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h
h
h
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Some builders decide to measure their personal power ratings using apparatus they already have
on site. Fig. 2.1 shows the arrangement they use.
pulley
rope
load
pulley
Fig. 2.1
(a) In the table below, list the three quantities they must measure in order to calculate one man’s
power, and the instrument they would use for each measurement.
quantity to be measured
instrument used for measurement
1.
2.
3.
[3]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(b) One workman is measured as having a power of 528 W. His weight is 800 N.
He can develop the same power climbing a ladder, whose rungs are 30 cm apart.
How many rungs can he climb in 5 s?
number of rungs = ...........................................................[3]
(c) The human body is only about 15% efficient when climbing ladders.
Calculate the actual energy used from the body of the workman in (b) when he climbs 20
rungs.
energy used = ...........................................................[2]
[Total: 8]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
Fig. 2.1 shows a conveyor belt transporting a package to a raised platform. The belt is driven by a
motor.
conveyor belt
package
motor
Fig. 2.1
(a) State three types of energy, other than gravitational potential energy, into which the electrical
energy supplied to the motor is converted.
1. ...............................................................................................................................................
2. ...............................................................................................................................................
3. ...........................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) The mass of the package is 36 kg. Calculate the increase in the gravitational potential energy
(p.e.) of the package when it is raised through a vertical height of 2.4 m.
increase in p.e. = ...........................................................[2]
(c) The package is raised through the vertical height of 2.4 m in 4.4 s. Calculate the power needed
to raise the package.
power = .......................................................... [2]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(d) Assume that the power available to raise packages is constant. A package of mass greater
than 36 kg is raised through the same height. Suggest and explain the effect of this increase
in mass on the operation of the belt.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
[Total: 9]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
4
(a) State what is me ant by the centre of mass of a body.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Fig. 4.1 shows an athlete successfully performing a high jump.
Fig. 4.1
The height of the bar above the ground is 2.0 m. The maximum incre ase in gravitational
potential energy (g.p.e.) of the athlete during the jump is calculated using the expression
g.p.e. = mgh.
E xplain why the value of h used in the calculation is much less than 2.0 m.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(c) Fig. 4.2 shows, in order, five stages of an athlete successfully performing a pole-vault.
Fig. 4.2
D escribe the energy changes which take place during the performance of the polevault, from the original stationary position of the pole-vaulter before the run-up, to the
final stationary position after the vault.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [6]
[Total: 8]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
Solar panels are positioned on the roof of the house shown in Fig. 6.1. They use thermal
energy from the Sun to provide hot water in an environmentally friendly way.
solar
panels
Fig. 6.1
C old water flows to the panels at 15 °C. During the day, the panels supply 3.8 kg of hot water
at 65 °C every hour.
(a) C alculate the average energy that the solar panels deliver to the water in one hour.
Specific he at capacity of water = 4200 J / (kg °C).
energy = ................................................. [3]
(b) The solar power incident on the roof during this he ating period is 170 W / m 2 . The solar
panels have a total are a of 8.0 m 2 .
C alculate the solar energy incident on the panels in one hour.
solar energy = ................................................. [2]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(c) C alculate the efficiency of the solar panels, stating the equation you use.
efficiency = ................................................. [2]
(d) E xplain why solar energy is called renewable energy.
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(e) State one disadvantage of using solar energy.
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 9]
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vector
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scalar
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An object of weight
is suspended by two ropes from a beam, as shown in Fig. 1.1.
50.0 N
60°
30°
86.6 N
Fig. 1.1
The tensions in the ropes are 50.0 N and 86.6 N, as shown.
(a) In the space below, draw a scale diagram to find the resultant of the two tensions.
Use a scale of 1.0 cm = 10 N.
Clearly label the resultant.
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
[3]
(b) From your diagram, find the value of the resultant.
resultant = ......................................................... [1]
(c) State the direction in which the resultant is acting.
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(d) State the value of
.
= ......................................................... [1]
[Total: 6]
A car travels around a circular track at constant speed.
(a) Why is it incorrect to describe the circular motion as having constant velocity?
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) A force is required to maintain the circular motion.
(i)
Explain why a force is required.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii)
In which direction does this force act?
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii)
Suggest what provides this force.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 5]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(a) A uniform metre rule is pivoted at its centre, which is also the position of its centre of mass.
Three loads, 2.0 N, F and 3.0 N are positioned on the rule at the 20 cm, 30 cm and 90 cm
marks respectively, as shown in Fig. 3.1.
0 cm
20 cm 30 cm
50 cm
90 cm 100 cm
pivot
2.0 N
F
3.0 N
Fig. 3.1
(i)
Calculate the moment of the 3.0 N load about the pivot.
moment = ......................................................... [1]
(ii)
Calculate the moment of the 2.0 N load about the pivot.
moment = ......................................................... [1]
(iii)
The force F maintains the metre rule in equilibrium on the pivot.
Calculate the value of F.
F = ......................................................... [3]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(b) The weight of the metre rule is 1.2 N and can be considered to act at the 50 cm mark.
All the weights in (a) are removed. The pivot is positioned under the 30 cm mark and the 2.0 N
load is placed on the rule as shown in Fig. 3.2.
30 cm
50 cm
pivot
2.0 N
1.2 N
Fig. 3.2
The position of the 2.0 N load is adjusted until the metre rule is again in equilibrium.
Determine the position of the 2.0 N load.
2.0 N load is at the .......................................... cm mark [3]
[Total: 8]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(a) Complete the following statement:
The moment of a force about a point is ....................................................................................
multiplied by ..........................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Fig. 3.1 shows a uniform iron bar B of weight 30 N and length 1.40 m. The bar is being used to
lift one edge of a concrete slab S. A stone, placed 0.20 m from one end of B, acts as a pivot.
A force of 40 N pushing down at the other end of B is just enough to lift the slab and hold it as
shown.
1.40 m
concrete slab
S
0.20 m
iron bar B
force 40 N
stone
Fig. 3.1
(i)
On Fig. 3.1, draw an arrow to show the weight of bar B acting from its centre of mass. [1]
(ii)
State the distance d of the centre of mass of bar B from the pivot.
d = ...........................................................[1]
(iii)
Calculate the total clockwise moment, about the pivot, of the forces acting on bar B.
total clockwise moment = ...........................................................[3]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(iv)
Calculate the downward force which the slab S exerts on the end of bar B.
force = ...........................................................[2]
(v)
Suggest a change to the arrangement in Fig. 3.1 that would reduce the force required to
lift the slab.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 9]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
Fig. 4.1 illustrates an object on a string being whirled anticlockwise in a vertical circle.
A
string
B
ground
Fig. 4.1
The lowest point of the circle is a small distance above the ground. The diagram shows the
object at the top A of the circle, and at B, when it is at the same height as the centre of the
circle.
(a) On Fig. 4.1, mark clearly
(i)
(ii)
the force of the string on the object
1.
at A,
2.
at B.
[2]
the path the object would take until it hit the ground, if the string broke
1.
at A,
2.
at B.
[3]
(b) The mass of the object is 0.05 kg. At A, the tension in the string is 3.6 N.
(i)
Calculate the weight of the object.
weight = ................................................ [1]
(ii)
Calculate the total force on the object at A.
total force = ................................................ [2]
[Total: 8]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
Fig. 1.1 shows apparatus used to find a relationship between the force applied to a trolley
and the acceleration caused by the force.
tickertape
trolley
string
hanging mass
ticker-tape
timer
roll of tape
runway
Fig. 1.1
For each mass, hung as shown, the acceleration of the trolley is determined from the tape.
Some of the results are given in the table below.
weight of the hanging mass / N
acceleration of the trolley
m/s2
0.20
0.25
0.40
0.50
0.70
0.80
(a) (i)
1.0
Explain why the trolley accelerates.
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [2]
(ii)
Suggest why the runway has a slight slope as shown.
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(b) Calculate the mass of the trolley, assuming that the accelerating force is equal to the
weight of the hanging mass.
mass = ................................................ [2]
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(c) Calculate the value missing from the table. Show your working.
value = ................................................ [2]
(d) In one experiment, the hanging mass has a weight of 0.4 N and the trolley starts from
rest.
Use data from the table to calculate
(i)
the speed of the trolley after 1.2 s,
speed = ................................................ [2]
(ii)
the distance travelled by the trolley in 1.2 s.
distance = ................................................ [2]
[Total: 11]
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Fig. 2.1 shows a simple pendulum that swings backwards and forwards between P and Q.
support
string
P
R
Q
pendulum bob
Fig. 2.1
(a) The time taken for the pendulum to swing from P to Q is approximately 0.5 s.
Describe how you would determine this time as accurately as possible.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) (i)
State the two vertical forces acting on the pendulum bob when it is at position R.
1.. .......................................................................................................................... ...
2.. ........................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii)
The pendulum bob moves along the arc of a circle. State the direction of the
resultant of the two forces in (i).
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) The mass of the bob is 0.2 kg. During the swing it moves so that P is 0.05 m higher
than R.
Calculate the increase in potential energy of the pendulum bob between R and P.
potential energy = ………………. [2]
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Fig. 2.1 shows a uniform, rectangular slab of concrete ABCD standing upright on the ground. The
slab has height 0.60 m, width 0.30 m and mass 18 kg. A force of 40 N acts horizontally to the left
at B.
A
B
40 N
0.60 m
D
C
0.30 m
Fig. 2.1
(a) (i)
Calculate the weight W of the concrete slab.
W = ........................................................ [1]
(ii)
The thickness of the slab is 0.040 m.
Calculate the pressure exerted by the slab on the ground.
pressure = ........................................................ [2]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(b) (i)
(ii)
O n Fig. 2.1, draw and label an arrow to show the weight W of the slab acting at its centre
of mass.
[1]
C alculate
1. the moment of the 40 N force about point D,
moment = ........................................................
2. the moment of W about point D.
moment = ........................................................
[3]
(iii)
The ground is rough so that the slab does not slide.
State and explain what happens to the slab as the horizontal force at B is gradually
incre ased.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 9]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
Fig. 2.1 shows a mobile bird sculpture that has been created by an artist.
tail
bird sculpture
pivot
M
hole in sculpture
for pivot
12 cm
E
30 cm
Fig. 2.1
M is the centre of mass of the bird sculpture, including its tail (but not including the
counter-weight that will be added later). The mass of the bird and tail is 1.5 kg.
The bird sculpture is placed on a pivot.
The artist adds the counter-weight at the end E of the tail so that the bird remains stationary
in the position shown.
(a) Calculate the mass of the counter-weight.
mass = ................................................. [2]
(b) The centre of mass of the sculpture with counter-weight is at the pivot.
Calculate the upward force acting at the pivot.
force = ................................................. [1]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(c) The sculpture is rotated clockwise to the position shown in Fig. 2.2. It is held still, then
carefully released.
M
pivot
counter-weight
Fig. 2.2
(i)
State whether the sculpture will stay in that position, rotate further clockwise or
rotate back anticlockwise.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
(ii)
Explain your answer to (i).
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
[3]
[Total: 6]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
Fig. 2.1
(a)
(i)
(ii)
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(b)
(c)
(d)
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2
Fig. 2.1 shows a hammer being used to drive a nail into a piece of wood.
hammer head
nail
wood
Fig. 2.1
The mass of the hammer head is 0.15 kg.
The speed of the hammer head when it hits the nail is 8.0 m / s.
The time for which the hammer head is in contact with the nail is 0.0015 s.
The hammer head stops after hitting the nail.
