materials
Review
Evaluation of the Performance of Different Types of Fibrous
Concretes Produced by Using Wollastonite
Maciej Dutkiewicz 1, * , Hasan Erhan Yücel 2
1
2
3
*
Citation: Dutkiewicz, M.; Yücel, H.E.;
Yıldızhan, F. Evaluation of the
Performance of Different Types of
Fibrous Concretes Produced by
Using Wollastonite. Materials 2022,
and Fatih Yıldızhan 3
Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Architecture,
Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland
Civil Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, Niğde 51240, Turkey
Civil Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep 27310, Turkey
Correspondence: macdut@pbs.edu.pl
Abstract: Production of cement and aggregate used in cement-based composites causes many environmental and energy problems. Decreasing the usage of cement and aggregate is a crucial and
currently relevant challenge to provide sustainability. Inert materials can also be used instead of cement and aggregates, similar to pozzolanic materials, and they have positive effects on cement-based
composites. One of the inert materials used in cement-based composites is wollastonite (calcium
metasilicate-CaSiO3 ), which has been investigated and attracted attention of many researchers. This
article presents state-of-the-art research regarding fibrous concretes produced with wollastonite, such
as mortars, conventional concrete, engineered cementitious composites, geopolymer concrete, selfcompacting concrete, ultra-high-performance concrete and pavement concrete. The use of synthetic
wollastonite, which is a novel issue, its high aspect ratio and allowing the use of waste material
are also evaluated. Studies in the literature show that the use of wollastonite in different types of
concrete improves performance properties, such as mechanical/durability properties, and provides
environmental–economic efficiency. It has been proven by studies that wollastonite is a material with
an inert structure, and, therefore, its behavior is similar to that of a fiber in cementitious composites
due to its acicular particle structure.
Keywords: wollastonite; fibrous concrete; mechanical properties; durability properties
15, 6904. https://doi.org/10.3390/
ma15196904
Academic Editors: Nikolai Vatin and
G. Murali
Received: 10 August 2022
Accepted: 28 September 2022
Published: 5 October 2022
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral
with regard to jurisdictional claims in
published maps and institutional affiliations.
Copyright: © 2022 by the authors.
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
This article is an open access article
distributed under the terms and
conditions of the Creative Commons
Attribution (CC BY) license (https://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
4.0/).
1. Introduction
Concrete, which is the most used construction material thanks to its superior properties [1], increases production every year, and it is estimated that it reaches approximately
11 billion metric tons annually [2–4]. Cement, which constitutes 10–15% of concrete by volume [4,5], is the most expensive component of concrete and causes the main environmental
and energy consumption problems [6,7]. For example, cement, which is responsible for over
5% of global CO2 emissions [8,9], generates approximately 50% of these emissions during
the calcination phase of carbonate raw material [9–11]. Because global CO2 emissions
reached approximately 30 billion tons with an increase of 2% in 2020 [12], along with the
increasing global warming effect, production of cement must be reduced. In addition to
this problem, environmental and energy problems in the supply and transportation of
aggregate must be considered for concrete production. The usage of pozzolanic additives,
such as fly ash, blast furnace slag and silica fume, which have binding properties, has been
experimented with in many studies to reduce cement or aggregate production. These pozzolanic additives have enhanced the performance properties of concrete and have reduced
devastating environmental problems in cement-aggregate production. Not only pozzolanic
materials but also inert materials can be used as alternatives to cement or aggregates [13].
One of the most used inert materials is wollastonite. Wollastonite was discovered
in 1886 by British chemist Sir Wollaston and was named after him [14,15]. Wollastonite,
Materials 2022, 15, 6904. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15196904
https://www.mdpi.com/journal/materials
Materials 2022, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW
2 of 20
Materials 2022, 15, 6904
2 of 18
production. Not only pozzolanic materials but also inert materials can be used as alternatives to cement or aggregates [13].
One of the most used inert materials is wollastonite. Wollastonite was discovered in
which consists of two main basic components, 48.3% CaO and 51.7% SiO2 , has a molecular
1886 by British chemist Sir Wollaston and was named after him [14,15]. Wollastonite,
weight of 116.2 [15–17]. The chemical composition of wollastonite is provided in Table 1.
which consists of two main basic components, 48.3% CaO and 51.7% SiO2, has a molecular
Small amounts of Al2 O3 , Fe2 O3 , MgO and Na2 O could also be available in the chemical
weight of 116.2 [15–17]. The chemical composition of wollastonite is provided in Table 1.
composition of wollastonite. Wollastonite is also called calcium metasilicate, and the
Small amounts of Al2O3, Fe2O3, MgO and Na2O could also be available in the chemical
chemical formula of this mineral is CaSiO3 [18]. A scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
composition of wollastonite. Wollastonite is also called calcium metasilicate, and the
image of wollastonite is shown in Figure 1. It is a white-colored natural mineral that
chemical formula of this mineral is CaSiO3 [18]. A scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
occurs as a result of a reaction between limestone and silica at 400 ◦ C–450 ◦ C, and it
image
wollastonite
is shownshape
in Figure
1. It is a white-colored
natural
that occurs
has
an of
acicular
or needle-like
[13,14,19–21].
The melting
pointmineral
of wollastonite
is
as a result
of the
a reaction
between
limestone
and silica at is
400
°C–450 °C, and
hasrange
an acic◦ C [15],
1540
modulus
of elasticity
of wollastonite
approximately
in itthe
of
ulartoor
needle-like
shape
[13,14,19–21].
The melting in
point
of wollastonite
1540
°C [13].
[15],
300
530
GPa and the
tensile
stress is approximately
the range
of 2700 to is
4100
Mpa
the
modulus
of
elasticity
of
wollastonite
is
approximately
in
the
range
of
300
to
530
GPa
Wollastonite has thermal stability, low dielectric constant, low dielectric loss, corrosion
and
the
tensile
stress
is
approximately
in
the
range
of
2700
to
4100
Mpa
[13].
Wollastonite
resistance and chemical inertness [22–25]. Therefore, wollastonite has a very wide usage
has thermal
dielectric
low many
dielectric
loss,
corrosion
resistance
and
area,
such asstability,
ceramic,low
dental,
paintconstant,
plastic and
other
fields
[26–28].
Moreover,
chemical
inertness
[22–25].
Therefore,
wollastonite
has
a
very
wide
usage
area,
such
as
wollastonite can enhance environmental sustainability and durability properties in cementceramic,
dental,
paint
plastic
and
many
other
fields
[26–28].
Moreover,
wollastonite
can
based composites [13], and it has the capability to decrease the cost of cement-based
enhance environmental
durability
properties
in cement-based
compocomposites.
However, itssustainability
availability isand
limited
because
it is a natural
mineral [14];
thus,
sites
[13],
and
it
has
the
capability
to
decrease
the
cost
of
cement-based
composites.
Howresearchers have focused on production of synthetic wollastonite [7,13,29].
ever, its availability is limited because it is a natural mineral [14]; thus, researchers have
focused
on production
of synthetic
wollastonite
[7,13,29].
Table
1. Chemical
composition
of wollastonite
based on
Ref. [7].
Chemical
Analysis of
(%)
Table 1. Chemical
composition
wollastonite based on Ref. [7].
CaO
Chemical Analysis (%)
SiO2
CaO
Al2 O3
SiO
AlFe
2O
23O3
Fe2MgO
O3
MgO
SO3
SO3
K2 O
K2O
Na2 O
Na2O
TiO
TiO2 2
Figure 1. SEM image of wollastonite.
Wollastonite
44.55
Wollastonite
50.78
44.55
0.83
50.78
0.17
0.83
0.17
0.47
0.47
0.04
0.04
0.001
0.001
0.363
0.363
0.49
0.49
Materials 2022, 15, 6904
3 of 18
Wollastonite can be artificially synthesized with different materials. For example, it was
produced with eggshell and silica [30], rice husk ash, silica ferrochrome, diatomite, quartz and
calcined marble tailings in the literature [14,31]. Protection of natural wollastonite resources
and use of waste material provide a significant advantage for synthetic wollastonite. There
are three different methods for production of synthetic wollastonite. These methods are the
wet method, which has lower than 200 ◦ C and high pressure; the solid-state reaction method,
which involves reaction of silica with calcium oxide or calcium carbonate at a temperature
higher than 800 ◦ C and liquid phase reaction method, which is higher than 1400 ◦ C [13].
