Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs)
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Infants
0—6 mc
NDd
1,000
ND
0.7
ND
40
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
6—l2mo
ND
1,500
ND
0.9
ND
40
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
3
2,500
1,000
1.3
200
40
65
2
300
0.2
110
3
600
0.3
45
60
ND
ND
4
3
90
ND
3
150
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
7
12
1.5
1.9
2,3
2.9
ND
ND
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
23
34
40
40
40
40
2.2
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
3.4
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
ND
ND
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
23
34
40
40
40
40
2.2
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
3.4
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
ND
ND
34
40
2.3
2.3
3.6
3.6
2.3
2.3
3.6
3.6
5
Children
1—3
y
4—8y
6,
2,500
3,000
2.2
300
40
Males
9—13y
l4—JBy
19—30y
31—50y
51—70y
>70y
11
3,000
5,000
10
600
40
350
6
1,100
0.6
17
20
20
20
20
3,000
2,500
2,500
2,000
2,000
8,000
10,000
10,000
10,000
10,000
10
10
10
10
10
900
1,100
1,100
1,100
1,100
45
45
45
45
45
350
350
350
350
350
9
11
11
11
11
1,700
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
4
4
4
4
4
3
280
400
400
400
400
400
Females
9—l3y
14—18y
19—30y
3l—50y
51—7Oy
>70y
11
17
20
20
20
20
3,000
3,000
2,500
2,500
2,000
2,000
5,000
8,000
10,000
10,000
10,000
10,000
10
10
10
10
10
10
600
900
1,100
1,100
1,100
1,100
40
45
45
45
45
45
350
350
350
350
350
350
6
9
11
11
11
11
1,100
1,700
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
0.6
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
4
4
4
4
4
3
280
400
400
400
400
400
Pregnancy
14—l8y
19—SOy
17
20
3,000 8,000
2,500 10,000
10
10
900
1,100
45
45
350
350
9
11
1,700
2,000
1.0
1.0
3.5
3.5
400
400
Lactation
14—18y
19—SOy
17
20
3,000 8,000
2,500 10,000
10
10
900
1,100
45
45
350
350
Note: A Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) is the highest level of daily nutrient
intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effect5 to almost all
individuals in the general population. Unless otherwise specified, the UL
represents total intake from food, water, and supplements. Due to a lack of
suitable data, ULs could not be established for vitamin K, thiamin, riboflavin,
vitamin B, pantothenic acid, biotin, and catotenoids. In the absence of a UL
extra caution may be warranted in consuming levels above recommended
intakes. Members of the general population should be advi5ed not to routinely
exceed the UL The UL is not meant to apply to individuals who are treated
with the nutrient under medical supervision or to individuals with predisposing
conditions that modify their sensitivity to the nutrient.
9
11
1,700
2,000
1.0
1.0
4
4
400
400.
I
ND
ND
34
40
ND = Not determinable due to lack of data of adverse effects in this age
group and concern with regard to lack of ability to handle excess amounts.
Source of intake 5hould be from food only to prevent high levels of intake.
The ULs for magnesium represent intake from a pharmacological agent only
and do not include intake from food and water.
Although vanadium in food has not been shown to cause adverse effects in
humans, there is no justification for adding vanadium to food, and vanadium
supplements should be used with caution. The UL is based on adverse effects
in laboratory animals, and this data could be used to set a UL for adults but
not children and adolescents.
Dato from: Reprinted with permission from the Dietary Reference Intakes
series. Copyright 1997, 1998, 2000,2001, 2005,2011 by the National Academies
of Sciences, courtesy of the National Academies Press, Wa5hington, D.C. These
reports may be accessed via www.nap.edu.