(a) Calculate the change in momentum of the hammer head.
change in momentum = ...........................................................[2]
(b) State the impulse given to the nail.
impulse = ...........................................................[1]
(c) Calculate the average force between the hammer and the nail.
average force = ...........................................................[2]
[Total: 5]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
3
The engine of an unpowered toy train is rolling at a constant speed on a level track, as shown in
Fig. 3.1. The engine collides with a stationary toy truck, and joins with it.
moving
ving e
engine
statio
ationary
y tru
uck
k
track
tr
k
Fig. 3.1
Before the collision, the toy engine is travelling at 0.32 m / s. The mass of the engine is 0.50 kg.
(a) Calculate the momentum of the toy engine before the collision.
momentum =
[2]
(b) The mass of the truck is 0.30 kg.
Using the principle of conservation of momentum, calculate the speed of the joined engine
and truck immediately after the collision.
speed =
[3]
[Total: 5]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
4
Fig. 4.1 represents part of the hydraulic braking system of a car.
piston Y
piston X
F1
F2
Fig. 4.1
The force F1 of the driver’s foot on the brake pedal moves piston X. The space between
pistons X and Y is filled with oil which cannot be compressed. The force F2 exerted by the oil
moves piston Y. This force is applied to the brake mechanism in the wheels of the car.
The area of cross-section of piston X is 4.8 cm2.
(a) The force F1 is 90 N. Calculate the pressure exerted on the oil by piston X.
pressure = ................................................. [2]
(b) The pressure on piston Y is the same as the pressure applied by piston X. Explain why
the force F2 is greater than the force F1.
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) Piston Y moves a smaller distance than piston X. Explain why.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(d) Suggest why the braking system does not work properly if the oil contains bubbles of air.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 7]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
1
(a) A bus travels at a constant speed. It stops for a short time and then travels at a higher constant
speed.
Using the axes in Fig. 1.1, draw a distance-time graph for this bus journey.
distance
0
0
time
Fig. 1.1
[3]
(b) A lift (elevator) starts from rest at the ground floor of a building.
Fig. 1.2 is the speed-time graph for the motion of the lift to the top floor of the building.
4.0
spe ed
m/s
3.0
2.0
1.0
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
time / s
Fig. 1.2
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
Use the graph to determine the distance from the ground floor to the top floor of the building.
distance = .................................................................
[4]
[Total: 7]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
Fig. 1.1 shows the speed-time graph for a car travelling along a straight road.
The graph shows how the speed of the car changes as the car passes through a small town.
Fig. 1.1
(a) Calculate the distance between the start of the town and the end of the town.
distance =
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
[3]
(b) Calculate the acceleration of the car between C and D.
acceleration =
[3]
(c) State how the graph shows that the deceleration of the car has the same numerical value as
its acceleration.
[1]
[Total: 7]
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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
30
spe ed
m/s
20
10
0
0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
time / s
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
5.0
Fig. 1.1
t
1000
800
speed
m/s
600
400
200
0
0
1.0
2.0
3.0
time / s
4.0
t
t
Fig. 1.2
(a)
(b) (i)
(ii)
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t
(c)
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A comet, travelling in space, enters the atmosphere of a planet.
Fig. 1.1 is the speed-time graph for the comet from time t = 0 s.
40 000
speed
m/s
30 000
20 000
10 000
0
0
4.0
8.0
12.0
time / s
16.0
Fig. 1.1
(a) (i)
During the period t = 0 s to t = 6.0 s, both the speed of the comet and the velocity of the
comet remain constant.
State what this suggests about the motion of the comet.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii)
Determine the distance travelled during the period t = 0 s to t = 6.0 s.
distance = ...........................................................[2]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(b) Explain what the graph shows about the motion of the comet during the period t = 6.0 s to
t = 10.0 s.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
(c) Determine the acceleration of the comet at t = 11.0 s.
acceleration = ...........................................................[2]
(d) Suggest what happens to the comet at t = 12.0 s.
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 8]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
A plastic ball is dropped from the balcony of a tall building and falls towards the ground in a straight
line.
Fig. 1.1 is the spe ed-time graph for the falling ball.
8.0
spe ed
m/s
6.0
4.0
2.0
0
0
1.0
2.0
time / s
3.0
Fig. 1.1
(a) State and explain, in terms of forces, what is happening to the spe ed of the ball betwe en time
t = 2.0 s and t = 3.0 s.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(b) O n Fig. 1.1, mark a point P on the line where the acceleration of the ball is not constant.
[1]
(c) Using Fig. 1.1,
(i)
calculate the acceleration of the ball betwe en t = 0 s and t = 0.25 s,
acceleration = ...........................................................[2]
(ii)
estimate the distance that the ball falls in the first 3.0 s.
distance = ...........................................................[2]
[Total: 7]
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p
V
p
V
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Fig. 5.1 shows a gas contained in a cylinder enclosed by a piston.
Fig. 5.1
At first, the length of cylinder containing the gas is 100 cm. The pressure of the gas, shown by the
pressure gauge, is 300 kPa. The area of cross-section of the cylinder is 0.12 m2.
(a)
a)
Describe the motion of the molecules of the gas.
[1]
(ii) Use the idea of momentum to explain how the molecules exert a force on the walls of the
cylinder.
[2]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(b) The piston is moved so that the new length of cylinder occupied by the gas is 40 cm. The
temperature of the gas is unchanged.
(i) Calculate the new pressure of the gas.
pressure =
[2]
(ii) Explain, in terms of the behaviour of the molecules, why the pressure has changed.
[2]
[Total: 7]
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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
Fig. 2.1 shows a cylinder containing gas compressed by the movement of a piston.
compressed gas
final position of piston
cylinder
initial position of piston
Fig. 2.1
Initially the volume of the gas was 470 cm3. The piston moves up and compresses the gas to a
volume of 60 cm3. The whole arrangement is left for some time until the gas cools to its original
temperature. The pressure of the gas is now 800 kPa.
(a) Calculate the initial pressure of the gas.
pressure = .........................................................[3]
(b) Explain, in terms of molecules, the effect on the pressure of the gas if it was not given time to
cool to its original temperature.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
(c) The area of the piston is 5.5 × 10–3 m2 (0.0055 m2).
Calculate the force exerted by the gas on the piston when the pressure is 800 kPa.
force = ......................................................... [2]
[Total: 8]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(a) Smoke particles are introduced into a glass box containing air. Light shines into the box so
that, when observed through a microscope, the smoke particles can be se en as bright points
of light.
D escribe the motion of the smoke particles and account for this motion in terms of the air
molecules.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[4]
(b) Fig. 5.1 shows a quantity of gas in a cylinder se aled by a piston that is fre e to move.
gas
cylinder
piston
Fig. 5.1
(i)
The temperature of the gas is incre ased.
State what happens, if anything,
1. to the piston,
...........................................................................................................................................
2. to the pressure of the gas.
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(ii)
The piston is now fixed in place and the temperature of the gas is incre ased further.
E xplain, in terms of the behaviour of molecules, what happens to the pressure of the gas.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 8]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(a) Equal volumes of a gas held at constant pressure, a liquid and a solid undergo the same
temperature rise.
(i)
(ii)
State which of the three, solid, liquid or gas,
1.
expands the most, ..............................
2.
expands the least. ..............................
Explain why the pressure of the gas must be kept constant for this comparison.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) Fig. 5.1 shows an alcohol thermometer.
–10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70 °C
Fig. 5.1
(i)
State two properties of alcohol which make it suitable for use in a thermometer.
1. ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2. ........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(ii)
State two changes to the design of this thermometer which would make it more
sensitive.
1. ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2. ........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(c) Explain why it is an advantage for the glass surrounding the alcohol in the bulb of the
thermometer to be very thin.
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 7]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
A thermometer uses the value of a physical property to indicate the temperature.
(a) A particular thermometer is sensitive, linear and has a wide range.
Draw a straight line from each characteristic of this thermometer to the appropriate
feature.
characteristic of thermometer
feature of thermometer
reacts quickly to change of temperature
sensitive
large difference between highest and lowest
measurable temperatures
linear
same change of physical property for same
change of temperature
fixed points at 0°C and 100°C
wide range
large change of physical property for small
change of temperature
[3]
(b) (i)
In the space below, draw a diagram to show the structure of a thermocouple
thermometer.
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(ii)
Explain why a thermocouple thermometer is particularly well suited to measure
1. high temperatures,
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
2. very rapidly changing temperatures.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 7]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
Some water is heated electrically in a glass beaker in an experiment to find the specific heat
capacity of water. The temperature of the water is taken at regular intervals.
The temperature-time graph for this heating is shown in Fig. 4.1.
60
temperature / °C
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
60
120
180
240
300
time / s
Fig. 4.1
(a) (i)
Use the graph to find
1. the temperature rise in the first 120 s,
............................
2. the temperature rise in the second 120 s interval.
............................
(ii)
Explain why these values are different.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
[2]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(b) The experiment is repeated in an insulated beaker. This time, the temperature of the
water increases from 20 °C to 60 °C in 210 s. The beaker contains 75 g of water. The
power of the heater is 60 W. Calculate the specific heat capacity of water.
specific heat capacity = ........................[4]
(c) In order to measure the temperature during the heating, a thermocouple is used.
Draw a labelled diagram of a thermocouple connected to measure temperature.
[2]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
Fig. 4.1 shows apparatus that a student uses to make an estimate of the specific heat
capacity of iron.
electrical heater
thermometer
iron block
Fig. 4.1
(a) The power of the heater is known. State the four readings the student must take to find
the specific heat capacity of iron.
1. .......................................................................................................................... ..........
2. .......................................................................................................................... ..........
3. .......................................................................................................................... ..........
4.. .......................................................................................................................... ..... [3]
(b) Write down an equation, in words or in symbols, that could be used to work out the
specific heat capacity of iron from the readings in (a).
[2]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(c) (i)
Explain why the value obtained with this apparatus is higher than the actual value.
...................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii)
State one addition to the apparatus that would help to improve the accuracy of the
value obtained.
...................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
Fig. 4.1 shows apparatus that could be used to measure the specific latent heat of ice.
60 W heater
power supply
melting ice at 0 °C
beaker
Fig. 4.1
(a) Describe how you would use the apparatus. You may assume that ice at 0 °C and a
stopwatch are available. State all the readings that would be needed at each stage.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]
(b) In an experiment, 120 g of ice at 0 °C is to be melted. The specific latent heat of ice is
340 J/g. Assume that all the energy from the heater will be used to melt the ice.
Calculate the expected time for which the 60 W heater is switched on.
expected time = …………………… [2]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(c) When the experiment is carried out, the ice melts in slightly less time than the expected
time.
(i)
State one reason why this happens.
...................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii)
Suggest one modification to the experiment that would reduce the difference
between the experimental time and the expected time.
...................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
4
(a) Fig. 4.1 shows a simple type of thermocouple that has been calibrated to measure
temperature.
copper wire
hot junction
V
iron wire
sensitive voltmeter
cold junction
Fig. 4.1
(i)
Describe how the thermocouple could be used to measure the temperature of a
beaker of hot water.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(ii)
State two situations where a thermocouple would be a good choice of thermometer
to measure temperature.
1. ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
2. ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
[4]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(b) A mercury-in-glass thermometer is placed in an insulated beaker of water at 60 °C. The
water is heated at a constant rate. The temperature of the water is measured and
recorded on the graph shown in Fig. 4.2.
