DATABASE SYSTEMS
CS-400
INTRODUCTION TO COURSE
LAYOUT PLAN
Course Outline
 Recommended Books
 Assessment Criteria
 Lab Work
 Database Basic concepts
 Database Administration
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RECOMMENDED BOOKS
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Text Book:
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The Beginning Database Design Solutions by Rod Stephens
Student Guides for Oracle Database Administration. Year/Edition: 2010 Aug Title: Oracle
Database 11g: Administration Workshop 1 (Volume 1 and 2)
Pro SQL Server 2008 Relational Database Design and Implementation by Louis Davidson, Kevin
Kline, Scott Klein, and Kurt Windisch
Reference Books:
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Practical SQL, 2nd Ed, A Beginner's Guide to Storytelling with Data, Anthony DeBarros
SQL QuickStart Guide: The Simplified Beginner's Guide to Managing, Analyzing, and
Manipulating Data With SQL, Walter Shields
Database Design and Implementation, Edward Sciore,Wiley,2008
Concurrency Control and Recovery in Database Systems, Bernstein/Hadzilacos/Goodman, 1987,
Addison-Wesley
Fundamentals of Data Base Management Systems, Elmasri/Navathe, Pearson International
Edition
Data Base Systems, Design, Implementation and Management , Rob, Coronel, Thomson Course
Technology
Databases and Transaction Processing, Lewis, Bernstein, Kifer, Addison Wesley, 2001
Concepts of Data Base Management, Pratt/Adamski, Thomson Course Technology
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
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Quiz
Assignment
Semester Project
Mid & Final Exams.
Assessment
Marks
Mid Tem Exam
18
Final Exam (Theory)
30
Assignments
06
Quizzes
06
Final Exam (Practical)
20
(1 / 2)
KEY CONCEPTS
Terminology
Details
Data
Raw Facts and Figures.
Information
Processed form of data.
Attribute
Refers to a database component, such as a column.
Tuple
A tuple is a row of a relation.
Degree
The number of attributes in a relation determines the degree of
relation. A relation having three attributes is said to have a relation of
degree 3.
Cardinality
Refers to the uniqueness of data values contained in a particular
column (attribute) of a database table. The lower the cardinality, the
more duplicated elements in a column.
Table
An arrangement of information or data, typically in rows and columns, or
possibly in a more complex structure.
Database
An organized collection of structured information or data, typically stored
electronically in a computer system.
(2 / 2)
KEY CONCEPTS
Terminology
Details
DBMS
A software package designed to store, retrieve, query and manage data.
Primary Key
A key in a relational database that is unique for each record
Foreign Key
A column or columns of data in one table that connects to the primary
key data in the original table.
SQL
Structured Query Language is a computer language for storing,
manipulating and retrieving data stored in a relational database.
No-SQL
Not only SQL. NoSQL databases store data in documents rather than
relational tables. NoSQL databases are built from the ground up to store
and process vast amounts of data at scale and support a growing
number of modern businesses.
Relational
Model
Relational Model represents how data is stored in Relational Databases.
A relational database stores data in the form of relations (tables).
Relational
Database
A relational database is a type of database that stores and provides
access to data points that are related to one another.
DATA DESIGN TERMINOLOGY
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Data model
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A formal way of representing the data that are used and
created by a business system.
Shows the people, places and things about which data is
captured and the relationships among them.
Logical data model
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shows the organization of data without indicating, how it is
stored, created, or manipulated.
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DATA DESIGN TERMINOLOGY
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Entity: A definable thing or concept within a
system, such as a person/role (e.g. Student),
object (e.g. Invoice), concept (e.g. Profile) or
event (e.g. Transaction). When determining
entities, think of them as nouns.
Note: In ER diagram, the term "entity" is often
used instead of "table", but they are the
same.
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DATA DESIGN TERMINOLOGY
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Entity Type
 Its
a logical grouping of data relevant to a particular
application.
 An
entity instance is an occurrence of an entity
type.
 It
would be represented in a RDBMS as a table.
 An
entity instance would be represented as a single
row in a table
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DATA DESIGN TERMINOLOGY
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Table or file:
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A set of related records is grouped together, which stores data
about a specific entity.