1
I
Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs)
Vitamins
1
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6-l2mo
Children
1—3y
_____
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infants
0-6 ma
/
‘%)
‘,%r
600
NDU
25
ND
ND
ND
ND
600
ND
38
ND
ND
ND
ND
400
650
63
75
200
300
10
15
30
40
400
1.0
1,0
600
900
—
300
ND
ND
Males
9—13y
1,700
1,200
100
600
20
60
600
2.0
14—18y
2,800
1,800
100
800
30
80
800
3.0
l9—30y
31—SOy
5l—7Oy
>7Oy
3,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
100
100
100
100
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
35
35
35
35
100
1,000
3.5
100
1,000
3.5
100
1,000
3.5
100
1,000
3.5
Females
9—l3y
14—18y
l9—3Oy
3l—5Oy
S1—7Oy
>7Oy
1,700
2,800
3,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
1,200
1,800
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
100
100
100
100
100
100
600
800
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
20
30
35
35
35
35
60
80
100
100
100
100
600
800
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
2.0
3.0
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
Pregnancy
l4—l8y
19—50y
2,800
3,000
1,800
2,000
100
100
800
1,000
30
35
80
100
800
1,000
3.0
3.5
Lactation
l4—l8y
19—SOy
2,800
3,000
1,800
2,000
100
100
800
1,000
30
35
80
800
100
1,000
3.0
3.5
Note: A Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) is the highest level of daily
nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects
to almost all individuals in the general population. Unless otherwise
specified, the UL represents total intake from food, water, and sup
plements. Due to a lack of suitable data, UL5 could not be established
for vitamin K, thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, biotin,
and carotenoids. In the absence of a UL, extra caution may be war
ranted in consuming levels above recommended intakes. Members
of the general population should be advised not to routinely exceed
the UL. The UL is not meant to apply to individuals who are treated
with the nutrient under medical supervision or to individuals with
predisposing conditions that modify their sensitivity to the nutrient.
a
As preformed vitamin A only.
As ci-tocopherol; applies to any form of supplemental
ci-tocopherol.
cThe ULs for vitamin E, niacin, and folate apply to syn
thetic forms obtained from supplements, fortified
foods, or a combination of the two.
ND = Not determinable due to lack of data of adverse
effects in this age group and concern with regard to
lack of ability to handle excess amounts. Source of
intake should be from food only to prevent high levels
of intake.
Data from: DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES series, National
Academies Press. Copyright ©1997, 1998, 2000, 2001,
and 2011, by the National Academy of Sciences. These re
ports may be accessed via www.nap.edu. Courtesy of the
National Academies Press, Washington, DC. Reprinted
with permission.
Dietary Reference Intakes: RDA,AI*
Infants
0—6mo
6—l2mo
0.01*
0.5*
110’
130*
0.27’
17
340
440
0.7*
90
90
7
10
80
130
700
890
900
900
900
900
2’
120
150
150
750
750
150
8
11
8
8
8
8
240
470
400
420
420
420
8
75
78
18
8
8
240
360
370
320
320
320
0.2*
200’
260’
5.5’
220*
700
7,000
11’
1,300
1,300
1,000
7,000
1,000
1,200
25’
1,300
1,300
7,000
1,000
7,200
1,200
21’
7,300
1,000
7,000
29*
1,300
1,000
7,000
44’
200*
I
30’
75’
0.4’
0.7’
0.12’
0.37’
Q*
0.57*
3
5
3.0’
1.0’
1.2’
1.5’
1.9’
40
55
55
55
55
55
8
71
11
11
11
71
4.5’
4,7*
47*
1.5’
1.5*
2,3*
4.7’
4.7’
4.7’
1.5’
1.5’
1.3’
1.2’
1,250
1,250
700
700
700
700
40
55
55
55
55
55
8
9
8
8
6
8
4,5*
1.5*
4.7
4.7’
4.7’
4.7’
4.7’
1.5’
1.5*
1.5’
1.3’
1.2’
2.3’
2.0*
47*
1.5’
1.5’
1.5’
2.3’
2.3’
2.3’
1.5’
1.5’
1.5,
2.3’
2.3’
2.3*
2*
0.003*
0.6*
2’
3*
275*
15’
20*
3
1.2’
17
22
460
500
20
30
34
43
45
45
45
45
7,250