100
temperature/°C
80
60
40
20
0
0
5
10
15
20
time/min
Fig. 4.2
State the effect of the heat supplied
(i)
during the period 0 to 5 minutes,
...................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(ii)
during the period 10 to 15 minutes.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
[2]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
5
Fig. 5.1 shows a thermocouple set up to measure the temperature at a point on a solar
panel.
Sun's rays
surface
of solar
panel
Z
X
cold junction
Y
hot junction
Fig. 5.1
(a) X is a copper wire.
(i)
Suggest a material for Y.
...................................................................................................................................
(ii)
Name the component Z.
...................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) Explain how a thermocouple is used to measure temperature.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[3]
(c) Experiment shows that the temperature of the surface depends upon the type of
surface used.
Describe the nature of the surface that will cause the temperature to rise most.
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[1]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(a) Equal volumes of nitrogen, water and copper at 20 °C are heated to 50 °C.
(i) Which one of the three will have a much greater expansion than the other two?
..................................................................................................................................
(ii) Explain your answer in terms of the way the molecules are arranged in the three
substances.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
[3]
(b) Fig. 5.1 shows a thermometer with a range of –10 °C to 50 °C.
–10 °C
50 °C
Fig. 5.1
Explain what is meant by
(i) the sensitivity of a thermometer,
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
(ii) the linearity of a thermometer.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
[2]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
A thermocouple is used to measure the temperature of the inner wall of a pottery kiln.
(a) In the space below, draw a labelled diagram of a thermocouple that could be used for
this purpose.
[2]
(b) Describe
(i)
how you would read the temperature of the wall from the thermocouple,
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(ii)
how the thermocouple works.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
[2]
(c) State two conditions in which a thermocouple is very suitable for temperature
measurement.
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[2]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(a) In an experiment to find the specific latent heat of water, the following readings were
taken.
m1 mass of water at 100 °C, before boiling starts
m2 mass of water at 100 °C, after boiling finishes
V voltage across the heater
I current through the heater
t time that the heater was supplying energy
120 g
80 g
12 V
2.0 A
3750 s
(i)
Using the symbols above, write down the equation that must be used to find the
value of the specific latent heat L of water.
(ii)
Use the equation to calculate the specific latent heat of water from the readings
above.
specific latent heat = ......................................
[4]
(b) Explain, in terms of the energy of molecules, why the specific latent heat of water has a
high value.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[2]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(a)
(i)
A ray of light passes through a length of curved optical fibre.
Draw a diagram showing the fibre and the path of the ray of light.
[1]
(ii) Describe one use of optical fibres in medicine. You may draw a diagram.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
[3]
(b) Draw a straight line from each wave on the left to the most appropriate speed.
90 m / s
(9 × 10)
6000 m / s
(6 × 10 3)
light in air
100 000 m / s
(1 × 10 5)
microwaves in
a vacuum
1 000 000 m / s
(1 × 10 6)
300 000 000 m / s
(3 × 10 8)
sound in ste el
60 000 000 000 m / s
(6 × 10 10)
[3]
(c) The refractive index of a block of glass is 1.5.
Use your value for the speed of light from (b) to calculate the speed of light in this block.
speed = .................................................................
[2]
[Total: 9]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
Fig. 6.1 shows a scale drawing of plane wavefronts approaching a gap in a barrier.
direction of wave travel
barrier
Fig. 6.1
(a) On Fig. 6.1, draw the pattern of the wavefronts after the wave has passed through the gap.
[2]
(b) The wave approaching the barrier has a wavelength of 2.5 cm and a speed of 20 cm / s.
Calculate the frequency of the wave.
frequency =
[2]
(c) State what happens, if anything, to the frequency of the wave as it passes through the gap.
[1]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(d) Explain, in terms of diffraction, why a car radio may pick up low frequency radio signals but
not pick up high frequency radio signals when the car is travelling behind a hill.
[2]
[Total: 7]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(a) Fig. 7.1 shows a ray of monochromatic red light, in air, incident on a glass block at an angle of
incidence of 50°.
50°
Fig. 7.1
(i)
State what is meant by monochromatic light.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii)
For this red ray the refractive index of the glass is 1.52. Calculate the angle of refraction
for the ray.
angle of refraction = ...........................................................[2]
(iii)
Without measuring angles, use a ruler to draw the approximate path of the ray in the
glass block and emerging from the block.
[2]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(b) The red ray in Fig. 7.1 is replaced by a ray of monochromatic violet light. For this violet ray the
refractive index of the glass is 1.54. The speed of light in air is 3.00 × 108 m / s.
(i)
Calculate the speed of the violet light in the glass block.
speed = ...........................................................[2]
(ii)
Use a ruler to draw the approximate path of this violet ray in the glass block and emerging
from the block. Make sure this path is separated from the path drawn for the red light in
(a)(iii). Mark both parts of this path with the letter V.
[2]
[Total: 9]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(a) The following list contains the names of types of energy transfer by means of waves.
-rays,
(i)
infra-red,
radio/TV/microwaves,
sound,
visible light,
X-rays
Which one of these is not a type of electromagnetic wave?
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii)
State the nature of the wave you have named in (a)(i).
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii)
The remaining names in the list are all regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, but one
region is missing.
Name the missing region.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) A television station emits waves with a frequency of 2.5 × 108 Hz. Electromagnetic waves
travel at a speed of 3.0 × 108 m / s.
Calculate the wavelength of the waves emitted by this television station. State the equation
you use.
wavelength = ......................................................... [3]
[Total: 6]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
Fig. 6.1 shows white light incident at P on a glass prism. Only the refracted red ray PQ is
shown in the prism.
P red ray
Q
t
white ligh
screen
Fig. 6.1
(a) On Fig. 6.1, draw rays to complete the path of the red ray and the whole path of the
violet ray up to the point where they hit the screen. Label the violet ray.
[3]
(b) The angle of incidence of the white light is increased to 40°. The refractive index of the
glass for the red light is 1.52.
Calculate the angle of refraction at P for the red light.
angle of refraction = ........................[3]
(c) State the approximate speed of
(i)
the white light incident at P,
speed = ........................ [1]
(ii)
the red light after it leaves the prism at Q.
speed = ........................ [1]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
Fig. 7.1 shows the parts of the electromagnetic spectrum.
- rays and X - rays
ultraviolet
v
i
s
i
b
l
e
infrared
radio
waves
Fig. 7.1
(a) Name one type of radiation that has
(i)
a higher frequency than ultra-violet,
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii)
a longer wavelength than visible light.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) Some -rays emitted from a radioactive source have a speed in air of 3.0 x 108 m/s and
a wavelength of 1.0 x 10–12 m.
Calculate the frequency of the -rays.
frequency = ………………. [2]
(c) State the approximate speed of infra-red waves in air.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
Fig. 6.1 shows an optical fibre. XY is a ray of light passing along the fibre.
Y
fibre
Z
X
Fig. 6.1
(a) On Fig. 6.1, continue the ray XY until it passes Z.
[1]
(b) Explain why the ray does not leave the fibre at Y.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[2]
(c) The light in the optical fibre has a wavelength of 3.2 x 10–7 m and is travelling at a speed
of 1.9 x 108 m/s.
(i)
Calculate the frequency of the light.
frequency = …………………...
(ii)
The speed of light in air is 3.0 x 108 m/s.
Calculate the refractive index of the material from which the fibre is made.
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
refractive index = …………………...
[4]
(a) Fig. 7.1 shows the surface of water in a tank.
barrier
Fig. 7.1
Straight wavefronts are produced at the left-hand end of the tank and travel towards a
gap in a barrier. Curved wavefronts travel away from the gap.
(i)
Name the process that causes the wavefronts to spread out at the gap.
............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii)
Suggest a cause of the reduced spacing of the wavefronts to the right of the barrier.
............................................................................................................................. [1]
(iii)
State how the pattern of wavefronts to the right of the barrier changes when the
gap is made narrower.
............................................................................................................................. [1]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(b) Fig. 7.2 shows a wave travelling, in the direction of the arrow, along a rope.
2.4 m
Fig. 7.2
(i)
Explain why the wave shown in Fig. 7.2 is described as a transverse wave.
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii)
The speed of the wave along the rope is 3.2 m / s.
Calculate the frequency of the wave.
frequency = .................................................. [3]
[Total: 7]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(a) Draw a straight line from each wave to the most appropriate speed on the right.
wave
speed
15 m / s
(1.5 × 10 m / s)
300 m / s
(3 × 102 m / s)
light in air
1500 m / s
(1.5 × 103 m / s)
sound in air
1 500 000 m / s
(1.5 × 106 m / s)
sound in water
300 000 000 m / s
(3 × 108 m / s)
1 500 000 000 m / s
(1.5 × 109 m / s)
[3]
(b) Fig. 6.1 shows a railway-line testing-team checking a continuous rail of length 120 m.
The diagram is not to scale.
earphone
sensor
steel rail
Fig. 6.1 (not to scale)
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
hammer
One tester strikes one end of the rail with a hammer. The other tester hears the sound
transmitted through the air and transmitted through the rail. He hears the two sounds at
different times.
The speed of sound in steel is 5000 m / s.
Calculate the time difference, using your value from (a) for the speed of sound in air.
time difference = .................................................. [4]
[Total: 7]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(a) A wave passes along the surface of the water in a ripple tank. Describe the motion of a
molecule on the surface as the wave passes.
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Fig. 7.1 shows a view from above of water waves approaching a narrow gap in a barrier.
The water on both sides of the barrier has the same depth.
barrier with
narrow gap
direction of
water waves
P
Fig. 7.1
(i)
On Fig. 7.1, sketch the pattern of waves in the region to the right of the barrier. [2]
(ii)
State the process by which waves arrive at point P to the right of the barrier.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) The waves approaching the barrier in Fig. 7.1 have a wavelength of 1.4 cm and travel at
a speed of 12 cm / s.
Calculate the frequency of the waves.
frequency = ................................................. [2]
[Total: 6]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
Fig. 5.1 shows a view from above of waves on the surface of water in a water tank.
F
E
D
region Q
B
C
region P
A
Fig. 5.1
The wavefront AB is travelling in region P towards region Q, where the water is shallower
and the waves travel more slowly.
(a) Some time later, the wavefront has moved into region Q.
CD, CE and CF are suggested positions of the new wavefront.
(i)
State which is the correct position of the new wavefront.
..................................................................................................................................
(ii)
Explain your answer to (i).
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
[4]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(b) Fig. 5.2 shows the waves after a change is made to the way the tank is set up, and the
experiment is repeated.
G
region Q
C
B
region P
A
Fig. 5.2
The wave from position AB in region P now moves to position CG in region Q.
State the change that has been made and explain your reasoning.
change .............................................................................................................................
explanation ......................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 6]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(a) The speed of light in air is known to be 3.0 × 108 m / s.
Outline how you would use a refraction experiment to deduce the speed of light in glass. You
may draw a diagram if it helps to clarify your answer.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[4]
(b) A tsunami is a giant water wave. It may be caused by an earthquake below the ocean.
Waves from a certain tsunami have a wavelength of 1.9 × 105 m and a speed of 240 m / s.
(i)
Calculate the frequency of the tsunami waves.
frequency = ...........................................................[2]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(ii)
The shock wave from the earthquake travels at 2.5 × 103 m / s.
The centre of the earthquake is 6.0 × 105 m from the coast of a country.
Calculate how much warning of the arrival of the tsunami at the coast is given by the
earth tremor felt at the coast.
warning time = ...........................................................[4]
[Total: 10]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
6
(a) (i)
A long rope, fixed at one end, is being used by a student to demonstrate transverse
waves.