Each method contains different advantages and disadvantages in itself. However, the aspect
ratio of synthetic wollastonite with acicular particle structure is not as high as that of natural
wollastonite. Therefore, a new technique that brings together the three-step process, which
includes the mechanochemical process, hydrothermal process and solid-state reaction, was
developed [13]. Wollastonite is available in nature with aspect ratios of 3:1 to 20:1 [32], but
wollastonite with an aspect ratio of 23:1 [13] and even 44:1 [33] was developed in productions
synthetically. Therefore, the use of synthetic wollastonites in cement-based composites or in
different fields is precious and has a promising future to study.
In recent years, many studies have been conducted on the use of both natural wollastonite and synthetic wollastonite in cement-based composites. Especially, the use of synthetic
wollastonite is novel and contains valuable findings for future studies regarding cement-based
composites because of the high aspect ratios of acicular particle structure. In this study,
use of wollastonite in mortar, conventional concrete, engineered cementitious composites,
geopolymer concrete, self-compacting concrete, ultra-high-performance concrete and pavement concrete was investigated. The effects of wollastonite usage in different cementitious
composites on the physical, mechanical and durability properties were presented and discussed. In addition, general evaluations were conducted according to these discussions.
Finally, suggestions were put forward regarding possible future research directions.
2. Cement Paste and Mortar
Cement paste consists of cement and water; mortar consists of cement, water and
fine aggregate. Studies on cement paste or mortar were performed in the form of using
wollastonite replacement of sand and/or cement. Doner et al. [34] used 5% and 10%
wollastonite by mass replacement of cement in their study. Figure 2 shows the fracture
toughness of wollastonite content. They observed that the use of 5% and 10% wollastonite
increased the fracture toughness by 17.88% and 33.71%, respectively. The toughening effects
of wollastonite usage result from the acicular nature of wollastonite that significantly bridge
cracks at the micro-level. In this way, it delays microcrack coalescence. In a study where
natural wollastonite from 0% to 15% by 3% increments was used instead of cement [35],
the best mixture containing 3% wollastonite performed better than the control mixture for
capillary water permeability and gas permeability. The compressive and flexural strengths
of the mixtures are provided in Figure 3. The strength increase in the use of 3% wollastonite
could be explained by the acicular particle structure and high modulus of elasticity of the
wollastonite. The use of wollastonite at rates of 6% or more could cause deterioration of
the microstructure and decrease in strength.
In some studies, comparisons were performed by using wollastonite and an additional
material. In a study in which the effect of wollastonite average particle size was taken into
account, 3.5 µm and 9.0 µm average particle size wollastonite was used at a rate of 10%, 20%,
30%, 40% and 50% by mass in replacement of cement [36]. In addition, the results of wollastonite and limestone were compared by using limestone in the same proportions. The use
of wollastonite decreased the workability of mortar mixes but increased cement hydration.
Using 10% limestone reduced the compressive strength of the mortar by approximately 20%.
For the same strength range, wollastonite-3.5 µm can be used in replacement of 40% cement.
The use of wollastonite-3.5 µm instead of 30% of the cement reduced the 28-day compressive
strength by only a rate of 10%. In other words, wollastonite can be used to replace high ratio
of cement up to 30% in mixes without remarkably reducing strength. Dey et al. [28] took into
Materials 2022, 15, 6904
4 of 18
account aspect ratio in addition to average particle size. They used 5% silica fume instead of
cement to form a control mixture and also 5%, 10% and 15% wollastonite instead of cement;
four grades of wollastonite fibers with average particle size ranging from 33 to 2000 µm,
with aspect ratios varying from 3:1 to 20:1, were used. The results of the study showed that
the wollastonite fibers moderately increased the compressive strength and also significantly
increased the fracture strength and toughness and, finally, enhanced ductility. At optimum
dosage, an increase in 28-day compressive strength up to 30%, an increase in flexural strength
of up to 41% and an increase in toughness of up to 147% were observed compared to the
control mixture. The crack results of this study are provided in Figure 4. C refers to coarse
grades, F refers to fine grades and the number refers to the average particle size in Figure 4.
Wollastonite increased crack growth resistance. This can be attributed to matrix packing
and its bridging of microcracks that lead to delayed microcrack coalescence thanks to usage
of wollastonite. Moreover, the optimum replacement was dependent on the wollastonite
fiber type. In a study where wollastonite and additional material were evaluated instead
of cement, Ransinchung and Kumar [20] investigated the effect of wollastonite, microsilica
and combination of wollastonite + microsilica on cement-based composites. Wollastonite
increased the initial–final setting time, and 10% wollastonite+7.5% microsilica combination
provided the highest strength value. The combination of 15% wollastonite+7.5% microsilica
also showed higher strength than the control mix. In a study in which wollastonite was
used instead of both sand and cement, 10%, 20% and 30% wollastonite were used instead
of sand and cement, thus forming seven mixtures including the control mixture [37]. The
initial setting time increased by using wollastonite, but this increase had a negligible effect
on cement replacement. The use of wollastonite up to 20% instead of sand increased the
compressive and flexural strength. When using wollastonite instead of 20% sand, 28-day
compressive strength increased by 45%, and flexural strength increased by 28% compared
to the control mixture. The mechanical strength of using wollastonite instead of 30% sand
was also higher than the control mixture. When using wollastonite instead of 10% cement,
the compressive strength decreased by 12% and the flexural strength decreased by 2%
compared to the control mixture. The strengths were much lower when wollastonite was
used instead of 20–30% cement. The total shrinkage strain is displayed in Figure 5. Usage of
wollastonite decreased the drying shrinkage with 30% cement replacement and 30% sand
replacement at the rates of 47% and 44%, respectively. From the studies, the increase in
strength and durability with the use of wollastonite was attributed to the effect of densifying
the microstructure of the matrix and the filling effect of wollastonite. Leeman et al. [38] used
carbonated wollastonite clinker instead of 30% of cement by weight. They found that this
mixture increased the Si/Ca ratio by 15% compared to the control mixture4 but
decreased
Materials 2022, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW
of 20
the 28-day compressive strength by 7.8%.
10 mN/s
20 mN/s
30 mN/s
Wollastonite content
10%
5%
0%
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Fracture toughness, K1c (MPa-m0.5)
Figure 2. Fracture toughness of wollastonite content based on Ref. [34].
Figure 2. Fracture toughness of wollastonite content based on Ref. [34].
ngth (MPa)
80
70
60
50
0.9
0%
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Fracture toughness, K1c (MPa-m0.5)
Materials 2022, 15, 6904
5 of 18
Figure 2. Fracture toughness of wollastonite content based on Ref. [34].
Compressive strength (MPa)
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
W 7 days
Materials 2022, 15, x FOR PEER
W=Natural wollastonite
REVIEWSW=
Synthetic wollastonite
SW 7 days
0%
3%
6%
W 28 days
9%
12%
15%
SW 28 days
5 of 20
(a)
12
Materials 2022, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW
6 of 20
Flexural strength (MPa)
10
of sand and cement, thus forming seven mixtures including the control mixture [37]. The
initial setting time increased by using wollastonite, but this increase had a negligible effect
on cement replacement. The use of wollastonite up to 20% instead of sand increased the
6
compressive and flexural strength. When using wollastonite instead of 20% sand, 28-day
compressive strength increased by 45%, and flexural strength increased by 28% compared
4
to the control mixture. The mechanical strength of using wollastonite instead of 30% sand
was also higher than the control mixture. When using wollastonite instead of 10% cement,
2
the compressive strength decreased by 12% and the flexural strength decreased by 2%
compared to the control mixture. The strengths were much lower when wollastonite was
0
used insteadSW
of 720–30%
cement.
The total shrinkage
strain is displayed in Figure 5. Usage
W 7 days
days
W 28 days
SW 28 days
of wollastonite decreased the drying shrinkage with 30% cement replacement and 30%
W=Natural wollastonite
3% 6%
sand 0%
replacement
at the9%
rates12%
of 47%15%
and 44%, respectively. From the studies, the increase
SW= Synthetic wollastonite
in strength and durability with the use of wollastonite was attributed to the effect of den(b)
sifying the microstructure of the matrix and the filling effect of wollastonite. Leeman et al.