7,250
700
700
700
700
1.6’
1.8’
1.8’
1.8’
1.8’
34
43
45
45
45
45
100’
Children
1—3y
Males
9—13y
14—18y
19—3Oy
31—50y
51—70y
>70y
15’
35*
35’
35’
30*
30’
1’
3,
4*
4*
4,
4*
1.5’
1.9’
2.2’
2.3’
2.3’
2.3’
2.3’
Females
9—13y
14—18y
19—3Oy
31—SOy
51—7Oy
>70y
24*
25*
25*
20’
20’
2’
3’
3*
3*
3’
3*
120
750
150
150
150
750
1,000
7,000
1,000
3’
3’
3*
220
220
220
27
27
27
400
350
360
2.0’
2.0’
2.0’
50
50
50
7,250
700
700
60
60
60
72
11
11
1,300
7,300
1,300
3’
290
290
290
70
9
9
360
310
320
2.6’
2.6*
50
50
50
1,250
700
700
70
70
70
13
72
12
F
Pregnancy
l4—l8y
19—30y
31—50y
1.6*
700
890
900
900
900
900
30’
30’
3,8’
4.7’
4.7’
2.3’
2.3’
2.3’
2.0’
1.8’
2.3’
2.3’
2.3*
1.8’
Lactation
14—18y
l9—30y
31—SOy
45’
45’
3’
3’
Note:This table (taken from the DRI reports, see www.nap.edu) present5
Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in bold type and Adequate
Intakes (Als) in ordinary type followed by an asterisk (1. An RDA is
the average daily dietary intake level sufficient to meet the nutrient
requirements of nearly all (97—98 percent) healthy individuals in a group.
It is calculated from an Estimated Average Requirement (EAR). If sufficient
scientific evidence is not available to establish an EAR, and thus calculate
an RDA, an Al is usually developed. For healthy breast-fed infants, an Al is
the mean intake. The Al for other life stage and gender groups is believed
to cover the needs of all healthy individuals in the groups, but lack of data
or uncertainty in the data prevent being able to specify with confidence
the percentage of individuals covered by this intake.
2.6’
5.1’
5.1*
5.1’
Data from: DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES series, National Academies
Press. Copyright ©1 997, 1998, 2000,2001, 2005, and 2011, by the National
Academy of Sciences.These reports may be accessed via www.nap.edu.
Courtesy of the National Academies Press, Washington, DC. Reprinted with
permission.
Dietary Reference Intakes: RDAAI*
LTJI1A’. i.i’ItNd’iil!1 flht’.
/
/
Infants
0—6 mc
6—12 mo
0.7*
0.8*
Children
l—3y
4—8y
1.3*
1.7*
Males
9—13y
l4—18y
19—30y
31—5Oy
51—70 y
> 7Oy
Females
9—13y
l4—18y
19—3Oy
31—SOy
51—7Oy
>70y
Pregnancy
l4—l8y
19—3Oy
3l—5Oy
Lactation
l4—l8y
l9—3Oy
3l—5Oy
NDC
ND
31*
30*
44*
4.6*
0.5*
0.5*
9 1*
17.0
f30
130
19*
25*
ND
ND
7*
10*
0.7*
Q,9*
73
79
2.4*
33*
37*
37*
37*
3,7*
730
730
130
730
730
130
31*
38*
38*
38*
30*
30*
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
12*
16*
17*
17*
14*
14*
1.2*
1.6*
1.6*
1.6*
1.6*
1.6*
34
52
56
56
56
56
2.1*
2.3*
2.7*
2.7*
2.7*
2.7*
130
130
730
130
130
730
26*
26*
25*
25*
27*
21*
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
10*
11*
12*
12*
11*
11*
1.0*
1.1*
1.1*
1.1*
77*
77*
34
46
46
46
46
46
3.0*
3.0*
3.0*
775
775
175
28*
28*
28*
ND
ND
ND
73*
13*
13*
7,4*
14*
74*
77
77
77
3•$*
3.8*
3.8*
270
270
270
29*
29*
29*
ND
ND
ND
13*
13*
73*
1.3*
13*
73*
77
77
77
60*
95*
Note:This table (taken from the DRI reports, see www.nap.edu)
presents Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) in bold
type and Adequate Intakes (Al) in ordinary type followed by
an asteri5k (f). An RDA is the average daily dietary intake level
sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all
(97—98 percent) healthy individuals in a group. It is calculated
from an Estimated Average Requirement (EAR). If sufficient
scientific evidence is not available to establish an EAR, and
thus calculate an RDA, an Al is usually developed. For healthy
breast-fed infants, an Al is the mean intake. The Al for other
life stage and gender groups is believed to cover the needs
of all healthy individuals in the groups, but lack of data or
uncertainty in the data prevent being able to specify with
confidence the percentage of individuals covered by this
intake.