State what the student does to the rope to produce the transverse wave.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii)
Fig. 6.1 shows a section of the rope when the transverse wave is present.
Fig. 6.1
On Fig. 6.1, show
1. a distance, labelled , corresponding to the wavelength of the wave,
2. a distance, labelled A, corresponding to the amplitude of the wave.
(iii)
[2]
Suggest what the student could do to reduce the wavelength of the wave.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(b) The diagram in Fig. 6.2 represents waves on the surface of water in a ripple tank. The waves
are travelling from deep water across a boundary into shallow water.
deep water
shallow
water
Fig. 6.2
Explain how the diagram shows that water waves travel more slowly in shallow water than in
deep water.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 7]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(b) Fig. 5.2 shows two tall buildings, A and B, that are 99 m apart.
99 m
B
A
P
33 m
Fig. 5.2 (not to scale)
A student stands at P so that his distance from building A is 33 m. After clapping his hands
once, he hears several echoes. The speed of sound in air is 330 m / s.
Calculate the time interval between clapping his hands and hearing
(i)
the first echo,
time = .........................................................[2]
(ii)
the third echo.
time = .........................................................[1]
(c) Write down an approximate value for the speed of sound
(i)
in water,
speed = .............................................................
(ii)
in steel.
speed = .............................................................
[2]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(d) Fig. 5.3 shows a dolphin in water emitting a sound wave of frequency 95 kHz.
Fig. 5.3 (not to scale)
Using your value from (c)(i), calculate the wavelength of this sound wave.
wavelength = ......................................................... [2]
[Total: 9]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
2
Sound from a loudspe aker is travelling in air towards a solid wall.
Fig. 7.1 shows compressions of the incident sound wave and the direction of travel of the wave.
P
Q
8.5 m
wall
direction of
travel
compressions
Fig. 7.1
(a) State what is me ant by a compression .
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) The distance from point P to point Q is 8.5 m. It takes 25 ms for the compression at P to
re ach Q .
For this sound wave, determine
(i)
the wavelength,
wavelength = ...........................................................[1]
(ii)
the frequency.
frequency = ...........................................................[2]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
Fig. 8.1 is a schematic diagram of an electronic circuit controlling a lamp.
temperature
sensor
relay
lamp
B
A
light
sensor
Fig. 8.1
The output of the temperature sensor is high (logic 1) when it detects raised temperatures. The
output of the light sensor is high (logic 1) when it detects raised light levels.
The lamp is lit when the input to the relay is high (logic 1).
(a) Complete the truth table by giving the outputs of A and B.
output of
light sensor
output of
temperature sensor
output of A
output of B
0
0
1
1
[2]
(b) State the conditions under which the lamp is lit.
[1]
(c) Suggest why B is connected to a relay, rather than directly to the lamp.
[2]
[Total: 5]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(a) An electrical safety expert is inspecting a laundry. The main workroom has a very hot
and damp atmosphere.
The safety expert recommends that normal domestic light switches, as shown in Fig. 9.1,
are replaced.
Fig. 9.1
(i)
Explain why this recommendation is made.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(ii)
Suggest how the lights should be switched on and off.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(b) Fig. 9.2 shows an aircraft being refuelled through a rubber hose.
Fig. 9.2
(i)
Suggest how fuel flowing through the hose can cause a large build-up of electric
charge on the aircraft.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(ii)
The aircraft is refuelled on a particular day when the tyres and wheels are wet.
Explain why there will be no large build-up of charge in this case.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 6]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
The manufacturer’s label on an electric heater is as shown in Fig. 5.1.
C.I.E. Electrical Company
Suitable for use on 110 V, 60 Hz supply
1 kW/ 2 kW
This appliance must be earthed when in use
Fig. 5.1
(a) State what electrical quantity is represented by
(i)
110 V,
(ii)
60 Hz, ............................................................................................................
(iii)
1 kW.
(b) (i)
............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................
[1]
Which part of the electric heater must be earthed?
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii)
Explain what the hazard might be if the heater is not earthed.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(c) The heater has two 110 V heating elements, with two switches, so that either one or both
elements may be switched on.
In the space below, draw a circuit diagram showing how the heating elements and switches
are connected to the mains supply.
for each heating element.
Use the symbol
[2]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
[Total: 6]
A student is designing a digital electronics circuit and needs to use the logic gate X shown
in Fig. 10.1.
input A
output
input B
X
Fig. 10.1
(a) Name the logic gate X.
.................................. [1]
(b) Write down the values of the output when the inputs are
(i)
input A low (logic 0), input B low (logic 0),
output ..................................
(ii) input A low (logic 0), input B high (logic 1),
output ..................................
(iii) input A high (logic 1), input B low (logic 0),
output ..................................
(iv) input A high (logic 1), input B high (logic 1).
output ..................................
[2]
(c) When the student starts to build the circuit, he finds that the store room has run out
of this type of logic gate. There is a supply of AND, OR and NOT gates. The student’s
teacher explains that a combination of two of these gates may be used instead of logic
gate X.
(i)
State the two gates he should use to replace logic gate X.
.................................. and ..................................
(ii)
Draw clearly in the space below these two logic gates, correctly connected, using
standard symbols.
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(d) Fig. 10.2 shows a block diagram, not using standard symbols, of a combination of gates.
U
NOT
AND
Y
NOT
Z
W
Fig. 10.2
State the logic levels of points Y and Z when the logic levels of points U and W are both 1.
logic level at point Y ......................................................
logic level at point Z ......................................................
[2]
[Total: 8]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
A student carries out an experiment with the circuit shown in Fig. 11.1. The component in the
dashed box labelled X is a diode.
X
A
3.0
3.0
B
A
V
Fig. 11.1
(a) On Fig. 11.1, draw the correct symbol for a diode, connected either way round, in the
dashed box labelled X.
[1]
(b) (i)
+ 6.0 V is applied to point A, 0 V to point B.
State what the student observes on the ammeter.
..................................................................................................................................
(ii)
– 6.0 V is applied to point A, 0 V to point B.
State what the student observes on the ammeter.
..................................................................................................................................
[2]
(c) The voltage shown in Fig. 11.2 is applied to the point A of the circuit in Fig. 11.1. Point B
is kept at 0 V.
On Fig. 11.2, draw a graph of the readings indicated by the voltmeter.
10
5
V /V
0
1
2
3
t /s
–5
–10
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
Fig. 11.2
[2]
Fig. 9.1 shows a 12 V battery connected in a circuit containing resistors A, B, C and D. Each resistor
has a resistance of 6.0 Ω.
12 V
A
B
D
C
Fig. 9.1
(a) Calculate the combined resistance of
(i)
resistors A and B,
resistance = .................................................................
[1]
resistance = .................................................................
[2]
resistance = .................................................................
[1]
(ii) resistors A, B and C,
(iii) resistors A, B, C and D.
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(b) Calculate
(i)
the current in the battery,
current = .................................................................
[1]
(ii) the energy transferred from the battery to the circuit in 50 s.
energy transferred = .................................................................
[2]
[Total: 7]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
The circuit of Fig. 7.1 includes an immersion heater and a 6.0 V battery.
6.0 V
X
A
he ater
Fig. 7.1
(a) State the name and purpose of component X.
name
purpose
[1]
(b) The heater is designed to work from a 3.6 V supply. It has a power rating of 4.5 W at this
voltage.
By considering the current in the heater, calculate the resistance of component X when there
is the correct potential difference across the heater.
resistance =
[5]
(c) Some time after the heater is switched on, the ammeter reading is seen to have decreased.
Suggest why this happens.
[2]
[Total: 8]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
I
I
I
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(a) A student determines the resistance of a length of aluminium wire.
She connects the wire in series with a battery and a variable resistor. The circuit is shown in
Fig. 8.1.
aluminium wire
Fig. 8.1
She knows that an ammeter and a voltmeter are needed in the circuit.
(i)
On Fig. 8.1, draw the circuit symbol for an ammeter connected in a suitable position. [1]
(ii)
A variable resistor is included so that the current in the circuit may be changed.
Suggest an advantage of being able to change the current.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Electricity is transmitted from a power station to a distant city using an aluminium cable of
resistance 1.2 . Power loss occurs because of the resistance of the cable.
The current in the cable is 250 A.
(i)
Calculate the power loss in the cable.
power loss = ...........................................................[3]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(ii)
The aluminium cable is replaced with a new aluminium cable of the same length. The
current remains at 250 A. The diameter of the new cable is double the diameter of the
original cable.
State and explain how the power loss is affected by this change.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[3]
[Total: 8]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(a) Place one tick in e ach row of the table to indicate one use of a thermistor and one use of a
transistor.
he at
detector
light
detector
magnetic
field
detector
rectifier
switch
thermistor
transistor
[2]
(b) In Fig. 9.1, lamp A is not glowing brightly.
B
6V
A
Fig. 9.1
Suggest and explain what could be done to component B to make lamp A glow brightly.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[4]
[Total: 6]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(a) Fig. 8.1 shows a 12.0 V battery connected to a resistor and a component X in series.
4.0
X
12.0 V
Fig. 8.1
(i)
Identify the component X.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii)
The p.d. across the 4.0
resistor is 11.3 V.
C alculate
1. the p.d. across component X,
p.d. = ........................................................ [1]
2. the current in the 4.0
resistor.
current = ........................................................ [2]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(b) The circuit in Fig. 8.1 is now modified as shown in Fig. 8.2.
8.0
4.0
12.0 V
Fig. 8.2
(i)
C alculate
1. the current in the 8.0
resistor,
current = ........................................................ [1]
2. the current in the battery.
current = ........................................................ [1]
(ii)
The battery is now reversed.
State the current in the battery.
current = ........................................................ [1]
[Total: 7]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
In the circuit shown in Fig. 9.1, resistors can be connected between terminals P and Q. The e.m.f.
of the battery is 6.0 V.
6.0 V
A
P
Q
Fig. 9.1
(a) Calculate the current shown by the ammeter when a 12.0
(i)
resistor and a 4.0
resistor are
connected in series between P and Q,
current = ............................................... [2]
(ii)
connected in parallel between P and Q.
current = ............................................... [3]
(b) State the relationship between
(i)
the resistance R and the length l of a wire of constant cross-sectional area,
...........................................................................................................................................
(ii)
the resistance R and the cross-sectional area A of a wire of constant length.
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(c) The 12.0
alloy.
and 4.0
Calculate the ratio:
resistors in (a) are wires of the same length and are made of the same
cross-sectional area of 12.0 resistor
cross-sectional area of 4.0 resistor
ratio = ............................................... [1]
[Total: 8]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
Fig. 8.1 shows three cells each with e.m.f. 1.5 V connected in series.
1.5 V
1.5 V
1.5 V
4.0
1.0
1.0
Fig. 8.1
(a) Calculate the combined e.m.f. of the cells.
e.m.f. = ........................................................ [1]
(b) Calculate the combined resistance of the three resistors shown in Fig. 8.1.
resistance = ........................................................ [2]
(c) Calculate the current in the 4.0
resistor in Fig. 8.1.
current = ........................................................ [3]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(d) Calculate the combined e.m.f. of the cells if one cell is reversed.
e.m.f. = ........................................................ [1]
[Total: 7]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
The electric circuit in a clothes dryer contains two heaters X and Y in parallel. Fig. 10.1 shows the
circuit connected to a 230 V power supply.
230 V
X
Y
Fig. 10.1
When both switches are closed, the current in X is 3.5 A.
