lines get farther apart
Z Line
(yellow)
Z Line
(yellow)
Muscle Contracts:
Z lines get closer together
(Bioninja, N.D)
Muscle Physiology
Sliding Filament Theory:
What happens at the very smallest level of a muscle fiber
(within one sarcomere)
Myosin is like a row boat floating in between the actin
Myosin reaches out the oars to grab onto the actin
Myosin pulls on the actin to shorten the muscle
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Power Stroke from ATP Hydrolysis
(Keely, 2012)
Muscle Physiology
Force Summation/ Tetanus:
Action Potential is sent from the brain down the nerve to the
neuromuscular junction
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Causes the release of Acetylcholine (Ach)
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Ach causes muscle contraction all or nothing
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Can grade the level of force by rate of sending action
potentials
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This is a trainable quality (rate coding)
(Chegg, N.D)
Muscle Physiology
Activating a Muscle Fiber:
1: Create an Action Potential
2: Action Potential propagates down the nerve to the
neuromuscular junction
3: Acetylcholine crosses the neuromuscular junction exciting
the sarcolemma
4: Signal goes down the t-tubules and causes a release of
calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
(Frontera, 2014)
Muscle Physiology
5: Troponin binds to tropomyosin (rope around actin) and
pulls the tropomyosin out of the way
6: Tropomyosin moves to open up the binding site:
7: Myosin binds to actin forming a Cross Bridge
(Physiology Plus, N.D)
Muscular System
Skeletal Muscle Fiber Types:
Type I: Oxidative
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Aerobic Training
Type IIa: Mixed
Type IIx: Glycolytic
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1-5 Rep Max
(Xinlu et al, N.D)
Muscular System
Muscle Spindle
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Senses Muscle Stretch
Example:
Anterior shoulder is
stretched during the
layback of a pitch.
This results in a reflexive contraction to slow the
arm from overstretching.
Bottom Line:
Muscle Spindles sense a muscle stretch and
cause a muscle contraction
(Martin, 2017), (Barret Stover, 2014)
Muscular System
Golgi Tendon Organ
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Senses when a muscle contracts hard and a
tendon is stretched
GTO tells this muscle to relax
Example:
Achilles Tendon
stretched while sprinting
causes a slight inhibition
to the calf muscles.
https://www.sportsinjuryclinic.net/sport-injurie
s/lower-leg/calf-pain/calf-strain
Bottom Line:
GTO senses a muscle contraction and
causes muscle inhibition
(Martin, 2017), (Walden, 2022)
Cardiovascular System
Cardiovascular
System
Blood Flow through The Heart
Vena Cava
Right Atrium
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
Pulmonary artery
Lungs
Pulmonary vein
Left atrium
Mitral valve
Left ventricle
Aorta
(Haff, G., & Triplett, 2016)
Cardiovascular
System
Blood Flow to the Muscles
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries (Level of gas exchange)
Venules
Veins
(Teach Me, 2023)
Cardiovascular
System
Conduction System
SA Node: Pacemaker of the heart
AV Node: Where the impulse is delayed
AV Bundle: Sends signal to the ventricles
Purkinje Fibers: Further divides the signal to the
ventricles
Resting Heart Rate: Typically 60-100 BPM
Bradycardia: Fewer than 60 BPM
Tachycardia: More than 100 BPM
(TeachPE, 2022)
Cardiovascular
System
ECG (electrocardiogram)
P Wave: Atria depolarize
QRS Complex: Ventricles depolarize &
Atria repolarize
T Wave: Ventricular Repolarization
(Aakash, N.D.)
Respiratory System
Respiratory System
Lungs:
Inspire Oxygen
Expire CO2
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchiole
Alveoli (level of gas exchange)
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Right lung has 3 lobes
Left lung has 2 lobes (room for heart)
(Haff, G., & Triplett, 2016)
Respiratory System
Oxygenated Blood:
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Systemic Arteries
Pulmonary Vein
Deoxygenated Blood:
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Veins
Pulmonary Artery
(Hex Anatomy, N.D.)