a
Total Water includes all water contained in food, beverages,
and drinking water.
Based on g protein per kg of body weight for the reference
body weight, e.g., for adults 0.8 g/kg body weight for the refer
ence body weight.
Not determined.
Data from: DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES FOR ENERGY,
CARBOHYDRATES, FIBER, FAT, FATTY ACIDS, CHOLESTEROL,
PROTEIN, AND AMINO ACIDS (MACRONUTRIENTS), National
Academies Press. Copyright ©2002/2005 by the National
Academy of Sciences. DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES FOR WATER,
POTASSIUM, SODIUM, CHLORIDE, AND SULFATE, National
Academies Press. Copyright 2005 by the National Academy
of Sciences. These reports may be accessed via www.nap.edu.
Courtesy of the National Academies Pre5s, Washington, DC.
Reprinted with permission.
/
Dietary Reference Intakes: RDA,AI*
/
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Infants
0—6 ma
.*
/M
‘,I/’’ %./
/$
/1 I // I ./..
Z
,‘
/
./
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,/
//
//
400*
40*
10*
4*
2.0*
0.2*
0.3*
2*
0.1*
65*
0.4*
1.7*
5*
125*
6-12 ma
500*
50*
10*
5*
2.5*
0.3*
0.4*
4*
03*
80*
0.5*
1.8*
6*
150*
Children
1—3 y
4-8y
300
400
75
25
75
75
6
7
30
55*
0.5
0.6
0.5
0.6
6
8
0.5
0.6
750
200
0.9
1.2
2*
3*
8*
12*
200*
250*
45
75
90
90
90
90
75
75
75
75
75
20
17
15
15
15
75
75
60
75*
120*
120*
120*
120
0.9
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
0.9
7.3
7.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
72
16
76
76
16
16
1.0
1.3
1.3
1.3
7.7
7.7
300
400
400
400
400
400
1.8
2.4
2.4
2.4
2Ah
4*
5*
5*
5*
5*
5*
20
25*
30*
30*
30*
30*
375*
>70y
600
900
900
900
900
900
550’
550’
550’
550’
550’
Females
9—13y
14—18 y
19—30y
31—5Oy
5l—70y
>7Oy
600
700
700
700
700
700
45
65
75
75
75
75
15
15
75
15
15
20
71
75
75
75
15
75
60’
75*
90’
90*
0.9
1.0
7.7
7.7
7.7
7.1
72
74
74
74
74
14
7.0
7.2
7.3
7.3
1.5
7.5
300
400’
400’
400’
400
400
7.8
2.4
2.4
2.4
2A”
4*
5*
90’
90’
0.9
1.0
7.7
1.7
1.7
7.7
20’
25’
30’
30’
30*
375*
400’
425’
425’
425*
30’
425’
750
770
770
80
85
85
75
75
75
75
75
75
75’s
90’
90’
7.4
7.4
7.4
1.4
7.4
7.4
78
78
18
7.9
1.9
1.9
60&
60&
600
2.6
2.6
2.6
6’
6*
6*
30*
30*
30’
450’
450’
45Q*
1,200
7,300
7,300
175
720
120
15
75
75
79
19
19
75*
90*
90*
7•4
7.4
7.4
1.6
7.6
7.6
77
77
17
2.0
2.0
2.0
500
500
500
2.8
2.8
2.8
7*
7*
7*
35*
35*
35*
550*
550*
550*
Males
9—13y
l4—18y
19—30y
31—50y
51—by
Pregnancy
14—18y
l9—30y
31—50y
Lactation
14—18y
l9—30y
31—SOy
Note:This table (taken from the DRI reports, see www.nap.edu) presents
Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) in bold type and Adequate
Intakes (Als) in ordinary type followed by an asterisk (‘I. An RDA is
the average daily dietary intake level sufficient to meet the nutrient
requirements of nearly all (97—98 percent) healthy individuals in a group.