[38] used carbonated wollastonite clinker instead of 30% of cement by weight. They found
Figure 3. (a) Compressive and (b) flexural strengths of natural wollastonite and synthetic wollastonite
thatand
this(b)mixture
Si/Ca ratio
by 15% and
compared
to wollasthe control mixture but
Figure 3. (a) Compressive
flexuralincreased
strengths the
of natural
wollastonite
synthetic
basedbased
on Refs.
[13,35].
decreased the 28-day compressive strength by 7.8%.
tonite
on Refs.
[13,35].
8
Wollastonite fiber
In some studies, comparisons were performed by using wollastonite and an addiControl
10%
15%average particle size was
tional material. In a study in which the
effect 5%
of wollastonite
taken into account, 3.5 µm and 9.0 µm average particle size wollastonite was used at a rate
of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% by mass in replacement of cement [36]. In addition, the
F33
results of wollastonite
and limestone were compared by using limestone in the same proportions. The use of wollastonite decreased the workability of mortar mixes but increased
cement hydration. Using 10% limestone reduced the compressive strength of the mortar
F55
by approximately
20%. For the same strength range, wollastonite-3.5 µm can be used in
replacement of 40% cement. The use of wollastonite-3.5 µm instead of 30% of the cement
reduced the
28-day compressive strength by only a rate of 10%. In other words, wollasC850
tonite can be used to replace high ratio of cement up to 30% in mixes without remarkably
reducing strength. Dey et al. [28] took into account aspect ratio in addition to average
particle size.
They used 5% silica fume instead of cement to form a control mixture and
C2000
also 5%, 10% and 15% wollastonite instead of cement; four grades of wollastonite fibers
with average particle size ranging from 33 to 2000 µm, with aspect ratios varying from 3:1
Control
to 20:1, were
used. The results of the study showed that the wollastonite fibers moderately
increased the compressive strength and also significantly increased the fracture strength
0
and toughness and,
finally,5enhanced 10
ductility. At15optimum 20
dosage, an 25
increase in 30
28-day
compressive strength up to 30%, an increase in flexural strength of up to 41% and an increase in toughness of up to 147% were
observed
to the control mixture. The
Critical
crackcompared
length (mm)
crack results of this study are provided in Figure 4. C refers to coarse grades, F refers to
fine grades and the number
thelength
average
particle
size
in Figure
4. Wollastonite
Figure 4. refers
Criticalto
crack
in cured
28 days
based
on Ref. [28].
Figure 4. Critical crack length in cured 28 days based on Ref. [28].
increased crack growth resistance. This can be attributed to matrix packing and its bridging of microcracks that lead to delayed microcrack coalescence thanks to usage of wollastonite. Moreover, the optimum replacement was dependent on the wollastonite fiber type.
In a study where wollastonite and additional material were evaluated instead of cement,
Ransinchung and Kumar [20] investigated the effect of wollastonite, microsilica and combination of wollastonite + microsilica on cement-based composites. Wollastonite increased
35
Materials 2022, 15, 6904
Materials 2022, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW
6 of 18
7 of 20
Age (28 days)
30% cement
20% cement
10% cement
0% cement
30% sand
20% sand
10% sand
0% sand
-400
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
Total shrinkage strain (μm)
Figure5.5. Total
Total shrinkage
shrinkage strain
Figure
strain based
basedon
onRef.
Ref.[37].
[37].
Inaddition,
addition, studies
onon
mortars
were
alsoalso
carried
In
studies on
onthe
theuse
useofofsynthetic
syntheticwollastonite
wollastonite
mortars
were
carried
out.
Kalkan
et
al.
[29]
used
0%,
0.5%,
1%,
2%,
5%,
10%,
15%
and
20%
synthetic
wollastonite
out. Kalkan et al. [29] used 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% synthetic wollastonite
insteadof
ofcement.
cement.The
Theuse
useofofwollastonite
wollastonitereduced
reducedthe
theworkability,
workability,and
andthe
theinitial
initialand
andfinal
instead
final
setting
times
were
delayed.
Water
absorption
decreased
up
to
2%
replacement.
It
setting times were delayed. Water absorption decreased up to 2% replacement. It enhanced
enhanced at 2% replacement in the mechanical properties of mortars. Moreover, 5% reat 2% replacement in the mechanical properties of mortars. Moreover, 5% replacement
placement can be a usable ratio and indicated higher strength than 0% replacement. The
can be a usable ratio and indicated higher strength than 0% replacement. The increase in
increase in flexural strength with the use of wollastonite was higher than the percent comflexural strength with the use of wollastonite was higher than the percent compressive
pressive strength. Moreover, thermal conductivity decreased as replacement ratio instrength. Moreover, thermal conductivity decreased as replacement ratio increased. Yücel
creased. Yücel and Özcan [13] formed a total of six mixtures, including a control mixture
and Özcan [13] formed a total of six mixtures, including a control mixture and usage of
and usage of wollastonite from 0% to 15% by 3% steps of increment replacing cement.
wollastonite from 0% to 15% by 3% steps of increment replacing cement. Slump flow
Slump flow diameter decreased with use of wollastonite. Figure 3 shows the compressive
diameter
decreased with use of wollastonite. Figure 3 shows the compressive and flexural
and flexural strengths of synthetic wollastonite. The compressive and flexural strengths
strengths
wollastonite.
Thetheir
compressive
and
flexural
strengths
increased
up to
increasedofupsynthetic
to 9% usage
and reached
maximum
value
at 9%.
In addition,
the me9%
usage
and
reached
their
maximum
value
at
9%.
In
addition,
the
mechanical
properties
chanical properties of the 12% and 15% replacement mixtures provided better results than
ofthe
the
12% and
15% replacement
mixtures fills
provided
betterstructure
results than
the control
mixture.
control
mixture.
Synthetic wollastonite
the porous
of cement
and forms
Synthetic
wollastonite
the porous
of cement and
andsynthetic
forms a wollastonite
more compact
a more compact
mortar fills
[13,37,39].
When structure
natural wollastonite
mortar
[13,37,39].
When to
natural
andthat
synthetic
wollastonite
are compared,
according
Figurewollastonite
3, it is observed
the optimum
dosage are
andcompared,
rate of
according
to Figure
is observed
that the optimum
dosage
of increase
are higher
increase are
higher 3,
foritsynthetic
wollastonite.
The SEM
imagesand
andrate
energy
dispersive
Xfor
synthetic
wollastonite.
The
SEM
images
and
energy
dispersive
X-ray
(EDX)
analysis
ray (EDX) analysis of synthetic wollastonite are presented in Figure 6. The acicular strucof
synthetic
wollastonite
areispresented
ininFigure
acicular structure
synthetic
ture
of synthetic
wollastonite
also shown
Figure6.6. The
The enhancement
in the of
mechanwollastonite
is
also
shown
in
Figure
6.
The
enhancement
in
the
mechanical
properties
ical properties can be explained by the physical property (acicular structure) of synthetic can
be
explained acting
by the as
physical
(acicular
structure)
synthetic
wollastonite
acting
wollastonite
a fiber property
in the matrix.
Moreover,
theseofresults
supported
that synas
a
fiber
in
the
matrix.
Moreover,
these
results
supported
that
synthetic
wollastonite
thetic wollastonite is an inert material and, thus, does not show any chemical reaction.is an
inert
material
thus, does
any of
chemical
reaction.
CaCOÖz
to decrease
CaCO
to decrease
withnot
theshow
addition
synthetic
wollastonite.
and Güneş
[7],
3 tendedand,
3 tended
with
theother
addition
of examined
synthetic wollastonite.
and Güneş
[7], on the
hand, examined
on the
hand,
the effects of Öz
synthetic
wollastonite
on other
high-performance
mortars.
of five mixtures
wereon
formed:
control mixture
and usage
of synthetic
wolthe
effectsAoftotal
synthetic
wollastonite
high-performance
mortars.
A total
of five mixtures
lastonite
at 3%,
6%, 9%
and 12%
of cement.
Use of wollastonite
reduced
were
formed:
control
mixture
andratios
usageinstead
of synthetic
wollastonite
at 3%, 6%, 9%
and 12%
workability.
compressive
and
flexural strengths
increased
up to The
9% usage.
At 12%and
ratios
insteadThe
of cement.