References
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Aakash. (N.D). What does QRS complex represent in ECG. Byjus. Retrieved from
https://byjus.com/neet/what-does-qrs-complex-represent-in-ecg/
Barret Stover. (2014). Arm strength. Barret Stover. Retrieved from https://barrettstover.com/tag/arm-strength/
Bioninja. (N.D). Muscle contraction. Bioninja. Retrieved from
https://ib.bioninja.com.au/higher-level/topic-11-animal-physiology/112-movement/muscle-contraction.html
Bioninja. (N.D). Sarcomeres. Bioninja. Retrieved from
https://ib.bioninja.com.au/higher-level/topic-11-animal-physiology/112-movement/sarcomeres.html
Chegg. (N.D). Twitch summation. Chegg. Retrieved from https://www.chegg.com/learn/biology/introduction-to-biology/twitch-summation
Chegg. (2023). Distal definition. Chegg Inc. Retrieved from https://www.chegg.com/learn/medicine-and-health/medical-terminology/distal
EZMed. (2022). Anatomical positions and directional terms. EZMed. Retrieved from
https://www.ezmedlearning.com/blog/anatomical-position-and-directional-terms
Frontera, W. (2014). The transverse tubules and sarcoplasmic reticulum systems. Research Gate. Retrieved from
https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/14d7lC4x8GmPGbZQE05UsrqqO-njaL0MpH59PaSpKBn4/edit#slide=id.g1d79386bd21_1_0
Haff, G., & Triplett, N. T. (2016). Essentials of strength training and conditioning. Fourth edition. Champaign, IL, Human Kinetics.
Hex Anatomy. (N.D.). Human Anatomy: Cardiovascular system. Hex Anatomy. Retrieved from
http://hexanatomy.weebly.com/cardiovascular-system.html
Inline Physio. (2021). 10 facts about tendons. Inline Physio. Retrieved from https://inlinephysio.com.au/10-facts-about-tendons/
Keely L. (2012). Details of Actin-Myosin Crosslinking. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQocsLRm7_A
Martin, M. (2017). Golgi tendon organs and muscle spindles explained. American Council on Exercise. Retrieved from
https://www.acefitness.org/fitness-certifications/ace-answers/exam-preparation-blog/5336/golgi-tendon-organs-and-muscle-spindles-expl
ained/
Miller, C. (N.D.). Human biology. Pressbooks. Retrieved from
https://humanbiology.pressbooks.tru.ca/chapter/13-2-introduction-to-the-skeletal-system/
Neurological Imaging. (2016). Ultrasound of muscle. Radiology Key. Retrieved from
Physiology Plus. (N.D). Skeletal muscle structure. Physiology Plus. Retrieved from
http://physiologyplus.com/intro-mcq-skeletal-muscle-structure/
Recoup Fitness. (2020). Causes and prevention of knee ligament injuries. Recoup Fitness. Retrieved from
https://recoupfitness.com/blogs/news/causes-prevention-of-knee-ligament-injuries
Walden, M. (2022). Calf strain. Sports Injury Clinic. Retrieved from
https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/14d7lC4x8GmPGbZQE05UsrqqO-njaL0MpH59PaSpKBn4/edit#slide=id.g1d79386bd21_1_0
Teach Me. (2023). Key structures of a synovial joint. Teach Me Anatomy. Retrieved from
https://teachmeanatomy.info/the-basics/joints-basic/synovial-joint/
Teach Me. (2023). The vertebral column. Teach Me Anatomy. Retrieved from https://teachmeanatomy.info/back/bones/vertebral-column/
Teach Me. (2023) Ultrastructures of blood vessels. Teach Me Anatomy. Retrieved from
https://teachmeanatomy.info/the-basics/ultrastructure/blood-vessels/
TeachPE. (2022). Cardiac conduction system. TeachPE. Retrieved from
https://www.teachpe.com/anatomy-physiology/the-heart-conduction-system
TeachPE. (2022). The axial and appendicular skeleton. TeachPE.Retrieved from
https://www.teachpe.com/anatomy-physiology/axial-appendicular-skeleton
Xinlu, et al. (N.D.) Movement & support. Slideplayer. Retrieved from https://slideplayer.com/slide/8603408/