CHAPTER 1 Helping Terms: Helping, Counseling, Ψ Advocacy - attempts to change variables that Psychotherapy, Therapy, and Advocacy sit Ψ Helping - is the effort that we make to offer institutions that hamper people in various ways. strength and support to people who want to Advocates - are helpers who work with and/or learn, on behalf of people/groups for a particular change, and grow, or who need outside the individual—systems and something when times are hard. cause or policy, and their goal is to increase Helping (as a noun) its one definition is “a peoples’ sense of personal power or agency. portion or serving of food.” Helping (as a verb) Ψ is when it is used as an action that is aimed generally refers to doing something for others toward others. Food is the substance that (accessible, supportive, benevolent, useful, enables us to grow and helping is which we and working for the benefit of others). give to others so that they may grow. The Helping Relationship - we see a journey Counseling, Psychotherapy, and Therapy among two (car and horse) who are very Clinical and Nonclinical Roles and Professions: different, yet the journey is shared, with one in Clinical Helpers - are those who have received the position of walking forward toward the goal advanced level training (master's or doctoral and degrees), to offer therapeutic interventions for nourishment as needed along the way. people or Ψ Contract - it emphasizes the idea that the health recipient of services is a consumer who receives who interpersonal struggle with difficulties or personal mental Helping the Relationships other, of - being offering helpful comfort and challenges. services in exchange for some kind of payment. Nonclinical Helpers - may also work in the area A of mental health - it contain care, agreements about the exchange of services and compensation that will be a part of the helping bachelor's level educational degree, and their relationship (formal/informal or explicit/implicit). work is under the close supervision of a clinical The focus of it is always on the needs of the mental health professional. They also occupy a helpee. vast variety of roles in the medical field. For example, a hairdresser and a client have a Ψ Counseling - in reference to a helping brief contractual agreement. The hairdresser practice that it conducted by clinical and agrees to provide a service, or a haircut, to the nonclinical helpers and is aimed at assisting client, while the client agrees to pay an agreed others with personal, social, or psychological upon price for that service. Investment is issues or concerns. another Ψ Psychotherapy - refers to a mental health contract. clinical practice, and therapy is just a shorted Being Helpful: version of the word psychotherapy. Competence - being an effective helper requires Clinical Counseling and Psychotherapy are two extensive knowledge in the area that is the terms with virtually the same meaning and are focus of the helping contract. often Intentionality and Integrity interchangeably adjunct Relationship support, or instruction, they typically have a used providing Contractual (Sommers- important aspect of the helping - Intentionality Flanagan & Sommers-Flanagan, 2004). derives from the Latin word intention and verb Counselors and Psychotherapists - they help intendere, means being directed toward some people cope with interpersonal and mental goal/accomplishment. It refers to working in a health difficulties (addictions, trauma, mental careful and thoughtful manner toward the illness, experiences of stress, and difficulties in desired adjustment). They also work with individuals in contract. Integrity refers to a commitment to decision-making and they provide support for follow through as promised. It means doing the people experiencing crisis in their lives. right thing. outcome of the helping contract. Ψ Empathy - its term originally comes from the Ψ German concept of einfuhlung, which means deterministic model of development, meaning feeling. It refers to the capacity to recognize and that much of development is based on variables understand the emotions and experiences of and experiences over which we have little another person. It also refers to the ability to control. enter into the world of the other to understand Psychoanalytic Theory (Sigmund Freud 19th the helpee from his/her own perspective. Century) Ψ Relationship Attunement and Alliance - psychological and unconscious forces that are Attunement is a term that is sometimes used in outside of one's awareness; motivate human the counseling literature to describe this kind of behavior, bond attachment unconscious, biological, instinctual, and what relationship: the ability to accurately read one's he identified to be sexual drives push for cognitive, emotional, discharge within the psyche. Freud is also behavioral cues that is critical and to the physiological, respond and accordingly Psychodynamic known - is Theories based feelings, for his - on and promote the idea emotions. model of a that These psychosexual (Blaustein & Kinniburgh, 2010). When the development, which proposes that healthy child helper is accurately attuned to the helpee, she is development occurs through a series of stages able to create the necessary therapeutic alliance that are informed by specific unconscious necessary for supporting change. sexual drives or instincts. Ψ Ability to