Use of
wollastonite
reduced
workability.
compressive
usage, the
mechanical
properties
thoseusage,
of the the
control
mix. Theproperties
water
flexural
strengths
increased
up towere
9% worse
usage.than
At 12%
mechanical
sorptivity
is of
provided
in Figure
7. The
performance
water in
were
worsecoefficient
than those
the control
mix. The
water
sorptivityproperties
coefficientofisthe
provided
sorptivity
coefficient,
rapid properties
chloride permeability
gas permeability,
were
Figure
7. The
performance
of the waterand
sorptivity
coefficient,which
rapid chloride
tested
for
durability,
improved
up
to
9%
usage.
Thanks
to
the
synthetic
wollastonite
filling
permeability and gas permeability, which were tested for durability, improved up to 9%
usage. Thanks to the synthetic wollastonite filling effect, the microstructure in the cement
matrix condensed. Therefore, synthetic wollastonite reduced the water absorption of the
Materials 2022, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW
Materials
2022, 15, 6904
Materials 2022, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW
8 of 20
7 of 18
8 of 20
effect, the microstructure in the cement matrix condensed. Therefore, synthetic wollaston-
material
andmicrostructure
provided
pore
discontinuity
in condensed.
the and
cement
[7,20,32,39].
While
the Yücel
iteeffect,
reduced
the
water absorption
of thematrix
material
provided
pore
discontinuity
in theand
the
in the
cement
Therefore,
synthetic
wollastonite reduced
thesynthetic
water
absorption
of the
material
and
pore
in
the it was
cement
[7,20,32,39].
While
the Yücel
and
Özcanwas
[13] provided
12% synthetic
wollastonite
mixture
Özcan
[13]
12%
wollastonite
mixture
better
than
thediscontinuity
control mixture,
cement
While
the Yücel
Özcan
12%
synthetic
wollastonite
mixture
was
better
than
the control
mixture,
itand
was
worse
than
theGüneş
control
mixture
in the
study
by to
worse
than[7,20,32,39].
the control
mixture
in the
study
by [13]
Öz
and
[7];
this difference
is due
was
better
than
thethis
control
mixture,
wastoworse
than
control
in thewollastonite
study
by
Öz
and
Güneş
[7];
difference
is itdue
theup
w/c
Usage
of synthetic
the
w/c
ratio.
Usage
of synthetic
wollastonite
toratio.
athe
10%
ratio mixture
also
indicates
very valuable
Güneş
this
difference
is
due
to the
w/c
ratio.for
Usage
synthetic
wollastonite
upÖz
toand
a 10%
ratio[7];
also
indicates
very
valuable
future
studies.
When
the mortar
usage is
findings
for
future
studies.
When
the
usage
offindings
wollastonite
onofcement
paste
and
up
to
a
10%
ratio
also
indicates
very
valuable
findings
for
future
studies.
When
the usage
of wollastonite
on cement
and mortar
examined,
it is
that wollastonite
was
examined,
it is found
that paste
wollastonite
wasisused
instead
offound
sand and/or
cement;
further,
of wollastonite
on cement
paste
and mortar
is examined,
itwere
is found
thatwith
wollastonite
was +
used
instead
of
sand
and/or
cement;
further,
these
uses
tested
wollastonite
these uses were tested with wollastonite + different material combinations. In addition,
used instead
of sand
and/or cement;
further, these
were that
tested
with wollastonite
+
material
combinations.
In addition,
it is uses
observed
synthetically
produced
itdifferent
is observed
that synthetically
produced
wollastonites
were also
used. Cement
paste or
different material combinations. In addition, it is observed that synthetically produced
wollastonites
werehigher
also used.
Cementand
paste
or mortars that havewere
higher mechanical
and of
mortars
that have
mechanical
durability
withand
usage
wollastonites
were also used.
Cement paste
or mortarsproperties
that have higherformed
mechanical
durability
properties
were
formed
with
usage
of
natural
or
synthetic
wollastonite.
natural
or synthetic
wollastonite.
durability
properties
were formed with usage of natural or synthetic wollastonite.
Figure 6. SEM images and EDX analysis of synthetic wollastonite.
Figure
EDX analysis
analysisof
ofsynthetic
syntheticwollastonite.
wollastonite.
Figure6.6.SEM
SEMimages
images and EDX
28 days
28 days
(mm/ min )
Water sorptivity coefficient
Water sorptivity
coefficient
(mm/ min0.5)0.5
0.05
90 days
90 days
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0
0
0%
0%
3%
6%
9%
3%
6%
Synthetic
wollastonite
content9%
12%
12%
Synthetic wollastonite content
Figure 7. The water sorptivity coefficient and synthetic wollastonite content based on Ref. [7].
Figure
7. The water sorptivity coefficient and synthetic wollastonite content based on Ref. [7].
3. Conventional
Figure
7. The water Concrete
sorptivity coefficient and synthetic wollastonite content based on Ref. [7].
Concrete is formed by mixing cement, water, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, chemical additives and mineral additives at a certain rate. The usage of wollastonite in concrete
Conventional Concrete
Concrete
3.3.Conventional
Concreteisisformed
formedby
by mixing
mixing cement,
cement, water,
water, coarse
coarse aggregate,
Concrete
aggregate, fine
fine aggregate,
aggregate,chemchemical
ical
additives
and
mineral
additives
at
a
certain
rate.
The
usage
of
wollastonite
concretewas
additives and mineral additives at a certain rate. The usage of wollastonite ininconcrete
performed in three different ways: replacement of sand, cement and their combination. Kh [40]
used 10%, 15% and 20% wollastonite by mass replacement of sand. A compressive toughness
test, which is significant for quantitative analysis of the energy distributing ability of materials,
was implemented for these mixtures. It was observed that the use of 15% wollastonite
Materials 2022, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW
was performed in three different ways: replacement of sand, cement and their combina- 8 of 18
tion. Kh [40] used 10%, 15% and 20% wollastonite by mass replacement of sand. A compressive toughness test, which is significant for quantitative analysis of the energy distributing ability of materials, was implemented for these mixtures. It was observed that the
increased
23–25% in 28-day results compared to the control mixture. This increase was
use of 15% wollastonite increased 23–25% in 28-day results compared to the control mixobserved as 20% at 10% usage of wollastonite. In a study evaluating the durability properties,
ture. This increase was observed as 20% at 10% usage of wollastonite. In a study evaluatAziza
and Kh [41] used wollastonite replacement of 30% sand and found that it improved
ing the durability properties, Aziza and Kh [41] used wollastonite replacement of 30%
the
durability
by 32%.
a studyproperties
where wollastonite
used
in replacement
sand and foundproperties
that it improved
the In
durability
by 32%. In awas
study
where
wolof
cement,
5%
and
10%
wollastonite
were
used
[42].
It
was
determined
that
lastonite was used in replacement of cement, 5% and 10% wollastonite were used the
[42].use
It of 10%
wollastonite
increased
the
compressive
toughness
by
40%
and
the
flexure
toughness
was determined that the use of 10% wollastonite increased the compressive toughness by by 32%.
These
values
were increased
20%
at 5%
usage,
respectively.
In a20%
study
40% and
the flexure
toughnessby
by 21%
32%. and
These
values
were
increased
by 21% and
at where
5% w/b
usage,ratio
respectively.
In into
a study
wherein
theaddition
w/b ratiotowas
into
account in addition
the
was taken
account
thetaken
use of
wollastonite
replacement of
to the use
wollastonitestrength
replacement
of cement,
strength increased
cement,
theofcompressive
increased
up tothe
usecompressive
of 10% wollastonite
in all w/bup
ratios [32].
to use ofstrength
10% wollastonite
allto
w/b
[32].wollastonite
Flexural strength
upand
to use
of
Flexural
increasedinup
useratios
of 15%
at 0.55increased
w/b ratio
increased
up
at 0.55 w/batratio
to usePorosity
of 10% wollastonite
at 0.50 replacement
and
to15%
usewollastonite
of 10% wollastonite
0.50and
andincreased
0.45 w/bup
ratios.
and wollastonite
w/b ratios.
Porosity
andnoted
wollastonite
is provided in
Figure
8. Asofnoted
is0.45
provided
in Figure
8. As
in otherreplacement
studies [7,13,20,32,39],
the
addition
wollastonite
in other studies [7,13,20,32,39], the addition of wollastonite resulted in reduced pores and
resulted in reduced pores and densification of the concrete microstructure. It was found that
densification of the concrete microstructure. It was found that 10–15% wollastonite sub10–15% wollastonite substitution instead of cement improves the durability properties of
stitution instead of cement improves the durability properties of concrete, such as water
concrete,
suchporosity,
as watercarbonation,
permeability,
porosity,
carbonation,
chloride
andracorrosion,
permeability,
chloride
diffusion
and corrosion,
in diffusion
different w/b
intios.
different w/b ratios.