(a) Calculate the power developed in heater X.
power = ............................................... [2]
(b) The resistance of X is double that of Y.
Determine the total resistance of X and Y in parallel.
resistance = ............................................... [4]
[Total: 6]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(a) In a room in a house there are four electric lamps in parallel with each other, controlled by a
single switch.
With all the lamps working, one of the lamp filaments suddenly breaks.
What, if anything happens to the remaining lamps? Explain your answer.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) Fig. 10.1 shows the circuit diagram for the lamp in another room. X and Y are 2-way switches.
lamp
1
1
2
2
X
Y
Fig. 10.1
(i)
Complete the table, by indicating whether the lamp is on or off for each of the switch
positions.
position of switch X
position of switch Y
1
1
1
2
2
1
2
2
state of lamp
[2]
(ii)
Explain why this arrangement of switches is useful.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 5]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(a) Fig. 8.1 shows two resistors X and Y in series.
I
X
Y
R
2R
Fig. 8.1
Complete the table below, using only the symbols I and R, alone or in combination.
resistor
resistance
current
X
R
I
Y
2R
potential
difference
power
I 2R
2IR
[3]
(b) Fig. 8.2 represents the system used to transmit electricity from a power station to a factory.
750 A
power
11 000 V station
power line
factory
power line
Fig. 8.2
The power station generates 11 000 V and supplies a current of 750 A. The total resistance of
the power lines between the power station and the factory is 1.5 .
Calculate
(i)
the power output of the power station,
power = ............................................... [1]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(ii)
the potential difference across the 1.5
of the power lines,
potential difference = ............................................... [1]
(iii)
the power supplied to the factory.
power = ............................................... [3]
[Total: 8]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
A student sets up a circuit containing three identical cells. Each cell has an e.m.f. (electromotive
force) of 2.0 V.
Fig. 8.1 shows the cells in series with a length of uniform metal wire connected between two
terminals K and L, an ammeter and a resistor X.
uniform
metal
wire
K
A
L
X
Fig. 8.1
(a) State the total e.m.f. of the three cells in series.
total e.m.f. = ........................................................ [1]
(b) The ammeter reading is 0.25 A.
(i)
State the name of the unit in which electric charge is measured.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii)
Calculate the charge that flows through the circuit in twelve minutes.
charge = ........................................................ [2]
(iii)
The metal wire has a resistance of 16 .
Calculate the resistance of resistor X.
resistance = ........................................................ [2]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(c) The student removes the 16
wire from the circuit and cuts it into two equal lengths.
He then connects the two lengths in parallel between K and L, as shown in Fig. 8.2.
K
uniform
metal
wire
A
L
X
Fig. 8.2
Calculate the resistance of the two lengths of wire in parallel.
resistance = ........................................................ [3]
[Total: 9]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
Fig. 9.1 shows the circuit that operates the two headlights and the two sidelights of a car.
A
1
2
3
12 V
4.0
4.0
12
12
Fig. 9.1
Two of the lamps have resistances of 4.0 when lit. The other two lamps have resistances of
12 when lit. Switch A can be connected to positions 1, 2 or 3.
(a) State what happens when switch A is connected to
(i)
position 1, .................................................................................................................
(ii)
position 2, .................................................................................................................
(iii)
position 3. .................................................................................................................
[1]
(b) (i)
State the potential difference across each lamp when lit.
potential difference = .................................................. [1]
(ii)
Calculate the current in each 12
lamp when lit.
current = .................................................. [2]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(c) Show, with reasons for your answer, which type of lamp, 4.0
power.
or 12 , has the higher
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 7]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
A plastic rod is rubbed with a cloth and becomes positively charged. After charging, the rod is
held close to the suspended table-tennis ball shown in Fig. 9.1. The table-tennis ball is covered
with metal paint and is uncharged.
Fig. 9.1
(a) Describe what happens to the charges in the metal paint on the ball as the positively charged
rod is brought close to the ball.
[1]
(b) The ball is attracted towards the charged rod.
Explain why this happens, given that the ball is uncharged.
[2]
(c) State the unit in which electric charge is measured.
[1]
[Total: 4]
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(a) A solenoid connected to a battery produces a magnetic field. The wires are then connected to
the battery terminals the other way round.
Tick one box in the table to indicate the effect on the magnetic field.
decreases but not to zero
decreases to zero
reverses direction
increases
stays the same
[1]
(b) Fig. 7.1 shows a top view of two bar magnets and a vertical rigid conducting rod carrying a
current. The direction of the current in the rod is coming out of the paper.
S
N
vertical rod perpendicular
to paper
S
N
Fig. 7.1
(i)
On Fig. 7.1, draw a single line with an arrow to show the direction of the magnetic field
due to the bar magnets at the position of the rod.
[2]
(ii)
State the direction of the force exerted on the vertical rod.
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(c) The rod has a mass of 350 g and the resultant force acting on the rod is 0.21 N. The rod is free
to move.
Calculate the initial acceleration of the rod.
acceleration = ........................................................ [2]
[Total: 7]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(a) State an example of the conversion of chemical energy to another form of energy.
example ...........................................................................................................................
energy conversion ....................................................................................................... [1]
(b) The electrical output of a solar panel powers a pump. The pump operates a water
fountain. The output of the solar panel is 17 V and the current supplied to the pump is
0.27 A.
(i)
Calculate the electrical power generated by the solar panel.
power = ................................................. [2]
(ii)
The pump converts electrical energy to kinetic energy of water with an efficiency
of 35%.
Calculate the kinetic energy of the water delivered by the pump in 1 second.
kinetic energy = ................................................. [2]
(iii)
The pump propels 0.00014 m3 of water per second. This water rises vertically as a
jet. The density of water is 1000 kg / m3.
Calculate
1.
the mass of water propelled by the pump in 1 second,
mass = ................................................. [2]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
2.
the maximum height of the jet of water.
maximum height = ................................................. [2]
[Total: 9]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
40 lamps, each of resistance 8.0 , are connected in series to a 240 V supply in order to
decorate a tree.
(a) Calculate
(i)
the current in each lamp,
current = ................................................. [2]
(ii)
the power dissipated in each lamp.
power = ................................................. [2]
(b) The lamps are designed to “fail-short”. If a filament fails, the lamp shorts so that it has
no resistance. The other lamps continue to light and the current increases.
The lamps are connected through a fuse that blows when the current rises above
0.9 A. At this current, the resistance of each lamp is 5% greater than its normal working
resistance.
Calculate the maximum number of lamps that can fail before the fuse blows.
number of lamps = ................................................. [4]
[Total: 8]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(a) In Fig. 8.1, a magnet is moving towards one end of a solenoid connected to a sensitive centrezero meter. During this movement a current is induced in the solenoid.
S
N
Fig. 8.1
Suggest three possible changes to the system in Fig. 8.1 that would increase the induced
current.
1. ...............................................................................................................................................
2. ...............................................................................................................................................
3. ...........................................................................................................................................[3]
(b) Fig. 8.2 shows a transformer. P is the primary coil. S is the secondary coil. The coils are
wound on an iron core.
P
S
Fig. 8.2
P has 200 turns and S has 800 turns. The e.m.f. induced across S is 24 V. The current in S is
0.50 A. The transformer operates with 100% efficiency.
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
Calculate
(i)
the voltage of the supply to P,
voltage = ...........................................................[2]
(ii)
the current in P.
current = ...........................................................[2]
[Total: 7]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
The circuit shown in Fig. 10.1 uses a 12 V battery.
12 V
A
16 !
8!
S
Fig. 10.1
(a) Switch S is open, as shown in Fig. 10.1.
State the value of
(i)
the reading on the ammeter,
reading = ................................................ [1]
(ii)
the potential difference (p.d.) across S.
p.d. = ................................................ [1]
(b) Switch S is now closed.
(i)
Calculate the current in the ammeter.
current = ................................................ [2]
(ii)
Calculate the p.d. across the 8 ! resistor.
p.d. = ................................................ [2]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(c) The two resistors are now connected in parallel.
Calculate the new reading on the ammeter when S is closed, stating clearly any
equations that you use.
reading = ................................................ [4]
[Total: 10]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
Fig. 8.1 is the plan of a small apartment that has four lamps as shown.
100 W
kitchen
2 × 60 W
living room
60 W
bathroom
F ig. 8.1
Power for the lamps is supplied at 200 V a.c. and the lamps are all in parallel.
(a) In the space below, draw a lighting circuit diagram so that there is one switch for each
room and one master switch that will turn off all the lamps. Label the lamps as 60 W or
100 W.
[3]
(b) The 100 W lamp is switched on. Calculate
(i)
the current in the lamp,
current = ................................................ [2]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(ii)
the charge passing through the lamp in one minute.
charge = ................................................ [2]
(c) The three 60 W lamps are replaced by three energy-saving ones, that give the same
light output but are rated at only 15 W each.
Calculate
(i)
the total reduction in power,
reduction in power = ................................................ [1]
(ii)
the energy saved when the lamps are lit for one hour.
energy saved = ................................................. [2]
[Total: 10]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
Fig. 8.1 shows a car battery being charged from a 200 V a.c. mains supply.
car
battery
200 V ~
F ig. 8.1
(a) State the function of the diode.
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) The average charging current is 2.0 A and the battery takes 12 hours to charge fully.
Calculate the charge that the battery stores when fully charged.
charge stored ................................................ [2]
(c) The battery has an electromotive force (e.m.f.) of 12 V and, when connected to a circuit,
supplies energy to the circuit components.
State what is meant by an electromotive force of 12 V.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [2]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(d) (i)
(ii)
In the space below, draw a circuit diagram to show how two 6.0 V lamps should be
connected to a 12 V battery so that both lamps glow with normal brightness.
[1]
The power of each lamp is 8.0 W. Calculate the current in the circuit.
current = ................................................. [2]
(iii)
Calculate the energy used by the two lamps when both are lit for one hour.
energy = ................................................ [2]
[Total: 10]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
Fig. 8.1 shows a low-voltage lighting circuit.
12 V d.c.
supply
X
Y
Z
F ig. 8.1
(a) On Fig. 8.1, indicate with a dot and the letter S, a point in the circuit where a switch
could be placed that would turn off lamps Y and Z at the same time but would leave
lamp X still lit.
[1]
(b) (i)
In the space below, draw the circuit symbol for a component that would vary the
brightness of lamp X.
(ii)
On Fig. 8.1, mark with a dot and the letter R where this component should be
placed.
[2]
(c) Calculate the current in lamp Y.
current = ........................[2]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(d) The current in lamp Z is 3.0 A. Calculate the resistance of this lamp.
resistance = ........................[2]
(e) The lamp Y is removed.
(i)
Why do lamps X and Z still work normally?
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
(ii)
The current in lamp X is 1.0 A. Calculate the current supplied by the battery with
lamp Y removed.
current = ............................
[2]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(a) The transformer in Fig. 8.1 is used to convert 240 V a.c. to 6 V a.c.
iron core
A
C
D
B
primary
coil
(480 turns)
secondary
coil
Fig. 8.1
(i)
Using the information above, calculate the number of turns on the secondary coil.
number of turns = ................................................ [2]
(ii)
Describe how the transformer works.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [3]
(iii)
State one way in which energy is lost from the transformer, and from which part it is
lost.
............................................................................................................................ [1]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(b) Fig. 8.2 shows a device labelled “IGCSE Transformer”.
Fig. 8.2
Study the label on the case of the IGCSE Transformer.