Inspire and Empower - it is based on Adlerian indications that bringing out the best in others (Alfred Adler) - shares many contemporary is very helpful. applications, CHAPTER2 The Purpose of a Theory Ψ Theory - according to Dictorary.com, it is a coherent group of tested general propositions, commonly regarded as correct, that can be used as principles of explanationand also proposed explanation whose status is still conjectural and subject to experimentation. In short, a theory is a set of ideas that may or may not be true. Theories of Human Development - are models for understanding how individuals develop, grow, and change over time. They help us make sense of the ways in which individuals think, the decisions that people make, the conditions that best promote change, and what can go wrong in development to cause problems. Theories of Helping - are oriented to the helper and the helping process. They direct what helpers do; they map out how helpers can intervene to promote change in others and how to intervene when an individual is experiencing a problem. Theory or individual particularly in psychology the field of education. Adler emphasized that humans are born social, and he believed that healthy development requires social interest—a sense of being part of and contributing to one's social community. He also believed that people develop perceptions about the world based on their early experiences in family, and those perceptions drive their later actions. Harry Stack Sullivan Theory (Intrapersonal)- he attempted to shift the psychoanalytic focus on internal unconscious biological, sexual, and instinctual drives to ideas about interpersonal relatedness. He proposed that children develop from the interpersonal patterns and styles that they are exposed to with their interactions in their childhood parents. Sullivan proposed that the self does not exist as an individual entity; it is always in relationship with others. Erik Erikson's Theory - lays out as a series of critical tasks that people face across the lifespan. According to him, development is impeded by an inability to successfully negotiate the challenge at each of these stages in the developmental process. Ψ Ethological Theories - they approach the Rogers came to the conclusion that children study of human development through the same will normally grow in functional and adaptive lens animal ways when they are nurtured in an environment behavior, and thus, focus on instinctual and that meets their emotional, intellectual, and evolutionary social needs (Rogers, 1951). From this, Rogers survival behaviors that have evolved over time. proposed that people have an innate ability to Attachment Theory - is the most well-known grow, develop, change, and to live their lives human development theory in this category effectively—it is an idea that is typically referred because of its resurgent popularity spawned by to as the self-actualizing principle (Rogers, some of the new developments in neuroscience. 1951; Rogers actually attributes this term to Bowlby (1969; 1988) - proposed that caregiver Kurt Goldstein, who used it in reference to a responsiveness striving to be more advanced). that attempts to understand infancy and creates attachment Gestalt Therapy - is a helping theory rather than bonds, and these bonds become what he called a theory of development, rests on the idea that working people have an innate potential to become self- childhood during (6mo-2yo) models for future early relationships (Bowlby wrote about the “mother” rather regulated and growth-oriented. than a “caregiver”). He also suggested that Existentialism attachment is important throughout the life understanding human behavior that sits within cycle as evidenced in the ways in which people the circle of humanistic theories. of all ages seek social relationships and support. Seligman's Notions of Happiness and Well- Attachment early being (Seligman & Csikszentmihalyi, 2000; attachment behaviors inform the perceptions, Seligman, Linley, Joseph, & Boniwell, 2003) - emotions, thoughts, and expectations that the concept of leading a good life. These are individuals carry into later relationships, described as the subjective experience of through working models. “contentment and satisfaction (in the past); Mary Ainsworth (1973) and her colleagues hope and optimism (for the future); and flow (Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978) - studied the ways and happiness (in the present)". in which Theorists paradigm for Happiness - refers to being satisfied with life, attaining affective balance and being oriented their caregivers. They found that when young toward growth and fulfillment. children is Ψ Behavioral/Learning Theories - they have no responsive to their needs, they develop a sense interest in the psychodynamic concept of the —a working model—that people are trustworthy unconscious nor are they concerned with and the world is a safe place. existential Ψ Humanistic Theories - they offer a decidedly Instead, they are based on the idea that all we different developmental can know about an individual comes from what far we can see: behavior. perspective and they young another children experience and that is instinctually signal and maintain proximity to trajectories infants propose - caregiving on move that from the questions or self-actualization. psychodynamic foundations when