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
12
Total Porosity (%)
Materials 2022, 15, 6904
9 of 20
10
8
6
4
2
0
w/b 0.55
w/b 0.50
w/b 0.45
Figure 8. Porosity and wollastonite replacement based on Ref. [32].
Figure 8. Porosity and wollastonite replacement based on Ref. [32].
In some studies for concrete, different material combinations were attempted, includIn some studies for concrete, different material combinations were attempted, ining wollastonite replacement of cement or replacement of cement+fine aggregate. Kalla et
cluding
wollastonite replacement of cement or replacement of cement+fine aggregate.
al. [43] examined the effect of the combination of wollastonite and fly ash replacement of
Kalla
et
al.
[43]into
examined
of the
combination
of ash
wollastonite
and
fly ash
cement, taking
accountthe
theeffect
w/b ratio.
They
used 40% fly
(fixed ratio)
instead
of replacement
of as
cement,
into account
the25%
w/b
They
used 40%
ash (fixed ratio)
cement,
well as taking
wollastonite
from 0% to
by ratio.
5% steps
of increment
in fly
replacement
instead
of The
cement,
as well
as wollastonite
from
0%ofto55%
25%
by 5% steps
of increment in
of cement.
mechanical
properties
increased up
to use
combination
wollastonite
replacement
of(40%)
cement.
increased
tocombination
use of 55% combination
(15%) + fly ash
at a The
0.55 mechanical
w/b ratio andproperties
increased up
to use ofup
60%
wollastonite (20%)(15%)
+ fly ash
(40%)
0.50 and
w/bw/b
ratios.
Additionally,
permeability
wollastonite
+ fly
ashat(40%)
at a0.45
0.55
ratio
and increased
up to 55–
use of 60%
60%, carbonation
resistance (20%)
45%, diffusion
corrosion
45–55%
and shrinkage
recombination
wollastonite
+ fly ash45–60%,
(40%) at
0.50 and
0.45 w/b
ratios. Additionally,
sistance at the55–60%,
rate of 55–60%
wollastonite+fly
combination
enhancedcorrosion
its durability
permeability
carbonation
resistance ash
45%,
diffusion 45–60%,
45–55% and
properties.resistance
It was found
the usage
of wollastonite
+ fly ash combination
in the range
shrinkage
at that
the rate
of 55–60%
wollastonite+fly
ash combination
enhanced its
of
40–55%
and
wollastonite
in
the
range
of
5–15%
affect
the
mechanical
and
durability
durability properties. It was found that the usage of wollastonite + fly ash combination
properties of concrete positively. The wollastonite + fly ash combination was investigated
in the range of 40–55% and wollastonite in the range of 5–15% affect the mechanical and
durability properties of concrete positively. The wollastonite + fly ash combination was
investigated in replacement of both cement and sand in another study [39]. It was stated
that the mixture of fly ash instead of 20% cement + wollastonite instead of 10% sand
increased the 28-day compressive strength by 28% and flexural strength by 36% compared
to the mixture using only fly ash in replacement of cement at 20%. In addition, it was
stated that the combination of fly ash in replacement of 20% cement + wollastonite in
replacement of 10% sand and only wollastonite in replacement of 10% sand showed higher
mechanical strength compared to the control mixture (no fly ash and no wollastonite).
Materials 2022, 15, 6904
9 of 18
Finally, it was found that the usage of wollastonite (single or in combination with fly ash)
reduces water absorption, drying shrinkage and abrasion loss. These findings obtained
from the studies [39,43] show that fly ash and wollastonite could be a preferable alternative
material combination. In another study, the use of 10% wollastonite in replacement of
cement was taken as a fixed ratio, and, furthermore, waste granite fine was used at a rate
of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% in replacement of fine aggregate [44]. A mix design of
concretes is provided in Table 2. Indeed, the 20% waste granite fine + 10% wollastonite
combination mixture, which provided the best results, increased the compressive strength
by 5.7% compared to the control mixture, and the 10% waste granite fine + 10% wollastonite
combination and 30% waste granite fine + 10% wollastonite combination mixtures showed
superior mechanical properties compared to the control mixture. Further, the 10–20% and
30% waste granite fine + 10% wollastonite combination mixture showed superior durability
properties compared to the control mixture, but other mixtures (40% and 50% waste granite
fine+10% wollastonite combination) showed worse properties than the control mixture.
According to the findings obtained from the studies [32,43,44], generally, 10% was found as
the optimum ratio for the usage of wollastonite in replacement of cement. Moreover, the
use of 10–15% wollastonite has positive effects on durability properties [32,39,44]. When
usage of wollastonite on concrete is examined, it is observed that wollastonite was used
instead of sand and/or cement; further, these uses were tested with wollastonite + different
material combinations, similar to mortar. Moreover, it is observed that waste materials
were used in concrete. The use of a combination of wollastonite and waste material is
crucial for forming sustainable concrete due to the reduction in cement use and recycling
of waste material.
Table 2. Mix design of concrete (kg/m3 ) based on Ref. [44].
Mix
W/b Ratio
OPC
* WF
CA
FA
* WGF
Water
* SPDosage %
1
0.35
425
0
1298
628
0
148.75
1.25
2
0.35
382.5
42.5
1298
565.2
62.8
148.75
1.3
3
0.35
382.5
42.5
1298
502.4
125.6
148.75
1.5
4
0.35
382.5
42.5
1298
439.6
188.4
148.75
1.65
5
0.35
382.5
42.5
1298
376.8
251.2
148.75
1.9
6
0.35
382.5
42.5
1298
314
314
148.75
2.1
* WF = wollastonite fiber, WGF = waste granite fines, SP = high water reducing superplasticizer.
4. Engineered Cementitious Composite (ECC)
Engineered cementitious composite (ECC) is defined as a special type of high-performance
fiber concrete and shows strain hardening similar to a ductile material after the first crack and
has approximately 300 to 500 times greater tensile strain capacity compared to conventional
concretes. In a study conducted for ECC, synthetic wollastonites with different high aspect
ratios were used instead of cement, fly ash and cement + fly ash [33]. The mini-v-funnel flow
time values of ECCs are provided in Figure 9. Wollastonite with a 44:1 aspect ratio which was
used as a cement replacement decreased workability. The decrease in the workability of the
ECC is mainly caused by the interlocking of the acicular particle structure of wollastonite. The
usage of synthetic wollastonite instead of fly ash or cement + fly ash enhanced the mechanical
performance up to 6% in terms of compressive strength and flexural performance. Typical
flexural strength and mid-span beam deflection curves are shown in Figure 10. Using synthetic
wollastonite with a 44:1 aspect ratio exhibited behavior similar to a fiber compared to natural
wollastonite. Therefore, a remarkable enhancement in ductility performance of ECCs was
achieved. Finally, using wollastonite with a 44:1 aspect ratio showed better performance
characteristics than wollastonite with a 30:1 aspect ratio. These findings show that a higher
aspect ratio of synthetic wollastonite improves results. Therefore, synthetic wollastonite can
be used because it has a higher aspect ratio than natural wollastonite. Although ECC shows
Materials 2022, 15, 6904
strength and flexural performance. Typical flexural strength and mid-span beam deflection curves are shown in Figure 10. Using synthetic wollastonite with a 44:1 aspect ratio
exhibited behavior similar to a fiber compared to natural wollastonite. Therefore, a remarkable enhancement in ductility performance of ECCs was achieved. Finally, using
wollastonite with a 44:1 aspect ratio showed better performance characteristics than wol10 of 18
lastonite with a 30:1 aspect ratio. These findings show that a higher aspect ratio of synthetic wollastonite improves results. Therefore, synthetic wollastonite can be used because
it has a higher aspect ratio than natural wollastonite. Although ECC shows superior performance
characteristics
compared to
conventional
concrete, it concrete,
is costly due
the polyvisuperior
performance
characteristics
compared
to conventional
it is to
costly
due to the
nyl alcohol
(PVA)
fiberfiber
found
in ECC
and and
absence
of coarse
aggregate
[33].[33].
