University of zakho
College of engineering
Mechanical department
Workshop
Name of work shop: lathe machine
1st year/2nd semester
Prepared by:
Supervisor:
Ahmed sirwan
Abdulrahman Salih
Contents
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 3
Lathe Machine Definition............................................................................................................................. 4
Exercise ......................................................................................................................................................... 4
N0.1.Aim ................................................................................................................................................... 4
No.2.Tools ................................................................................................................................................. 5
No.3.theory............................................................................................................................................... 6
No.4.procedure ........................................................................................................................................ 6
No.5.result ................................................................................................................................................ 7
Safety .......................................................................................................................................................... 10
Engineering Safety Precautions of a lathe............................................................................................. 10
Operational Safety precautions when using a lathe ............................................................................. 10
Don’t do these while using a lathe ........................................................................................................ 11
Discussion ................................................................................................................................................... 12
Refrencess………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………..13
2
Introduction
In the Mechanical Engineering field Lathe machine plays an important role
in Manufacturing. In this article, I am going to discuss the Lathe machine in
detail.






A lathe is a machine tool which is used to remove unwanted metals
from the work piece to give desired shape and size.
Lathe machine is one of the most important machine tools which is
used in the metalworking industry.
It operates on the principle of a rotating work piece and a fixed cutting
tool.
The cutting tool is feed into the work piece which rotates about its
own axis causing the workpiece to form the desired shape.
It is also known as” the mother/father of the entire tool family”.
It was invented by DAVID WILKINSON (05 Jan. 1771 – 03 Feb.
1852)
Figure 1
3
Lathe Machine Definition
A lathe machine is a machine tool that is used to remove metals from a
workpiece to give a desired shape and size. Lathe Machines are used
in metalworking, woodturning, metal spinning, thermal spraying, glass
working, and parts reclamation.
The various other operations that you can perform with the help of a Lathe
Machine can include sanding, cutting, knurling, drilling, and deformation of
tools that are employed in creating objects which have symmetry about the
axis of rotation.
There are several components of a lathe, later on, I discuss the most
important Parts of the Lathe with their function. It is also known as the
father of all standard machine tools.
The function of Lathe is to remove the metal in the form of chips from a
piece of work by mounting the same rigidly on a machine spindle and
revolving at the required speed and the cutting tool is fed against the work
either longitudinally or crosswise to make the work to the required shape
and size.
Exercise
N0.1.Aim
The main function of Lathe machine is
to remove excess material in the form of
chips by rotating the work piece against
a stationary cutting tool. This is
accomplished by holding the work
securely and rigidly on the machine and
then turning it against cutting tool which
will remove metal from the work.
(figure 2 remove excess material)
4
No.2.Tools

Bed

Headstock

Tail stock

Carriage

Saddle

Cross Slide

Compound rest

Tool Post

Apron

Chuck

Feed rod

Lead Screw

Spindle
(Figure 3 lath’s parts names)
5
No.3.theory
lathe machine Working Principle: The lathe is a machine tool which holds
the workpiece between two rigid and strong supports called centers or in a
chuck or face plate which revolves. The cutting tool is rigidly held and
supported in a tool post which is fed against the revolving work.
No.4.procedure










All stock must be properly secured in the lathe chuck or mounted prior to
the machining process taking place. Use the correct sized clamp or vise for
the stock being machined.
Turn the chuck or faceplate by hand to ensure there is no binding or danger
of the work striking any part of the lathe.
Check to ensure the cutting tool will not run into the chuck or lathe dog. If
possible, feed away from the chuck or dogs.
Before starting the lathe, ensure the spindle work has the cup center
embedded; tail, stock and tool rests are securely clamped; and there is
proper clearance for the rotating stock.
Prior to starting the lathe, ensure that small diameter stock does not project
too far from the chuck without support from the tail stock center.
When using wood, do not mount a split work piece or one containing knots.
When roughing stock, do not force the tool in the work piece or take too big
a cut.
The operator must always be aware of the direction and speed of the
carriage or cross-feed prior to engaging the automatic feed.
Never leave the key in the chuck. Do not let go of the key until it is free of
the chuck and secured in its proper holding place.
Select turning speed carefully. Large diameter stock must be turned at a
very low speed. Always use the lowest speed to rough out the stock prior to
final machining.
6