it comes to Classical Conditioning (Pavlov early 1900s) - he the application of theory into practice. propose proposed that learning results from a stimulus- that people are complex and always engaged in response system that is typically initiated by the process of living. They also suggest that we biological impulses or reflexes. have the potential to be self-aware, to make Skinner's Concept of Operant Conditioning - changes, and to be responsible for the choices addresses the ways in which consequences we make and the direction of our lives (Cain, shape behavior and learning. Reinforcement 2002). and punishment, those things that happen after Carl Rodgers - articulated in his client-centered a theory, published in the mid-20th century. behaviors, thus creating a learned response behavior occurs, (Skinner, 1971). shape and maintain Classical and Operant Conditioning Theories - Social are than development is not a product of naturally personality development, but the implication is occurring stages, nor is it shaped by random that human development can be explained, or at experiences in the environment. Instead, they least is largely explained, by events in the assert that development is constructed and immediate environment. socialized in interpersonal, cultural, historical, Bandura's Social Learning Theory - focuses on and political contexts. They were influenced by how about human behavior modeling, reinforcement, rather Constructionists propose that observational learning, Vygotsky's attention to language as a key in motivation influence the process of socializing development. and learning and behavior. This theory proposes Narrative Theory - uses the metaphor of a story that when individuals witness another person to describe how experiences and ideas that are engaging in a particular behavior, they will transmitted socially (and generationally) have vicariously learn to engage in that behavior as structuring well (Bandura, 1977). (Bruner, 1986; 1990). It is also a helping theory Ψ Contemporary Theories - contextual, feminist, described in the next chapter that relies on a and ecological theories emphasize the ways in foundation which human development and behavior is constructionism. constructed from historical, social, and cultural Narrative Theorists also suggest that stories are influences. These a foundation of identity development. considered to theories be are often developmental not theories because they do not offer comprehensive explanatory systems for development. Lev Vygotsky, who was a Russian psychologist working in the early 1900s, had a strong influence on social constructionist thinking. He proposed that human behavior and mental processes (psychological processes) cannot be separated from their cultural context, and that personality develops from interaction with others largely through the medium of language. The Zone of Proximal D\evelopment (ZPD) describes the conditions that are most ripe for learning: when an individual is working at a level that is between where he or she can work independently and where he or she needs help or assistance. It also had a tremendous influence on educational communities and is an undercurrent in contemporary educational practices across the United States. Social Constructionism - largely articulated in the 1980s and 1990s, stems from Vygotsky's work as well as that of more contemporary critical psychologists such as Walkerdine, and Gergen and Gergen. Burman, influences of narrative on people's theory and lives social CHAPTER 3 Theories of Helping Ethological Approaches to Helping - attachment Psychodynamic Approaches psychodynamic theories to Helping about - human theory rests on responsiveness the idea during that infancy caregiver and early bonds that development and psychopathology are based childhood creates attachment on the idea that psychological and unconscious become working models forces motivate human behavior and emotions, relationships. and understandings of self, others, and self-in- form one's personality. Most This theory for future proposes that psychodynamic thinkers also emphasize the relationship-with-others grow in the context of influence a of early childhood experiences, strong parent–child (caregiver–child) particularly the family, on individual functioning attachment relationship. and developmental trajectories. The Attachment, Self-Regulation, Competence Psychodynamic-oriented clinical work - focuses (ARC) Model of Intervention - the ARC model is a largely on enabling insight into unresolved therapeutic intervention framework that uses conflicts and difficulties with the intent of attachment theory principles for working with freeing clients from the effects of these past children and families who have experienced conflicts trauma. This model orients helpers to promote on their present behaviors and relationships. strong attachments between children and their Classical psychoanalytic and psychodynamic parents/caregivers, to strengthen children's self- oriented clinical therapists - typically focus on regulation abilities, and help promote children's creating a therapeutic alliance that sets the competencies. stage for the processes for insight development Attunement - emphasizes the important ways in and for what is typically called a corrective which parents and caregivers are responsive to emotional experience (Levenson, 2010). the