Wollastonite
polyvinyl
alcohol
(PVA)
found
in ECC
absence
of coarse
aggregate
Wollastonite
usable material
material for producing
without
losing
thethe
performance
isisaausable
producingmore
moreeconomical
economicalECC
ECC
without
losing
performance
characteristicsofofECC.
ECC.
characteristics
Materials 2022, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW
Figure 9. Mini-v-funnel flow time values of ECCs based on Ref. [33].
Figure 9. Mini-v-funnel flow time values of ECCs based on Ref. [33].
12 of 20
Figure 10. Typical flexural strength and mid-span beam deflection curve based on Ref. [33].
Figure 10. Typical flexural strength and mid-span beam deflection curve based on Ref. [33].
5. Geopolymer Concrete
5. Geopolymer Concrete
Geopolymer concrete is formed as a result of geopolymerization of aluminosilicate
Geopolymer
is formed
as aslag
result
geopolymerization
of aluminosilicate
source
materials concrete
(such as fly
ash, furnace
andofmetakaoline)
with sodiumor potassource
materialsalkali
(suchactivators
as fly ash,[45,46].
furnace
slag and metakaoline)
sodiumor as
potassiumsium-sourced
Wollastonite
was used as awith
precursor
(such
fly
ash slag or metakaolin), sand substitute or reinforcement with different material combinations in geopolymer concrete. When wollastonite was used instead of a precursor [47],
usage of 10% wollastonite increased the strength properties in the range of 18–20%. In
another study, in which wollastonite was used instead of both sand and a precursor [48],
workability and setting time decreased with wollastonite. When wollastonite was used
Materials 2022, 15, 6904
11 of 18
sourced alkali activators [45,46]. Wollastonite was used as a precursor (such as fly ash slag
or metakaolin), sand substitute or reinforcement with different material combinations in
geopolymer concrete. When wollastonite was used instead of a precursor [47], usage of
10% wollastonite increased the strength properties in the range of 18–20%. In another study,
in which wollastonite was used instead of both sand and a precursor [48], workability
and setting time decreased with wollastonite. When wollastonite was used instead of
sand, use of 10% wollastonite increased the compressive strength by 17%, and use of 20%
wollastonite increased the flexural strength by 43% compared to the control mixture. While
usage of wollastonite instead of a precursor did not enhance the flexural strength, use of
10% wollastonite increased the compressive strength by approximately 17% compared to
the control mixture. Bong et al. [49] used wollastonite instead of only sand and found that
the setting time was reduced. Figure 11 shows the compressive and flexural strengths of the
mold-cast geopolymers at 7 days, and a 10% replacement level was found as the optimum
ratio, and, at this rate, the flexural strength increased by 54%, but the compressive decreased
by 4% compared to the control mixture. The wollastonite was partially dissolved in the
Materials 2022, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW
13 of bonded
20
mixture because of an alkaline environment. Acicular wollastonite was partially
to
the geopolymer matrix, strengthened the matrix and enhanced the flexural strength.
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
30%
Flexural
Compressive
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Strength (MPa)
Figure 11. Compressive and flexural strengths of the mold-cast geopolymers at 7 days based on
Figure
11. Compressive and flexural strengths of the mold-cast geopolymers at 7 days based on Ref. [49].
Ref. [49].
In a study where wollastonite was used as a reinforcement, different material combiIn a study where wollastonite was used as a reinforcement, different material comnations
were also tested in addition to wollastonite [50]. Substitution of metakaolin with
binations were also tested in addition to wollastonite [50]. Substitution of metakaolin with
5%
wollastonite,
5%tremolite
tremolite
and
of short
basalt
reinforcement
increased
the
5% wollastonite, 5%
and
2% 2%
of short
basalt
fiber fiber
reinforcement
increased
the
compressive
strength.
In
a
study
where
polypropylene
fiber,
polyvinyl
alcohol
fiber
and
compressive strength. In a study where polypropylene fiber, polyvinyl alcohol fiber and
wollastonite
weretested,
tested,usage
usageofof
polypropylene
fiber,
polyvinyl
alcohol
and wollaswollastonite were
polypropylene
fiber,
polyvinyl
alcohol
fiber fiber
and woltonite
instead
of of
metakaolin
1% polypropylene
polypropylenefiber
fiber
+ 1%
polyvinyl
lastonite
instead
metakaolinwas
wasexamined:
examined: 1%
+ 1%
polyvinyl
al- alcohol
coholand
fiber15%
andwollastonite
15% wollastonite
2% polyvinyl
alcohol
fibershowed
showedthe
thehighest
highest comfiber
+ 2%+ polyvinyl
alcohol
fiber
compressive
pressive strengths
[51].
Theof
rates
of increase
160%,
respectively. It
strengths
[51]. The
rates
increase
werewere
90%90%
andand
160%,
respectively.
It also
alsoinincreased
creased
flexural
strength
and
sulfate
attack
resistance.
In
a
study
where
wollastonite
and
flexural strength and sulfate attack resistance. In a study where wollastonite and glass fiber
glassused
fiber were
used
of metakaolin,
use of wollastonite
enhanced
its viscosity
were
instead
ofinstead
metakaolin,
use of wollastonite
enhanced
its viscosity
and and
mechanical
mechanical
properties
[52].
Vishnu
et
al.
[53]
used
wollastonite
and
graphene
oxide
in a
properties [52]. Vishnu et al. [53] used wollastonite and graphene oxide in a self-compacting
self-compacting geopolymer. It was found that wollastonite performed better with grageopolymer. It was found that wollastonite performed better with graphene. The improvephene. The improvement in the microstructure of the geopolymer matrix through mement in the microstructure of the geopolymer matrix through mechanical interlocking of
chanical interlocking of unreacted wollastonite particles and bonding to the geopolymeric
unreacted
wollastonite
and bonding
to the geopolymeric
gelproperties
was attributed
gel was attributed
to theparticles
improvement
in the geopolymer’s
performance
[48]. to the
improvement
in
the
geopolymer’s
performance
properties
[48].
Geopolymer
has
Geopolymer has attracted much attention in recent years as an alternative constructionattracted
much
attention
in recent
years
as an alternative
construction
to concrete.
material
to concrete.
The use
of wollastonite
in geopolymer
can bematerial
an applicable
solution The use
of
geopolymerofcan
be an
applicable
solutionand
to overcome
theperfordisadvantage
towollastonite
overcome theindisadvantage
lower
strength
than concrete
improve the
mance
of
lowerfeatures.
strength than concrete and improve the performance features.
6. Self-Compacting Concrete
Self-compacting concrete is a concrete that can be compacted without requiring any
labor and fills the formwork homogeneously thanks to its self-flowing feature [54]. Jindal
et al. [54] used wollastonite instead of sand and found that cohesiveness increased and
Materials 2022, 15, 6904
12 of 18
6. Self-Compacting Concrete
Self-compacting concrete is a concrete that can be compacted without requiring
any labor and fills the formwork homogeneously thanks to its self-flowing feature [54].
Jindal et al. [54] used wollastonite instead of sand and found that cohesiveness increased
and water absorption decreased. The use of wollastonite at rates of up to 30% increased the
flexural strength, while it did not have a positive effect on compressive strength, but it is
comparable to the control mixture. In the study where wollastonite was used instead of
cement, a control mixture was formed by using slag instead of 20% cement. In addition
to usage of slag, wollastonite was used from 5% to 25% by 5% steps [55]. The workability results of this study are provided in Figure 12. Workability decreased with usage of
wollastonite. The acicular structure of wollastonite and the particle size of wollastonite
smaller than the particle size of cement are the reasons for decreasing
workability [13].
Materials 2022, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW
14 of 20
Usage of 15% wollastonite increased compressive and flexural strength. In addition, its
durability properties enhanced with the usage of wollastonite. In the study where the
combination
of wollastonite,
flythe
ashusage
and of
microsilica
was
studied,
the use
durability
properties
enhanced with
wollastonite.
In the
study where
theof almost equal
amounts ofofwollastonite,
flyash
ashand
and
microsilica
cement
combination
wollastonite, fly
microsilica
wasinstead
studied, of
theabout
use of30%
almost
equal had a positive
amounts
wollastonite, strength
fly ash andand
microsilica
instead
of about 30%
cement
had a posieffect onofmechanical
durability
properties
[56].