(i)
What is the output of the device? ....................................................................... [1]
(ii)
From the information on the case, deduce what other electrical component must be
included within the case of the IGCSE Transformer, apart from a transformer.
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(c) A transformer supplying electrical energy to a factory changes the 11 000 V a.c. supply to
440 V a.c. for use in the factory. The current in the secondary coil is 200 A.
Calculate the current in the primary coil, assuming no losses from the transformer.
current = ................................................ [2]
[Total: 10]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
Fig. 8.1 shows a simple transformer.
iron core
primary
coil
secondary
coil
Fig. 8.1
(a) Describe how a voltage across the primary coil causes a voltage across the secondary coil.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
(b) State what design feature would cause the voltage across the secondary coil to be larger
than the voltage across the primary coil.
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(c) The output of a power station is connected to a transformer, which you are to assume is
100% efficient.
The input to the primary coil is 24 000 V, 12 000 A.
The output from the secondary coil is 400 000 V. This is the voltage at which the electrical
energy is transmitted through the transmission lines.
Calculate the current in the secondary coil.
current = ......................................................... [2]
(d) State two reasons why it is cheaper to transmit electrical energy at high voltage.
1. ...............................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
2. ...............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 8]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
A coil is wound on a cylindrical cardboard tube and connected to a sensitive centre-zero
millivoltmeter.
Figs. 8.1, 8.2 and 8.3 show three situations involving the coil and a magnet.
(a) On the lines alongside each situation, describe what, if anything, is seen happening on the
millivoltmeter.
N
magnet
inside coil,
both moving
at same
speed
mV
...................................................................................
...................................................................................
...................................................................................
...................................................................................
S
............................................................................. [1]
Fig. 8.1
N
magnet
moving
towards
coil
coil
stationary
mV
...................................................................................
...................................................................................
...................................................................................
............................................................................. [1]
Fig. 8.2
N
...................................................................................
magnet
stationary
...................................................................................
...................................................................................
coil
moving
towards
magnet
mV
Fig. 8.3
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
...................................................................................
...................................................................................
............................................................................. [2]
(b) Choose one of the situations in (a) where something is seen happening to the millivoltmeter.
For this situation, state three changes which could be made to increase the magnitude of
what is seen.
1. ...............................................................................................................................................
2. ...............................................................................................................................................
3. ......................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 7]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
Alternating current electricity is delivered at 22 000 V to a pair of transmission lines.
The transmission lines carry the electricity to the customer at the receiving end, where
the potential difference is V. This is shown in Fig. 10.1. Each transmission line has a
resistance of 3 .
3
22 000 V
V
3
Fig. 10.1
(a) The a.c. generator actually generates at a much lower voltage than 22 000 V.
(i)
Suggest how the voltage is increased to 22 000 V.
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii)
State one advantage of delivering electrical energy at high voltage.
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(b) The power delivered by the generator is 55 kW. Calculate the current in the transmission
lines.
current = ................................................ [2]
(c) Calculate the rate of loss of energy from one of the 3
transmission lines.
rate of energy loss = ................................................ [2]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(d) Calculate the voltage drop across one of the transmission lines.
voltage drop = ................................................ [2]
(e) Calculate the potential difference V at the receiving end of the transmission lines.
V = ................................................ [2]
[Total: 10]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
Fig. 9.1 shows apparatus used to investigate electromagnetic effects around straight wires.
thin flexible wire
T3
T1
thick rigid
vertical wire
large circular
hole in card
small circular
hole in card
T4
T2
Fig. 9.1
Fig. 9.2 is a view looking down on the apparatus shown in Fig. 9.1.
Fig. 9.2
(a) A battery is connected to T1 and T2 so that there is a current vertically down the thick
wire.
On Fig. 9.2, draw three magnetic field lines and indicate, with arrows, the direction of all
three.
[2]
(b) Using a variable resistor, the p.d. between terminals T1 and T2 is gradually reduced.
State the effect, if any, that this will have on
(i)
the strength of the magnetic field, ...................................................................... [1]
(ii)
the direction of the magnetic field. ...................................................................... [1]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(c) The battery is now connected to terminals T3 and T4, as well as to terminals T1 and T2,
so that there is a current down both wires. This causes the flexible wire to move.
(i)
Explain why the flexible wire moves.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [2]
(ii)
State the direction of the movement of the flexible wire.
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(iii)
The battery is replaced by one that delivers a smaller current.
State the effect that this will have on the force acting on the flexible wire.
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [1]
[Total: 8]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
T
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
A battery charger includes a transformer and a rectifier.
Fig. 11.1 represents the transformer, consisting of an iron core with two coils P and Q wound on to
the core.
coil P, 40 000 turns
coil Q, 2000 turns
iron core
Fig. 11.1
P consists of 40 000 turns and Q consists of 2000 turns.
When P is connected to a 230 V a.c. supply, there is an e.m.f. across the terminals of Q.
(a) (i)
Calculate the size of this e.m.f.
e.m.f. = ............................................... [2]
(ii)
Explain how this e.m.f. is generated.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [3]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(b) The output of Q is connected to the rectifier circuit.
State
(i)
the name of the circuit component that is used in a rectifier circuit to rectify the a.c.
(alternating current),
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii)
the property of this component that is used to rectify the current.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 7]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(a) Name the process that causes a potential difference across a solenoid due to the movement
of a nearby magnet.
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Fig. 11.1 shows a solenoid connected to a centre-zero voltmeter, M.
A bar magnet is held with its N-pole close to one end of the solenoid.
solenoid
N
M
Fig. 11.1
(i)
The magnet is pushed into the solenoid, and then brought to rest with its N-pole just
inside the solenoid.
Describe the movement of the pointer of the meter M.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(ii)
The magnet is now pulled to the left out of the solenoid, at a higher speed than in (i).
Compare the movement of the pointer of the meter with that seen in (i).
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 5]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
A transformer is used to reduce the voltage of a supply from 120 V a.c. to 12 V a.c.
(a) Explain how a transformer works. Your answer should include an explanation of why a
transformer would not work with a d.c. supply voltage.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
(b) The output current is 1.2 A.
(i)
Calculate the input current.
input current = ............................................... [2]
(ii)
State an assumption you made in your calculation for (b)(i).
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 6]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
A circuit contains a battery, a variable resistor and a solenoid. Fig. 9.1 shows the magnetic field
pattern produced by the current in the solenoid.
solenoid
magnetic field line
Fig. 9.1
(a) (i)
State how the magnetic field pattern indicates regions where the magnetic field is
stronger.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii)
State what happens to the magnetic field when the current in the circuit is reversed.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(b) A second solenoid is placed next to the first solenoid.
Fig. 9.2 shows the second solenoid connected to a very sensitive ammeter.
very
sensitive
ammeter
A
second solenoid
Fig. 9.2
(i)
The variable resistor is adjusted so that its resistance changes quickly.
State and explain what is seen to happen in the circuit of the second solenoid.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[3]
(ii)
The variable resistor is adjusted much more slowly than in (i).
State and explain the difference in what is seen to happen in the circuit of the second
solenoid.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 7]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(a) Fig. 10.1 shows the cross-section of a wire carrying a current into the plane of the paper.
Fig. 10.1
On Fig. 10.1, sketch the magnetic field due to the current in the wire. The detail of your
sketch should suggest the variation in the strength of the field. Show the direction of the
field with arrows.
[3]
(b) Fig. 10.2 shows part of a model of a d.c. motor.
S
B
A
axis
C
N
X
Y
D
Fig. 10.2
A loop of wire ABCD is placed between the poles of a magnet. The loop is free to rotate
about the axis shown. There is a current in the loop in the direction indicated by the
arrows.
(i)
On Fig. 10.2, draw arrows to show the directions of the forces acting on side AB
and on side CD of the loop.
[1]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(ii)
With the loop in the position shown in Fig. 10.2, explain why the forces on AB and
CD cause the loop to rotate about the axis.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(iii)
The ends X and Y of the loop are connected to a battery using brushes and a splitring commutator.
State why a split-ring commutator is used.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 7]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
A
240 V
a.c.
coil P
coil S
B
8000 turns
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
A solenoid is held in a vertical position. The solenoid is connected to a sensitive, centre-zero
ammeter.
A vertical bar magnet is held stationary at position X just above the upper end of the solenoid as
shown in Fig. 10.1.
position X
S
magnet
N
solenoid
A
position Y
magnet
Fig. 10.1
The magnet is released and it falls through the solenoid. During the initial stage of the fall, the
sensitive ammeter shows a small deflection to the left.
(a) Explain why the ammeter shows a deflection.
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) The magnet passes the middle point of the solenoid and continues to fall. It reaches
position Y.
Describe and explain what is observed on the ammeter as the magnet falls from the middle
point of the solenoid to position Y.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[4]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(c) Suggest two changes to the apparatus that would increase the initial deflection of the
ammeter.
1. ...............................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
2. ...............................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 7]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
Fig. 9.1 shows two separate coils of wire wound around an iron core.
primary
coil
secondary
coil
iron core
Fig. 9.1
An a.c. supply is connected across the primary coil and a 12 V lamp is connected across the
secondary coil. The lamp glows with normal brightness.
(a) State the name of the device shown in Fig. 9.1.
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) E xplain why there is a current in the lamp.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[4]
(c) (i)
The coil connected to the lamp has 450 turns. The e.m.f. of the a.c. supply is 240 V.
C alculate the number of turns on the coil connected to the a.c. supply.
number of turns = ...........................................................[2]
(ii)
A 240 V d.c. supply is used inste ad of the 240 V a.c. supply. Tick one box to indicate what
happens to the lamp.
glows more brightly
glows with the same brightness
glows less brightly
does not glow
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
[1]
[Total: 8]
(a) Fig. 10.1 shows the gap betwe en the N-pole and the S-pole of a magnet.
N
S
Fig. 10.1
The magnetic field in the gap is uniform.
O n Fig. 10.1, draw four field lines to show the pattern and direction of the magnetic field in the
gap.
[2]
(b) Fig. 10.2 shows a horizontal copper wire P Q betwe en two opposite magnetic poles.
Q
S
N
copper
wire
A
P
Fig. 10.2
A circuit is made by connecting a sensitive digital ammeter betwe en P and Q . The wire P Q
is then moved vertically downwards.
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[3]
(ii)
State what is observed on the ammeter when P Q is moved
1. vertically downwards at a gre ater spe ed,
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
2. vertically upwards at the same spe ed as in 1.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 7]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
The output of an a.c. generator in a power station is 5000 V.
A transformer incre ases the voltage to 115 000 V before the electrical power is transmitted to a
distant town.
(a) State and explain, using a relevant equation, one advantage of transmitting electrical power
at a high voltage.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
(b) The transformer contains two coils, the primary coil and the secondary coil.
(i)
State the other main component of a transformer and the material from which it is made.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii)
State the component in the transformer to which the a.c. generator is connected.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(iii)
There are 400 turns on the primary coil of the transformer.
C alculate the number of turns on the secondary coil.
number of turns = ...........................................................[2]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(c) Transformers within the town reduce the voltage to 230 V.
Suggest one re ason for this.
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 8]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(a) Two straight, vertical wires X and Y pass through holes in a horizontal card.
Fig. 8.1 shows the card viewed from above.
card
wire
in hole
X
Y
wire
in hole
Fig. 8.1
There is a current in each wire in a downward direction (into the page).
(i)
The magnetic field at Y due to the current in X produces a force on Y.