signaling and proximity-seeking behaviors A therapeutic corrective emotional experience of their infants and young children, suggesting is when a therapist creates a safe environment that the parent–child relationship is a secure that allows the client to revisit a conflict or base necessary for survival. traumatic emotional experience from the past Self-regulation - refers to the processes that we while currently being held in the safety of use to influence the expression of emotion, therapeutic relationship and environment. which Example: when a client has a male therapist regulation. It also refers to the ability to manage whom she trusts, and within this therapeutic one's physical behaviors, such as we see when relationship over time, she has been able to talk a basketball player holds off on shooting a about and move away from the crippling effects basket until the player guarding her is not in the of an abusive relationship she had at the hands way, and cognitive behaviors, such as, for of a stepfather far back in her past. example, paying attention when someone is Relationship - most nonclinical helpers work to talking. (self-regulation is taught by caregivers) establish strong and supportive relationships Competence - its focus is on building children's with their helpees. All the things that helpers competencies. A sense of competence has to do do, with the perception of adequacy—having the the creation of a strong therapeutic is specifically called emotional relationship is the most critical and this is key in necessary skills and appropriate self-judgment psychoanalytic helping. to be able to carry out a task. Insight - a second important way in which Personal psychodynamic regard to seeing oneself as being loved and ideas influence nonclinical self-competence helping can be seen in the ways in which loveable, helpers work to promote awareness or insight caregiver–parent relationships. as a key component of their work. develops from - particularly consistent in secure Humanistic Approaches to Helping - including Positive client-centered, existential, gestalt, and positive working from a positive psychology perspective psychology, are based on the concept that all are largely focused on promoting helpees’ humans self-actualizing overall well-being and fulfillment rather than on tendency or drive toward healthy growth and addressing specific problems. In the words of development. Seligman, “treatment is not just fixing what is Humanists see people holistically—they believe broken; it is nurturing what is best”. that their Behavioral and Learning Approaches to Helping immediate environment, and they emphasize - These behavior theories looked at how the connections between physical, emotional, behavior and social processes and experiences. They reinforcements in the environment. also emphasize people's capacity to make Behavioral Interventions - its focus for change is rational choices and develop to their maximum on potential. have an individuals The inherent are connected helping to practices is shaping Orientation shaped the by - Helpers antecedents conditions that and initiate, this maintain, or reinforce behaviors. The term orientation diverge significantly from models of applied behavioral analysis is given to helping helping that humanists believe focus too much interventions on “advice-giving, persuasion, exhortation, and conditioning principles of stimulus control, interpretation”. reinforcement, and punishment; it is the study Client-Centered Orientation - in Psychology Client-centered that are based on operant of the significance of a particular behavior in a therapy, based on the work of Carl Rogers, particular setting. rejects the idea of helpers being the authorities Most behaviorists initiate their work with a on experiences of others. Instead, helpers careful oriented in this way promote change by stimulate and reinforce a problematic behavior creating a helping relationship that centers on —a functional behavioral analysis (FBA) is unconditional positive regard, congruence, and often used to this end. communicating empathy. Functional Behavioral Analysis (FBA) - One of Mindfulness - is practiced in a wide variety of the primary tools used in conducting an FBA is ways, but all have a meditative component as to observe behavior in its natural setting so as their base. As a helping practice, mindfulness to determine the immediate antecedents and typically entails guiding the helpee to develop consequences that condition or reinforce it. awareness Cognitive of sensory input and bodily assessment of Behavioral the conditions that Interventions - sensations in the present. approaches to helping, typically referred to as Existential Conversations CBT, focus on the ways in which cognitions Existentialists - see humans as self-determining specifically shape emotional experiences and beings who are bound by the responsibilities behaviors. While CBT is most commonly known inherent to and limitations imposed by their as a clinical intervention, the principles behind personal contexts, social relationships, and this approach are used in a variety of settings personal struggles. Existentialists are largely and also by nonclinical helpers. interested in the existential themes of death, CBT - is based on the notion that individuals are freedom, isolation, constantly thinking about and interpreting their meaninglessness, and