It is calculated from an Estimated Average Requirement (EAR). If sufficient
scientific evidence is not available to establish an EAR, and thus calculate
an RDA, an Al is usually developed. For healthy breast-fed infants, an Al is
the mean intake. The Al for other life stage and gender groups is believed
to cover the needs of all healthy individuals in the groups, but lack of data
or uncertainty in the data prevent being able to specify with confidence
the percentage of individuals covered by this intake.
As retinal activity equivalents tRAEs). 1 RAE = 1 p.g retinol,
12 g 3-carotene, 24 p.g cs-carotene, or 24 .cg p-cryptoxanthin.
The RAE for dietary provitamin A carotenoids is two-fold greater than
retinol equivalents IRE), whereas the RAE for preformed vitamin A is the
same as RE.
b
As cholecalciferol. 1 pg cholecalciferol = 40 lU vitamin D.
Under the assumption of minimal sunlight.
As cs-tocopherol. c*-Tocopherol includes RRR-cs-tocopherol, the only form
of cs-tocopherol that occurs naturally in foods, and the 2R-stereoi5omeric
forms of cc-tocopherol (RRR-, RSR-, RRS-, and R5S-cs-tocopherol) that
occur in fortified foods and supplements, It does not include the
2S-stereoisomericformsofu-tocopherol(SRR-,55R-,SRS-, and
SSS-cs-tocopherol), also found in fortified foods and supplement5.
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As niacin equivalents (NE). 1 mg of niacin = 60 mg of tryptophan;
0—6 months = preformed niacin (not NE).
‘As dietary folate equivalents (DEE). 1 DEE = 1 pg food folate = 0.6 pg of
folic acid from fortified food or as a supplement consumed with food =
0.5 pg of a supplement taken on an empty stomach.
Although Als have been set for choline, there are few data to assess
whether a dietary supply of choline is needed at all stages of the life
cycle, and it may be that the choline requirement can be met by endog
enous synthesis at some of these stages.
Because 10 to 30 percent of older people may malabsorb food-bound B12,
it is advisable for those older than 50 years to meet their RDA mainly by
consuming foods fortified with 8,2 or a supplement containing 812.
‘In view of evidence linking folate intake with neural tube defects in the
fetus, it is recommended that all women capable of becoming pregnant
consume 400 pg from supplements or fortified foods in addition to intake
of food folate from a varied diet.
It is assumed that women will continue consuming 400 pg from supple
ments or fortified food until their pregnancy is confirmed and they enter
prenatal care, which oriinarily occurs after the end of the periconcep
tional period—-the critical time for formation of the neural tube.
Data from: DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES series, National Academies
Press. Copyright ©1 997, 1998,2000,2001,2005, and 2011, by the National
Academy of Science5.These reports may be accessed via www.nap.edu.
Courtesy of the National Academies Press, Washington, DC. Reprinted with
permission.
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