Although
it is advantageous
tive
effect on mechanical
strength without
and durability
properties
[56].a Although
it is advantato self-compacting
concrete
requiring
labor,
porous structure
that could occur
geous to self-compacting concrete without requiring labor, a porous structure that could
may cause durability problems. The filling effect of wollastonite has a positive effect on
occur may cause durability problems. The filling effect of wollastonite has a positive effect
durability performance. It is observed that the durability properties of self-compacting
on durability performance. It is observed that the durability properties of self-compacting
concrete
were
improved
with utilization
of wollastonite
in the studies.
concrete
were
alsoalso
improved
with utilization
of wollastonite
in the studies.
760
Slump flow (mm)
740
720
700
680
660
640
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
30%
Wollastonite content
(a)
14
12
V-funnel (sec)
10
8
6
4
2
0
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
30%
Wollastonite content
(b)
Figure
(a)(a)
Slump
flowflow
and (b)
v-funnel
of resultsofofresults
wollastonite
based on Ref.based
[55]. on Ref. [55].
Figure12.12.
Slump
and
(b) v-funnel
of wollastonite
7. Ultra-High-Performance Concrete
Ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) is defined as a type of concrete with very
high strength and durability. Kwon et al. [57] used wollastonite, which has different aspect ratios, at 0%, 10%, 20% and 27% ratios instead of sand in UHPC. The tensile strength
Materials 2022, 15, 6904
13 of 18
7. Ultra-High-Performance Concrete
Ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) is defined as a type of concrete with very
strength and durability. Kwon et al. [57] used wollastonite, which has different aspect
15 of 20
ratios, at 0%, 10%, 20% and 27% ratios instead of sand in UHPC. The tensile strength of 27%
substitution of different types of wollastonite is shown in Figure 13. This increase could
be due to bonding of the wollastonite microfibers and the mortar by a hydration reaction
reaction in which liberated Ca(OH)2 reacts with SiO2 in the wollastonite microfibers and
in which liberated Ca(OH)2 reacts with SiO2 in the wollastonite microfibers and forms
forms C–S–H [20,57]. The mechanical properties (tensile strength, strain capacity and enC–S–H [20,57]. The mechanical properties (tensile strength, strain capacity and energy
ergy absorption
capacity)
improved
with
the
of wollastonite.
The authors
also stated
absorption
capacity)
improved
with the
use
ofuse
wollastonite.
The authors
also stated
that
thatofuse
of aaspect
low aspect
should
be avoided.
A high
aspect
emphasized
use
a low
ratio ratio
should
be avoided.
A high
aspect
ratioratio
waswas
alsoalso
emphasized
in
in the
study
conducted
ECC
[33].
These
findings
show
that
a highaspect
aspectratio
ratioperforms
performs
the
study
conducted
forfor
ECC
[33].
These
findings
show
that
a high
betterin
incementitious
cementitious composites.
composites. In
used
instead
of of
cebetter
Inaastudy
studywhere
wherewollastonite
wollastonitewas
was
used
instead
ment,
wollastonite
was
tried
instead
of
cement
at
a
rate
of
4%,
8%
and
12%
[21].
An
incement, wollastonite was tried instead of cement at a rate of 4%, 8% and 12% [21]. An
crease
was
observed
in
compressive
strength,
hydration
process
and
cracking
resistance;
increase was observed in compressive strength, hydration process and cracking resistance;
decreasewas
wasobserved
observedininlower
lowershrinkage
shrinkagestrains,
strains,but
butno
nosignificant
significantimprovement
improvementwas
was
aadecrease
observed
in
flexural
strength.
Soliman
and
Mehdi
[58]
examined
the
effect
of
wollastonite
observed in flexural strength. Soliman and Mehdi [58] examined the effect of wollastonite
cementsubstitute
substituteas
aswell
wellas
asthe
theeffect
effectofofshrinkage-reducing
shrinkage-reducingadmixture.
admixture.Wollastonite
Wollastonite
asasaacement
increased
the
compressive
strength
and
also
mitigated
the
compressive
strength
decrease
increased the compressive strength and also mitigated the compressive strength decrease
caused
by
the
use
of
shrinkage-reducing
admixture.
Zareei
et
al.
[59]
formed
two
mixture
caused by the use of shrinkage-reducing admixture. Zareei et al. [59] formed two mixture
groups:only
onlyusing
usingwollastonite
wollastonite
instead
cement
and
also
usage
of wollastonite
instead
groups:
instead
of of
cement
and
also
usage
of wollastonite
instead
of
of cement+recycled
waste
ceramic
aggregate
instead
of coarse
aggregate.
Workability,
wacement+recycled
waste
ceramic
aggregate
instead
of coarse
aggregate.
Workability,
water
ter absorption
compressive
strength
decreased
with
wollastonite.Usage
Usageofof
absorption
andand
compressive
strength
decreased
with
thethe
useuse
of of
wollastonite.
wollastoniteenhanced
enhancedthe
thesplitting
splittingtensile
tensilestrength,
strength,flexural
flexuralstrength
strengthand
andmodulus
modulusof
ofelaselaswollastonite
ticity
of
concrete.
The
use
of
minimum
cement
or
aggregate
with
utilization
of
wollastonticity of concrete. The use of minimum cement or aggregate with utilization of wollastonite
is valuable
to obtain
sustainable
UHPC
without
losing
theperformance
performancecharacteristics
characteristics
isite
valuable
to obtain
sustainable
UHPC
without
losing
the
UHPC.
ofofUHPC.
high
Materials 2022, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW
Wollastonite content and type
27%-C
27%-B
27%-A
0%
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Tensile strength (MPa)
Figure13.
13.Tensile
Tensilestrength
strengthofof27%
27%substitution
substitutionofofdifferent
differenttypes
typesofofwollastonite
wollastonite
based
Ref.
[57].
Figure
based
onon
Ref.
[57].
8.8.Pavement
PavementConcrete
Concrete
Pavement
Pavementisisthe
thetop
toplayer
layerofofthe
thesuperstructure
superstructureand
andforms
formsaasmooth
smoothrolling
rollingsurface
surface
for
forvehicles.
vehicles.Due
Dueto
tothe
thepositive
positiveeffect
effectofofwollastonite
wollastoniteon
onthe
theperformance
performanceproperties
propertiesofof
concrete,
concrete,studies
studieswere
werecarried
carriedout
outon
onits
itsuse
useininpavement.
pavement.Ransinchung
Ransinchungand
andKumar
Kumar[60]
[60]
used
usedwollastonite
wollastoniteinstead
insteadofofcement
cementinintheir
theirstudy.
study.The
Theuse
useofof10%
10%wollastonite
wollastoniteincreased
increased
by
by11%
11%and
andthe
theuse
useofof20%
20%wollastonite
wollastoniteincreased
increasedby
by5.2%
5.2%on
onthe
the28-day
28-daycompressive
compressive
strength compared to the control mixture. The use of 10% wollastonite increased the 28day flexural strength by 20.5% compared to the control mixture. The use of 20% and 30%
for flexural strength also provided better results than the control mixture. The increase in
flexural strength was higher than compressive strength. In another study, wollastonite
Materials 2022, 15, 6904
14 of 18
, x FOR PEER REVIEW
16 of 20
strength compared to the control mixture. The use of 10% wollastonite increased the 28-day
flexural strength by 20.5% compared to the control mixture. The use of 20% and 30% for
found that wollastonite
reduces the slump value of fresh concrete and increases its denflexural strength also provided better results than the control mixture. The increase in
sity, abrasion resistance
and compressive
and
flexural strength.
It another
was emphasized
that
flexural strength
was higher than
compressive
strength. In
study, wollastonite
the combinationwas
of wollastonite
fly ash
is also
a usable
findings
of these
used instead of+ sand,
and,
in addition,
fly alternative.
ash was used The
instead
of cement
[61]. It
was
found
that
wollastonite
reduces
the
slump
value
of
fresh
concrete
and
increases
studies suggest that wollastonite could be a suitable material to be used in rigid pave-its
density, abrasion resistance and compressive and flexural strength. It was emphasized
ments [60,61] and
that the combination of wollastonite + fly ash can be used in both conthat the combination of wollastonite + fly ash is also a usable alternative. The findings
ventional concrete
[39,43]
andsuggest
pavement
[61], and, finally,
indicated
could
be
of these
studies
that wollastonite
could beitawas
suitable
materialthat
to beitused
in rigid
a suitable alternative
material
combination.