Place a tick in each blank column of the table to indicate the direction of this magnetic
field and the direction of the force.
magnetic field
at Y
force
on Y
towards the top of the page
towards the bottom of the page
to the left
to the right
into the page
out of the page
[2]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(ii) State and explain whether there is also a force on wire X.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
[1]
(b) Fig. 8.2 shows a d.c. supply connected to the input of a transformer.
iron core
S
d.c. supply
galvanometer
Fig. 8.2
When switch S is first closed, the needle of the galvanometer deflects briefly, then returns to
zero.
Explain why the brief deflection occurs.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[3]
[Total: 6]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
A physics teacher suspends two pointers in a magnetic field. One pointer is made of brass and the
other is a magnet.
She holds the pointers in the initial positions shown in the two upper circles of Fig. 7.1. She then
releases the pointers.
brass pointer
S pole of
magnet
S
N
N pole of
magnet
arrows show
direction of
strong
magnetic
field
draw final position of brass
pointer in this circle
draw final position of
magnet in this circle
Fig. 7.1
(a) In the lower circles of Fig. 7.1, draw the settled final positions of the two pointers.
(b) (i)
[2]
Explain the final position of the brass pointer.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
(ii)
Explain the final position of the magnet.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(c) Suggest a material from which the magnet is made.
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 5]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
Fig. 8.1 shows a vertical current-carrying wire passing through a card at point X.
X
Y
Z
card
current direction
Fig. 8.1
(a) On Fig. 8.1, sketch on the card the pattern of the magnetic field produced by the current
in the wire. The detail of your sketch should suggest the variation in the strength of the
field. Show the direction of the field with arrows.
[3]
(b) Using your knowledge of investigating the magnetic field around a bar magnet, suggest
an experiment or experiments to confirm that you have drawn the correct pattern and
direction in (a).
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
[4]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(c) A second current-carrying wire is inserted vertically through the card at Y.
Suggest why there is now a force on the wire at X.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(d) The wire at Y is moved to Z. It still carries the same current.
Tick the appropriate box to indicate whether the force on the wire at X is now smaller,
greater or the same.
smaller
greater
same
[1]
[Total: 10]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
I
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
Q
direction of travel
of particle
magnetic field
into page
negative particle
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
V
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
In the laboratory demonstration shown in Fig. 11.1, a copper rod rolls at a steady speed down
the sloping parallel copper rails. The rails are in the region of a strong magnetic field that acts
vertically downwards.
direction
of
magnetic
field
very sensitive
centre-zero
voltmeter
V
connecting wires
copper rod
parallel copper rails
sloping downwards in direction of arrow
Fig. 11.1
(a) Explain why the voltmeter shows a deflection.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) State, with reasons, the effect on the voltmeter deflection of the following changes:
(i)
increasing the strength of the magnetic field,
deflection ...........................................................................................................................
reason ...............................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(ii)
slightly increasing the slope of the copper rails,
deflection ...........................................................................................................................
reason ...............................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
(iii)
changing the direction of the magnetic field so it is parallel to the copper rails and directed
down the slope.
deflection ...........................................................................................................................
reason ...............................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[4]
[Total: 6]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(a) Fig. 9.1 illustrates the left hand rule, which helps when describing the force on a currentcarrying conductor in a magnetic field.
thumb
motion / force
first finger
second finger
Fig. 9.1
One direction has been labelled for you.
In each of the other two boxes, write the name of the quantity that direction represents.
[1]
(b) Fig. 9.2 shows a simple d.c. motor connected to a battery and a switch.
N
S
X
switch
battery
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
Fig. 9.2
(i)
On Fig. 9.2, write in each of the boxes the name of the part of the motor to which
the arrow is pointing.
[2]
(ii)
State which way the coil of the motor will rotate when the switch is closed, when
viewed from the position X.
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(iii)
State two things which could be done to increase the speed of rotation of the coil.
1. ...............................................................................................................................
2. ......................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 6]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
Fig. 10.1 and Fig. 10.2 show two views of a vertical wire carrying a current up through a
horizontal card. Points P and Q are marked on the card.
P
Q
vertical
wire
view from above the card
Fig. 10.1
Fig. 10.2
(a) On Fig. 10.2,
(i)
draw a complete magnetic field line (line of force) through P and indicate its
direction with an arrow,
(ii)
draw an arrow through Q to indicate the direction in which a compass placed at Q
would point.
[3]
(b) State the effect on the direction in which compass Q points of
(i)
increasing the current in the wire,
...................................................................................................................................
(ii)
reversing the direction of the current in the wire.
...................................................................................................................................
[2]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(c) Fig. 10.3 shows the view from above of another vertical wire carrying a current up
through a horizontal card. A cm grid is marked on the card. Point W is 1 cm vertically
above the top surface of the card.
T
R
vertical
wire carrying
current
S
W
Fig. 10.3
State the magnetic field strength at S, T and W in terms of the magnetic field strength
at R. Use one of the alternatives, weaker, same strength or stronger for each answer.
at S ........................................................................
at T ........................................................................
at W........................................................................
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
[3]
Fig. 10.1 shows a variable resistor (rheostat) and a solenoid (long coil) connected to a
battery.
variable
resistor
solenoid
battery
Fig. 10.1
The current in the solenoid produces a magnetic field.
(a) (i)
On Fig. 10.1, draw lines to show the pattern of the magnetic field due to the current.
[2]
(ii)
State the feature of the pattern of the magnetic field lines that indicates the strength
of the magnetic field at particular points.
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) State and explain the effect on the magnetic field of increasing the resistance of the
variable resistor.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(c) In a laboratory vacuum chamber, some current-carrying coils produce a very strong
magnetic field near a source of -particles.
Fig. 10.2 shows the arrangement.
uniform
magnetic
field into
page
-particle
source
path of
-particles
Fig. 10.2
(i)
In the shaded region of Fig. 10.2, draw a possible path for the
magnetic field.
-particles in the
[2]
(ii)
State and explain the effect on this path of reversing the current in the coils.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 9]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
A student holds a magnet above a solenoid, which is connected to a centre-zero milli-ammeter
as shown Fig. 8.1.
magnet
mA
solenoid
Fig. 8.1
(a) The student drops the magnet so that it falls through the solenoid.
State and explain what would be observed on the milliammeter
(i)
as the magnet enters the solenoid,
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [2]
(ii)
as the magnet speeds up inside the solenoid.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [2]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(b) As the magnet passes into the coil in part (a), the coil exerts a force on the magnet even
though there is no contact between them.
(i)
State the direction of this force.
..................................................................................................................................
(ii)
Explain how this force is caused.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
[3]
[Total: 7]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
Fig. 9.1 shows a thin, straight rod X Y placed in the magnetic field betwe en the poles of a
magnet. The wires from the ends of X Y are connected to a centre-zero voltmeter.
X
N
S
Y
V
Fig. 9.1
(a) When X Y is moved slowly upwards the ne edle of the voltmeter shows a small deflection.
(i)
State how X Y must be moved to produce a larger deflection in the opposite
direction.
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [2]
(ii)
X Y is now rotated about its central point by raising X and lowering Y. E xplain why
no deflection is observed.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [2]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(b) The effect of moving X Y can be se en if the wires are connected to the terminals of a
cathode-ray oscilloscope inste ad of the voltmeter.
(i)
State the parts inside the oscilloscope tube to which these terminals are connected.
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii)
The spot on the oscilloscope scre en moves up and down repe atedly. State how X Y
is being moved.
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(iii)
State the setting of the time-base of the oscilloscope during the process described
in (ii).
............................................................................................................................ [1]
[Total: 7]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
I
I
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
Emissions from a radioactive source pass through a hole in a lead screen and into a magnetic
field, as shown in Fig. 10.1. The experiment is carried out in a vacuum.
Fig. 10.1
Radiation detectors are placed at A, B and C. They give the following readings:
A
32 counts / min
C
5
counts / min
3
counts / min
The radioactive source is then completely removed, and the readings become:
A
33 counts / min
C
counts / min
counts / min
From the data given for positions A, B and C, deduce the type of emissions coming from the
radioactive source. Explain your reasoning.
[7]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
[Total: 7]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
isotopes
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
technician
ground surface
metal water pipe
crack in water pipe
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
water that le aked
into ground
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
Fig. 11.1 shows a beam of radiation that contains -particles, -particles and -rays. The beam
enters a very strong electric field between charged plates in a vacuum.
plate at positive voltage
beam of radiation
plate at negative voltage
Fig. 11.1
(a) Indicate the deflection, if any, of the -particles, -particles and -rays, by placing one tick in
each column of the table.
possible deflection
-particles
-particles
-rays
no deflection
towards positive plate
towards negative plate
out of the paper
into the paper
[3]
(b) The radiation is said to be ionising. Explain what this means.
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(c)
-particles are more strongly ionising and have a shorter range in air than -rays.
Use your knowledge of the nature of these radiations to explain these differences.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 7]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
A technician sets up a radiation detector in a university laboratory, for use in some experiments.
Even before the radioactive source for the experiment is brought into the laboratory, the detector
registers a low count rate.
(a) Suggest what causes this count rate.
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) A radioactive source that emits -particles is placed on the laboratory bench and the source
is gradually moved closer to the detector.
At first, the detector continues to register a low count rate sometimes slightly less than the
count rate registered without the source. The count rate suddenly increases to a very high
value when the source is very close to the detector.
Explain these changes in the count rate.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
(c) In a second experiment, -particles pass between two parallel, horizontal metal plates in a
vacuum.
They then continue to the detector as shown in Fig. 9.1.
metal plate
-particles
source
detector
metal plate
Fig. 9.1
A positive charge is established on the upper plate and a negative charge on the lower plate.
(i)
On Fig. 9.1, sketch the new path of the -particles.
(ii)
State what happens to the count rate registered by the detector.
[2]
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
[Total: 7]
(a) A technician sets up a radiation detector in a university laboratory for use in a class
experiment.
(i)
A radioactive source that emits -particles is placed on the laboratory bench, 10 cm from
the detector. A small count rate is registered.
1.
State the name of the particle, found in an atom, that is identical to a -particle.
............................................................................................................................... [1]
2.
The technician sets up the same equipment in the same way every year. He notices
that the count rate registered by the detector every year is slightly smaller than it
was the previous year.
Suggest why this is so.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii)
In a second experiment, the same equipment is set up but a radioactive source that
emits -particles is placed 10 cm from the detector. The same number of particles are
emitted every second from this source as were emitted from the -source in (i).
Explain why the count rate obtained is much lower.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) In another experiment, -particles pass between two parallel, horizontal metal plates in a
vacuum. They then continue to the detector as shown in Fig. 10.1.
metal plate
–particles
source
detector
metal plate
Fig. 10.1
A very high p.d. is connected between the plates, with the lower plate positive.
[2]
On Fig. 10.1, sketch the new path of the -particles.
[Total: 7]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
A technician sets up a radiation detector in a university laboratory, for use in some experiments.
Even before the radioactive source for the experiments is brought into the laboratory, the detector
registers a small count rate due to background radiation.
(a) Suggest one source of this background radiation.
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) The radioactive source emits -rays. It is placed on the laboratory bench close to the detector.
(i)
State what -rays are.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(ii)
A lead sheet of thickness 10 mm is positioned between the detector and the radioactive
source.
State and explain what happens to the count rate on the detector.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(c) In a second experiment, -rays pass through air to the detector, as shown in Fig. 10.1.
-rays
detector
source
Fig. 10.1
One end of a bar magnet is brought close to the path of the -rays.