the choices that we make everyday experiences in the world, and these as a result of these themes. thoughts influence how they feel and behave. responsibility, Existential helpers - stay focused on the Cognitive behavioral approaches to helping are subjective experience of the helpee—what is not solely within the domain of the work meaningful for the helpee. They encourage the of clinical therapists. helpee to become meaningfully engaged in life. Contemporary Approaches to Helping - Across these approaches are the common themes of valuing the subjective experience of the helpee and understanding how social context, including social norms, culture, and history, are key shaping experiences in development. Feminist Approaches to Helping - a feminist ideology appropriate to helping relationships will likely acknowledge women's (and men's) relational development and competence, discuss issues related to independence and autonomy, and attend to the debilitating effects of living in an invalidating and oppressive society. Narrative Conversations - similar to feminist approaches, narrative practitioners work with helpees to uncover their own strengths, resources, and abilities to solve problems, and they focus on bringing forward one's preferred ways of living. The term narrative in this approach names its focus on the ways in which individuals use stories to make sense of or interpret their lived experiences—an orientation that is based largely on the work of Bruner (1990), Narrative-oriented helpers position helpees to be agents in a collaborative helping process, and they engage in deconstructing conversations Re-membering Conversations - refers to actively engaging others into the “club of significant others in a person's life”. It is a concept that refers to actively calling upon another person– dead or alive—to be present in one's life. A re-membering conversation purposefully calls forth the presence of this important individual in a meaningful way. CHAPTER 4 Ethical Concept Definitions Ethical and Legal Concepts for Helpers Morals - a set of beliefs that guide behavior, but Competence - helper's commitment to work they are not specific rules of conduct. only in his or her area of competence. Example: as a filipino, you call your older Informed Consent - an agreement regarding the brother/sister ate/kuya. In America, they don't. services Values - refers to those ideas and beliefs that are relationship. held individually—they are individual ideals. Confidentiality - The helper must not share Example: own sex beliefs. information with others outside of the helping Ethics - are ideas regarding right or wrong. relationship without consent from the helpee. Example: you don't cheat and you study well as FERPA - The Family Educational Rights and student. as psychologist, you don't give service Privacy Act of 1974 (FERPA) is a federal law to people you know. that protects the privacy of student educational Code of Ethics - set of principles established by records. a particular group that structures behavioral HIPAA - The Health Insurance Portability and standards for members within that group. Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) is a federal Example: pyschologist can't make romantic law that protects the privacy of personal health relationship with client. information. Laws - rules about behavior that have been Protection established by courts or legislative processes. responsibility to get appropriate help for a Policies - rules of conduct established by helpee who poses a threat to himself or herself, agencies, businesses, or organizations. or who articulates a desire to engage in serious Example: DHVSU'S no id no entry, dress code intent to harm someone else. etc. Duty to Warn - helpers have a responsibility to Key Ethical Concepts for Helping Professionals inform third parties and authorities if a helpee 1.Autonomy - respecting the capacity of a poses a threat to another identifiable individual. rational Mandated Reporter - helpers are required by individual to make an informed, to be provided From Harm - in the helpers helping have a uncoerced decision. / wag paladesisyon law to inform appropriate authorities—the state Example: aware on what you're doing. social 2.Nonmaleficence - the helper's commitment to suspicions of child abuse and neglect. do no harm. Legal Age of Majority - this is the age, according Example: you will not do service if you're not to law, when minors cease to be considered feeling okay. aka sir Al children. 3.Beneficence - engaging in actions that service agency—if they have any Ethical Decision-Making contribute to the welfare and are in the best 1. Identify the problem. interests of the helpee. 2. Consult the professional code of ethics. Example: when a client have problem (ex. 3. Consider relevant legal statutes, agency financial), the pyschologist give them a proper policies and best practice mandates. guidance. 4. Obtain consultation. 4.Justice - a commitment to be fair, which does 5. Generate potential decisions. not always mean equal. 6. Make a decision. 5.Fidelity - honoring the commitment of the 7. Secure written documentation regarding your helping decision-making process in an appropriate relationship—being honest and trustworthy. Example: do not dismisss the client information to others but you may if you're asking help to another professional. confidential file.