Tables are shown as two-dimensional structures that consist of
vertical columns representing fields and horizontal rows
representing records.
Field:
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A single characteristic or fact about an entity. A field, or attribute,
is the smallest piece of data that has meaning within an
information system.
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For instance: A CNIC or company name could be examples of a
field. The terms, data element and field, are used interchangeably.
Attribute names are nouns
Sometimes entity name is added at the beginning of the
attribute name for clarity
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DATA DESIGN TERMINOLOGY
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Common field: A common field is an attribute that
appears in more than one entity. Common fields can
be used to link entities in various types of
relationships.
Record: also called a tuple, is a set of related fields
that describes one entity instance, or member of an
entity, such as one customer, one order, or one
product. A record might have one or dozens of fields,
depending on what information is needed.
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DATA DESIGN TERMINOLOGY
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Key Fields
 Key
fields are used during the systems design
phase to organize, access, and maintain data
structures. The four types of key fields are primary
keys, candidate keys, foreign keys, and secondary
keys.
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DATA DESIGN TERMINOLOGY
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Key Fields
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Primary key:
 A field or combination of fields that uniquely identifies a particular
instance of an entity.
 Can’t be left blank in case of entering a record.
 An identifier may be ‘artificial,’ such as creating an ID number.
E.g., In a student table the student number is a unique primary key
because no two students can have the same student number. That
key also contains no information beyond what is needed to identify
the student.
 Sometimes, it is necessary for a primary key to consist of a
combination of fields. In that case, the primary key is called a
combination key, composite key, concatenated key, or multi-valued
key. For example, if a student registers for three courses, his or her
student number will appear in three records so its no more valid as
a primary key. So in the registration file, neither the student
number nor the course ID is unique, to identify a specific student
in a specific course, the primary key must be a combination of
student number and course ID.
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DATA DESIGN TERMINOLOGY
Attribute Names
Primary
Key
Columns
Field
R
e
c
o
r
d
Supplier
Number
Supplier Name
Supplier Address
Supplier
Tel. No.
Sup
Con
1463
Ahmad
115 zeriab St
+962/7563025
Ali
3621
Ali & sons
12 King Hussien
St
020-8…
...
2327
Bella Sonic
Lake Industrial
Estate
+962/7999663
...
6762
…
3 Lot’s Corner
...
...
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DATA DESIGN TERMINOLOGY
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Key Fields
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Candidate key: Sometimes it is possible to have a choice
of fields or field combinations to use as the primary key.
Any field that could serve as a primary key is called a
candidate key. For example, if every employee has a
unique employee number, then you could use either the
employee number or the CNIC as a primary key.
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Nonkey field: Any field that is not a primary key or a
candidate key is called a nonkey field.
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DATA DESIGN TERMINOLOGY
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Key Fields
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Foreign key: Field in one table that must match a
primary key value in another table in order to establish
the relationship between the two tables. Unlike a
primary key, a foreign key need not be unique
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A foreign key must either match a primary key or else be null
Secondary key: is a field or combination of fields that
can be used to access or retrieve records. Secondary key
values are not unique. For example, if you need to
access records for only those customers in a specific ZIP
code, you would use the ZIP code field as a secondary
key. Secondary keys also can be used to sort or display
records in a certain order.
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DATA DESIGN TERMINOLOGY
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Entity Integrity
 Entity
integrity constraints are rules for primary
keys:
 The
primary key cannot have a duplicate value
 The primary key cannot have a null value
 If the primary key is a composite key, none of the fields in
the key can contain a null value
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DATA DESIGN TERMINOLOGY
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Referential Integrity
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Validity checks can help avoid data input errors
One type of validity check, called referential integrity, is a
set of rules that a voids data inconsistency and quality
problems
In a relational database, referential integrity means that a
foreign key value cannot be entered in one table unless it
matches an existing primary key in another table
You cannot change a primary key that has matching child
table records
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A child table that has a foreign key for a different record
Referential integrity also can prevent the deletion of a
record has a primary key that matches foreign keys in
anther table
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Primary keys
DATA DESIGN TERMINOLOGY
Secondary key
Foreign key
Secondary key
Candidate keys
ombination
imary key
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Shahid Hussain Rathore
(0333-5145779)
rathore@hotmail.com
THANKS
Q&A SESSION