The correct speed and feed for the specific material and cutting tool must
be used. Stop the machine before making adjustments or measurements.
Do not remove metal or wood chips from the table or stock by hand. Use a
brush or other tool to properly remove chips or shavings from the table or
stock.
Never attempt to run the chuck on or off the spindle head by engaging the
power.
Do not stop the rotation of the chuck by reversing the power to the lathe
unless tapping holes.
Do not leave tools, bits or excess pieces of stock on the lathe bed.
All belts and pulleys must be guarded. If frayed belts or pulleys are
observed, the lathe must be taken out of service and the belts or pulleys
replaced.
Stop the machine immediately if odd noise or excessive vibration occurs.
Only properly sharpened drill bits and cutting tools in good condition should
be used. Dull drill bits and chipped or broken cutting tools must be removed
from service.
Disconnect the lathe from power source and follow OSEH Guideline
IHS011, Lock-out/Tag-out – Control of Hazardous Energy Sources if
making repairs or servicing.
When an operator has finished working on the lathe, and before leaving the
lathe for any reason, the power must be shut off and the machine must
come to a complete stop.
When an operator observes an unsafe condition with the lathe or stock
being worked, the operator must report it immediately to the designated
MSSA and the lathe shall be taken out of service until the problem has
been corrected.
No.5.result
After completing this unit, you should be able to:
7
• Identify the most important parts of the Lathe and their functions.
• Understand the Lathe safety rules. • Describe setup a cutting tool for
machining.
• Describe mount workpiece in the lathe.
• Explain how to install cutting tool.
• Describe the positioning the tool.
• Describe how to centering the workpiece and tailstock center.
• Depth of cut for Roughing.
• Depth of cut for Finishing.
Notice the largest roughing cuts range from .010 to .030 depending on the
material being machined, and .002 to .012 for the finish feed for the
different materials.
• Feedrate for Roughing cut
• Feedrate for Finishing cut
Notice the Feedrate for roughing cuts range from .005 to .020 depending
on the material being machined, and .002 to .004 for the finish feed for the
different materials.
CUTTING TOOL TERMINOLOGY
There are many different tools that can be used for turning, facing, and
parting operations on the lathe. Each tool is usually composed of carbide
as a base material, but can include other compounds. This section covers
the different appearances and uses of lathe cutting tools.
8
Figure A: depicts a standard
turning tool to create a semi-square
shoulder. If there is enough
material behind the cutting edge,
the tool can also be used for
roughing.
Figure B: depicts a standard
turning tool with a lead angle. This
angle enables for heavy roughing
cuts. Ititalso possible to turn the
tool to create a semi-square
shoulder.
Figure C: nose has a very large radius,
which helps with fine finishes on both
light and heavy cuts. The tool can also
be used to form a corner radius.
Figure D: depicts a rotated standard
turning tool. Its nose leads the
cutting edge to create light finishing
cuts on the outside diameter and
face of the shoulder.
9
Figure E: depicts a form tool.
Different forms can be ground
into the tool, which will be
reproduced onto the part.
Safety
Lathes can be dangerous and fatal if not used properly.


Read the owner’s manual carefully.
Make sure you understand instructions and are properly trained
before operating a lathe.
Engineering Safety Precautions of a lathe



Make sure the lathe has a start/stop button within easy reach of the
operator.
Make sure the lathe has an emergency stop button (e-stop).
Ensure that the chip and coolant shields are in place.
Operational Safety precautions when using a lathe






Wear appropriate safety glasses. It may be necessary for others in
the area to wear safety glasses too as objects will fly off the work.
Make sure entanglement hazards are removed (e.g. loose clothing,
loose gloves, jewelry, etc.). Tie back and confine long hair.
Keep the floor free from obstructions, or slip hazards.
Follow job specifications for the speed, feed, and depth of cut for
materials being turned. Make sure all work runs true and centered.
Centre-drill works deeply enough to provide support for the piece
while it is turning.
Secure and clamp the piece being worked.
10













Adjust tool and tool rest so that they are slightly above the center of
the work.
Use a lifting device to handle heavy chucks or work.
Inspect chucks for wear or damage. Flying pieces can be very
dangerous.
Remove chuck wrench immediately after adjusting chuck.
Use a barrier guard when operating the lathe in semi-automatic or
automatic mode.
Guard all power transmission parts.
Remove all tools, measuring instruments, and other objects from the
saddle or lathe bed before starting the machine.
Keep all lathe cutting tools sharp.
Shut off the power supply to the motor before mounting or removing
accessories.
Stop lathe before taking measurements of any kind.
Use a vacuum, brush, or rake to remove cuttings only after the lathe
has stopped moving.
Keep working surface clean of scraps, tools, and materials.
Keep the floor around the lathe clean and free of oil and grease.
Don’t do these while using a lathe







Do not wear gloves, rings, watches, or loose clothing. Tie back and
confine long hair.
Do not lean on the machine. Stand erect. Keep your face and eyes
away from flying chips.
Do not make adjustments while the machine is operating. Wait until
the machine has come to a complete stop.
Do not place hands on work turning in the lathe.
Do not use calipers or gauges on a workpiece while the machine is
moving.
Do not make heavy cuts on long slender pieces because the work
could bend and fly out of the lathe.
Do not leave the lathe unattended while it is running.
11
Discussion
After undergoing both lathe and milling processes, it can be concluded that
when a smooth
surface finish is desired, the feed rate must be reduced and the depth of
cut must also be
decreased. This is to reduce the amount of resistance the
cutter encounters during
operation. Even though the workpiece could not be finished until the end for
Part 1, there
were many things to learn from the operations that were managed to be
done. Overall,
through these activities, we have learnt the basic skillsets needed to
operate these machines in the student workshop.
12
References

Lathe Machine (mechanicalnotes.com)
4/20/2022

themechanicalengineering.com
4/20/2022

www.seasshops.ucla.edu
4/20/2022

entirelysafe.com
4/20/2022

openoregon.pressbooks.pub
4/20/2022
13