Ransinchung
et al. [27]+examined
theused
effect
of
pavements
[60,61]
and that the combination
of wollastonite
fly ash can be
in both
conventional
concrete
[39,43] and pavement
[61], and, finally,
it was indicated
that it could
wollastonite, microsilica
and
a combination
of wollastonite
+ microsilica
for pavement,
be a suitable
alternative
material[20].
combination.
Ransinchung
et al. [27]in
examined
theand
effect
similar to the study
conducted
for mortar
The percentage
reduction
chloride
of wollastonite, microsilica and a combination of wollastonite + microsilica for pavement,
wollastonite–microsilica
replacement is shown in Figure 14. As a result of the saturated
similar to the study conducted for mortar [20]. The percentage reduction in chloride and
water absorption,
rate of water absorption,
coefficient
absorption
chloride
wollastonite–microsilica
replacement
is shownof
in water
Figure 14.
As a resultand
of the
saturated
water absorption,
rate of water
absorption,
coefficient
water
absorption and
ion penetration durability
experiments,
it was
stated that
up to of
15%
wollastonite
andchloride
7.5%
ion
penetration
durability
experiments,
it
was
stated
that
up
to
15%
wollastonite
and
7.5%
microsilica enhance its durability properties. The use of wollastonite in concrete pavemicrosilica enhance its durability properties. The use of wollastonite in concrete pavements
ments provides advantages in terms of cost, strength and durability. The use of wollasprovides advantages in terms of cost, strength and durability. The use of wollastonite in
tonite in pavement
concrete
is crucial
ininorder
reduceitsits
high
compared
to flexible
pavement
concrete
is crucial
order to
to reduce
high
costcost
compared
to flexible
pavement
pavement and toand
make
its use
widespread.
to make
its use
widespread.
Wollastonite (w) and Microsilica (m)
7 days
28 days
15% w + %7.5 m
10% w + %7.5 m
10% w + %5 m
15% w
0%
0
10
20
30
40
Percentage reduction in chloride (%) at 25–35 mm
w.r.t. 10–20 mm
Figure 14. Percentage
reduction
in chloride
and
replacement
based on
Figure
14. Percentage
reduction
in wollastonite–microsilica
chloride and wollastonite–microsilica
replacement
based on
Ref. [27].
Ref. [27].
Wollastonite
uses and
different
are summarized
in Table
3. Some
studies
are
Wollastonite uses
and different
effects
areeffects
summarized
in Table
3. Some
studies
are
provided to show the effect of using wollastonite on different properties. It is observed that
provided to show
the effect of using wollastonite on different properties. It is observed
both natural and synthetic wollastonite enhance the mechanical and durability properties
that both naturalofand
syntheticcomposites.
wollastonite
the mechanical
and durability
cement-based
It hasenhance
been determined
that wollastonite
is a material propthat can
erties of cement-based
composites.
It
has
been
determined
that
wollastonite
is
a
material
be used instead of both aggregate and cement for sustainable concrete production.
that can be used instead of both aggregate and cement for sustainable concrete production.
Table 3. Usage and different effects of wollastonite in the literature.
rature Wollastonite Replacement
5–10% instead of cement
Effect of Wollastonite
Increment about 34% fracture toughness
Materials 2022, 15, 6904
15 of 18
Table 3. Usage and different effects of wollastonite in the literature.
Study in Literature
Wollastonite Replacement
Effect of Wollastonite
[34]
5–10% instead of cement
Increment about 34% fracture toughness
[35]
0–15% instead of cement
Increment about 12% compressive and increment about 6%
flexural strength
[36]
0–50% instead of cement
Decrease in workability and increment in cement hydration
[28]
5–15% instead of cement
Increment in crack growth resistance and ductility
[37]
10–30% instead of
cement and sand
Increment in initial setting time and decrease about 47%
drying shrinkage
[7]
0–12% instead of
cement
(synthetic wollastonite)
Increment about 8% compressive and increment about 11%
flexural strength; decrease about 15% water sorptivity
coefficient, about 4% rapid chloride permeability and about
25% gas permeability
[32]
0–25% instead of cement
Decrease in porosity, water permeability, chloride diffusion
and carbonation depth
[43]
0–25% instead of cement
Increment in resistance against corrosion
9. Conclusions
Decreasing the usage of cement and aggregate is a crucial and currently relevant
challenge. As an alternative to cement and aggregate, pozzolanic materials have been
used for many years and have positive effects on cement-based composites. Not only
pozzolanic materials but also inert materials can be used instead of cement and aggregate.
One of the inert materials used in cement-based composites is wollastonite, which has two
main basic components (CaO and SiO2 ). Wollastonite (calcium metasilicate-CaSiO3 ) has
been Investigated by many researchers for approximately the last two decades. Moreover,
artificially synthesized wollastonite is a novel and high-quality inert material because of the
higher aspect ratio and the possibility of production by using different materials. This study
systematically presented the use of natural and synthetic wollastonite in cement-based
composites. The use and effects of wollastonite in cement-based composites are as follows:
•
•
•
•
•
•
In the use of cement paste and mortar of wollastonite, rates of 3–10% usage instead
of cement demonstrated a positive effect, while this rate increased up to 30% in sand.
Wollastonite and different material combinations also provided applicable results.
The use of synthetic wollastonite instead of cement by up to 10% for improving the
performance characteristics of mortar is crucial for sustainability.
In the range of 10–15%, use of wollastonite instead of cement enhanced the mechanical
and durability properties of conventional concrete. The positive effect of using a
combination of fly ash and wollastonite up to 60% was also available in the studies.
Superior performance characteristics of engineered cementitious composite (ECC) are
further enhanced with wollastonite, and 6% wollastonite substitution was stated as the
optimum ratio. In addition, synthetic wollastonite with high aspect ratios of 44:1 and
33:1 was tested. The synthetic wollastonite with an aspect ratio of 44:1 showed better
performance than 33:1. The effect of high aspect ratio was observed on ECC.
Wollastonite was used instead of a precursor and sand in geopolymer concrete. The
low mechanical property disadvantage of geopolymer was partially eliminated with
the utilization of wollastonite. Strength increases were achieved with the use of 10–20%
instead of sand.
Positive performance properties were obtained from self-compacting concrete produced with wollastonite, both alone and in combination with different materials, up
to 30% replacement.
In ultra-high-performance concrete, the usage of wollastonite 27% instead of sand and
up to 12% instead of cement increased the performance properties. Wollastonite can
also increase sustainability without losing its performance properties.
Materials 2022, 15, 6904
16 of 18
•
Only wollastonite and different material combinations were tested in pavements.
Positive effects were observed in the use of up to 15% wollastonite.
It has been proven by studies that wollastonite is a material with an inert structure,
and, therefore, it behaves similar to a fiber in cementitious composites due to its acicular
particle structure. The use of wollastonite in cement-based composites both improves
mechanical-durability properties and reduces the use of cement and aggregate, therefore
providing more sustainable production. Especially regarding synthetic wollastonite’s high
aspect ratio and different material usage possibilities, its use up to 10% instead of cement is
promising. In future studies, some durability tests (freeze–thaw, corrosion, etc.) of using
wollastonite can be performed for all cementitious composites. The effect of synthetic
wollastonite on different cement-based composites (except mortar and ECC) and use of
synthetic wollastonite instead of sand can be studied. Moreover, the life cycle assessment of
cementitious composites produced with synthetic wollastonite can be investigated. Finally,
synthetic wollastonite and different pozzolanic material combinations can be tested.
Author Contributions: Conceptualization, M.D., H.E.Y. and F.Y.; validation, M.D. and H.E.Y.; formal
analysis, M.D., H.E.Y. and F.Y.; investigation, H.E.Y., M.D. and F.Y.; writing—original draft preparation, H.E.Y. and F.Y.; writing—review and editing, M.D., H.E.Y. and F.Y.; supervision, M.D. and
H.E.Y.; funding acquisition, M.D. and H.E.Y. All authors have read and agreed to the published
version of the manuscript.
Funding: This research received no external funding.
Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable.
Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement: Not applicable.
Acknowledgments: The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the research by the project
“Pre-implementation works-increasing Technology Readiness Level” implemented by the Consortium
PBŚ, SC PBŚ and SC UEP as part of the “INKUBATOR INNOWACYJNOŚCI 4.0”.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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