(i)
Tick one box to indicate the effect on the path of the -rays.
[1]
deflected into the page
deflected out of the page
deflected downwards
deflected upwards
no deflection
(ii)
Explain your answer to (i).
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 7]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(a) Complete the following statements.
(i)
An -particle consists of ......................................................................................... .
(ii)
A -particle consists of ........................................................................................... .
[3]
(b) As -particles and -particles pass through a gas, molecules of the gas become ionised.
Explain what is meant by the ionisation of a gas molecule.
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) Fig. 11.1 shows a beam of -particles and a beam of -particles in a vacuum. The
beams are about to enter a region in which a very strong magnetic field is acting. The
direction of the magnetic field is into the page.
-particles
-particles
uniform
magnetic field
Fig. 11.1
(i)
Suggest why the paths of the particles in the magnetic field are curved.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii)
Sketch the paths of both types of particle in the magnetic field.
[3]
[Total: 8]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
In a laboratory experiment, the isotope uranium-238 is used as a source of -particles.
(a) State
(i)
one feature of uranium-238 nuclei that is the same for the nuclei of other uranium
isotopes,
............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii)
one feature of uranium-238 nuclei that is different for the nuclei of other uranium
isotopes.
............................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) Fig. 9.1 shows the -particles from the uranium source being directed at a very thin gold
foil, in a vacuum.
thin gold foil
moveable
-particle
detector
uranium source
vacuum
-particles
Fig. 9.1
To investigate the scattering of -particles, a detector is moved to different positions
around the very thin gold foil and measurements are recorded.
Describe the results from this scattering experiment and explain what they show about
the structure of atoms.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
[Total: 6]
In a laboratory at a nuclear power station, a radiation detector is connected to a computer.
The readings recorded are displayed on the computer screen.
The detector is switched on. Ten minutes later, at time t = 10 minutes, a small sample of
radioactive material is removed from a nuclear reactor and placed near to the detector.
Readings are recorded for a further 40 minutes. Fig. 11.1 shows the display.
90
80
count-rate
counts / minute
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
time t / minutes
Fig. 11.1
(a) Use Fig. 11.1 to determine the background count-rate in the laboratory.
background count-rate = ................................................. [1]
(b) Use Fig. 11.1 to determine the count-rate due to the radioactive sample
(i)
at t = 10 minutes,
count-rate due to sample = ......................................................
(ii)
at t = 19 minutes.
count-rate due to sample = ......................................................
[2]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(c) Use the values obtained in (b) to estimate the half-life of the radioactive sample.
half-life = ................................................. [2]
[Total: 5]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
A radioactive source is placed near a radiation detector connected to a counter, as shown in
Fig. 11.1.
radioactive
source
radiation
detector
counter
Fig. 11.1
(a) The count rate, measured over three successive minutes, gives values of
720 counts / minute
691 counts / minute
739 counts / minute.
Explain why a variation like this is to be expected in such an experiment.
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) The radiation detector and counter are left untouched. The radioactive source is put in its lead
container and returned to the metal security cupboard.
Once this has been done, a further measurement is taken over one minute.
This gives a reading of 33 counts / minute.
(i)
State the name used for the radioactivity being detected during this minute.
...........................................................................................................................................
(ii)
Suggest two possible sources for this radioactivity.
1. ........................................................................................................................................
2. .................................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 4]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
A beam of ionising radiation, containing !-particles, "-particles and #-rays, is travelling left to
right across the page. A magnetic field acts perpendicularly into the page.
(a) In the table below, tick the boxes that describe the deflection of each of the types of
radiation as it passes through the magnetic field. One line has been completed, to help
you.
not
deflected
deflected
towards
top of page
deflected
towards
bottom of page
large
deflection
small
deflection
!-particles
"-particles
#-rays
[3]
(b) An electric field is now applied, in the same region as the magnetic field and at the
same time as the magnetic field.
What is the direction of the electric field in order to cancel out the deflection of the
!-particles?
.................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 5]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
Fig. 11.1 shows the paths of three -particles moving towards a thin gold foil.
gold foil
A
B
C
Fig. 11.1
Particle A is moving directly towards a gold nucleus.
Particle B is moving along a line which passes close to a gold nucleus.
Particle C is moving along a line which does not pass close to a gold nucleus.
(a) On Fig. 11.1, complete the paths of the -particles A, B and C.
(b) State how the results of such an experiment, using large numbers of
provides evidence for the existence of nuclei in gold atoms.
[3]
-particles,
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 12]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
Fig. 11.1 shows an experiment to test the absorption- particles
of
by thin sheets of
aluminium. Ten sheets are available, each 0.5 mm thick.
-particle source
sheets of
detector
counter
aluminium
Fig. 11.1
(a) Describe how the experiment is carried out, stating the readings that should be taken.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [4]
(b) State the results that you would expect to obtain.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 6]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
Fig. 11.1 shows a beam of radiation that contains-particles, -particles and -rays. The
beam enters a very strong magnetic field shown in symbol form by N and S poles.
N
beam of
radiation
S
Fig. 11.1
Complete the table below.
radiation
direction of deflection,
if any
charge carried by
radiation, if any
-particles
-particles
-rays
[6]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(a)
-particles, -particles and -rays are known as ionising radiations.
(i)
Describe what happens when gases are ionised by ionising radiations.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
(ii)
Suggest why -particles are considered better ionisers of gas than -particles.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
[3]
(b) (i)
Suggest two practical applications of radioactive isotopes.
1. ..............................................................................................................................
2. ..............................................................................................................................
(ii)
For one of the applications that you have suggested, describe how it works, or draw
a labelled diagram to illustrate it in use.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
[4]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(a) Fig. 10.1 is the decay curve for a radioactive isotope that emits only - particles.
400
count rate
counts / min
300
200
100
0
0
10
20
30
time / min
40
Fig. 10.1
Use the graph to find the value of the half-life of the isotope.
Indicate, on the graph, how you arrived at your value.
half-life …………………………. [2]
(b) A student determines the percentage of -particles absorbed by a thick aluminium
sheet. He uses a source that is emitting only -particles and that has a long half-life.
(i)
In the space below, draw a labelled diagram of the apparatus required, set up to
make the determination.
[2]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(ii)
List the readings that the student needs to take.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [3]
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a
b
a
a
b
b
a
b
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(a) In a laboratory’s secure radioactivity cupboard are two unlabelled radioactive sources. A
scientist knows that one is an alpha-emitter and the other is a beta-emitter, but is not sure
which is which.
A radiation detector, a magnet and some paper are available.
Briefly describe two different experimental tests, using this equipment, which would allow the
scientist to identify which is the alpha-emitter and which is the beta-emitter.
test
outcome for alpha
outcome for beta
[4]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(b) Radioactive carbon-14 (14
6 C)) de
(i)
ys by emitting -particles.
What are the values of the proton and nucleon numbers of carbon-14?
proton number ...............................................................
nucleon number ...........................................................[2]
(ii)
Carbon-14 is absorbed by living organisms. When the organism dies, no more carbon-14
is absorbed. The carbon-14 already absorbed decays with a half-life of 5730 years.
Recent human skeletons have an activity of 64 units, but a human skeleton dug up by an
archaeologist has an activity of 8 units.
Determine the age of this ancient skeleton.
age = ...........................................................[2]
[Total: 8]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
A certain element is known to exist as two different isotopes.
(a) State one thing that is the same for atoms of both isotopes.
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) State one thing that is different between atoms of these two isotopes.
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) An atom of one of these isotopes is unstable and decays into a different element by
emitting a !-particle.
(i)
State one thing about the atom that remains the same during this decay.
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii)
State one thing about the atom that changes as a result of this decay.
............................................................................................................................ [1]
[Total: 4]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
A student is using a cathode-ray oscilloscope to display the waveform of an alternating
current supply. The arrangement is shown in Fig. 10.1.
cathode-ray
oscilloscope
switch S (open)
a.c.
supply
R
Y-input
Fig. 10.1
When switch S is closed, the trace seen on the screen is as shown in Fig. 10.2. To get this
trace, the settings of the oscilloscope controls are
volts / cm:
5 V / cm
time-base:
10 ms / cm
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
1 cm
Fig. 10.2
(a) On Fig. 10.2, carefully draw what is seen on the screen when the frequency of the
supply is increased to 1.5 times its previous value.
[3]
(b) What change, if any, must be made to the oscilloscope volts / cm and time-base controls
in order to reduce the peak-to-peak height of the trace to half that shown in Fig. 10.2?
volts / cm setting ......................................................................................................... [2]
time-base setting ....................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 6]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
In Geiger and Marsden’s -particle scattering experiment, -particles were directed at a very thin
gold foil.
Fig. 10.1 shows five of the nuclei of the atoms in one layer in the gold foil. Also shown are the
paths of three -particles directed at the foil.
Fig. 10.1
(a) On Fig.10.1, complete the paths of the three -particles.
(b) (i)
[3]
What result of the experiment confirmed that an atom consisted of a very tiny charged
core, containing almost all the mass of the atom?
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii)
What is the sign of the charge on this core? ............................................................... [1]
(iii)
What occupies the space between these charged cores?
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 6]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
An atom of one of the isotopes of sodium contains
11 protons, 11 electrons and 13 neutrons.
(a) Underline which of these three will be the same in neutral atoms of all isotopes of sodium. [2]
(b) State the nucleon number of this isotope. ........................................................................... [1]
(c) What can you say about the chemical properties of the different isotopes of sodium?
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(d) One isotope of sodium is 25Na.
How many neutrons are there in one atom of this isotope? ............................................... [1]
[Total: 5]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(a) Chlorine has two isotopes, one of nucleon number 35 and one of nucleon number 37.
The proton number of chlorine is 17.
Table 11.1 refers to neutral atoms of chlorine.
Complete Table 11.1.
n u cle o n n u m b er 35
n u cle o n n u m b er 37
number of protons
number of neutrons
number of electrons
[3]
Ta ble 11.1
(b) Some isotopes are radioactive.
State the three types of radiation that may be emitted from radioactive isotopes.
1. .......................................................
2. .......................................................
3. .......................................................
(c) (i)
[1]
State one practical use of a radioactive isotope.
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii)
Outline how it is used.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [1]
[Total: 6]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(a) - particles can be scattered by thin gold foils.
Fig. 11.1 shows part of the paths of three -particles.
Complete the paths of the three -particles.
[3]
-particle 1
-particle 2
-particle 3
gold nuclei
F ig. 11.1
(b) What does the scattering of -particles show about atomic structure?
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[2]
(c) State the nucleon number (mass number) of an -particle.
nucleon number = …………………[1]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
Uranium-238 and uranium-234 are radioactive isotopes of the element uranium.
A uranium-238 nucleus is different from a uranium-234 nucleus but both decay by the emission of
an -particle.
(a) (i)
In terms of the particles in e ach, state how a nucleus of uranium-238 differs from a
nucleus of uranium-234.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(ii)
Although the two nuclei are different, they are both nuclei of uranium.
State a property that makes these isotopes the same element.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) When -particles pass through air, they are more strongly ionising than -particles.
Suggest two re asons why this is so.
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
(c) In an experiment, -particles are allowed to strike a thin gold foil in a vacuum.
Almost all the -particles pass straight through the gold undeflected. O nly a very small
number of -particles are deflected from their original path.
This result reve als certain fe atures of the atoms of the gold.
State what is shown about atoms by the fact that
(i)
most -particles pass straight through the gold undeflected,
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii)
some -particles are deflected back the way they came.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 7]
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