Chapter 1 Summary
What Makes a Good Teacher?
1. Good teachers know their subject matter (must have all knowledge or skills
about the subject matter)
2. They should have communication skills, problem-solving skills, and teaching
skills.
3. Mastering teaching skills.
4. Intentionality (the intentional teacher) doing things for a reason.
5. Ability to use 21st-century skills.
How Can I Become an Intentional Teacher?
1.
2.
3.
4.
You have to become a certified teacher.
Seek mentors who have experience in education.
Seek professional development.
Talk teaching — talk with everyone who teaches and ask questions about
teaching.
5. Read professional publications and join professional associations.
Chapter 2 Summary
How Do Children Develop Cognitively?
development is how people grow, adapt, and change over the course of their
lifetimes.
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includes:
Personality development
Socioemotional development
Cognitive development (ability to analyze, remember, and process
information)
Language development
Cognitive development means the growth of a child's ability to think and reason.
Nature and nurture affect cognitive development.
How Did Piaget View Cognitive Development?
Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development include:
1. sensorimotor stage (birth to 2) (object permanence and circular reactions)
2. preoperational stage (2 to 7) (more symbolic, Egocentric, and Centration)
3. concrete operational stage (ages 7 to 11) (logical reasoning, conservation,
Reversibility, Learn Seriation, and Transitivity)
4. formal operational stage (age 11 to adulthood) (Abstract thinking, and
Hypothetical-deductive reasoning)
 Strengths
1. Helped with a deeper understanding of children in education.
2. Helped enhance educational program.
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1.
2.
3.
Weakness
Children develop skills in different ways on different tasks.
Tasks can be taught.
Research shows that environmental factors can affect children's
development.
Jean Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory
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Schema: Mental structure that gives a child model for what happens when
he/she does something. (All information child knows about a topic or an
object).
Assimilation: Adding information to existing schemas and strengthening
them.
Accommodation: Modifying existing schemas to suit a new situation.
Equilibration: Balance of equilibrium & adaptation.
Adaptation: The way a child adapts to processes of assimilation &
accommodation.
How Did Vygotsky View Cognitive Development?
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The idea is that social interaction plays a very important role in cognitive
development.
Language plays a central role in mental development.
Language drives thought.
Learning precedes development.
There are 3 forms of language:
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Social Speech
Private Speech
Silent Inner Speech
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More knowledgeable other (MKO): any person with a higher level of ability or
understanding than the learner on a certain topic.
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Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD): Tasks that a child can only complete
with the help of his peers or adults.
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Scaffolding: start with full support, and gradually remove support as abilities
and confidence increase.
How Do Language and Literacy Develop?
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During the Preschool Years
Children use and play with language. literacy developments depend on
children’s experiences at home and their learning about books and letters.
During the Elementary and Secondary Years
Students understand vocabulary and reading comprehension.
Students use new words and reading skills with peers and in new forms.
Chapter 3 Summary
What Are Some Views of Personal and Social Development?
Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory of Development
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Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust
(Infancy 0-1.5 years): Infants develop a basic trust in the world.
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Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
(Toddler 1.5-3 years): children have the dual desire to hold on and to let go. Kids
learn things to do on their own.
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Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt
(Preschool years from 3 to 5): Kids learn their selves and explore social and
physical environments.
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Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority
(Middle school years from 6 to 11): School expands social environment, feel
success or failure.
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Stage 5: Identity vs. Confusion
(Teen years from 12 to 18): Time of change, experiment, peers vs. parents. “Who
am I?” becomes important.
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Stage 6: Intimacy vs. Isolation
(Young adult years from 18 to 40): The young adult is now ready to form a new
relationship and can share life with another.
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Stage 7: Generativity vs. Stagnation
(Middle age from 40 to 65): Look over life and accept or despair that it wasn’t
good.
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Stage 8: Integrity vs. Despair
(Older adulthood from 65 to death): people look back over their lifetime.
 weakness
 Does not explain how or why individuals progress from one stage to another
and because it is difficult to confirm through research.
 Not all people experience Erikson’s crises to the same degree or at the same
time.
 The age ranges stated here may represent the best times for a crisis to be
resolved, but they are not the only possible times.
 Strengths
 The theory underscores the role of the environment, both in causing crises
and in determining how they will be resolved.
 Erikson’s theory describes the basic issues that people confront as they go
through life.
What Are Some Views of Moral Development?
According to Piaget, there are 2 stages:
Heteronomous
 5-10 years
 Rules unchangeable
 Justice & Rules
 Punishment
 “Good or Naughty”
 Focus on action.
Autonomous
 10 yrs. & upwards
 Rules can be changed.
 “Life is not fair.”
 Focus on the intention.
According to Kohlberg there are 6 stages and 3 levels:
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Level1 (Pre – Conventional)
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Stege1 (Obedience and Punishment)
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Stege2 (Self-interest)
Level2 (Conventional)
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Stege3 (Interpersonal accord and conformity)
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Stege4 (Maintaining Law and Order)
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Level3 (Post – Conventional)
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Stege5 (Social Contract)
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Stege6 (Universal Principles)
How Do Children Develop Socially and Emotionally?
 During the Preschool Years
Most children's interactions with other children occur during Play.
Type of play:
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Solitary play (play alone, often with toys).
Parallel play (doing activity side by side but with very little interaction).
Associative play (increased levels of interaction between children).
Cooperative play (children join together to achieve a common goal).
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Peer Relationships: peers begin to play an increasingly important role in
children’s social and cognitive development.
Prosocial Behavior: includes caring, sharing, comforting, and cooperating.
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 During the Elementary Years
1. Self-Concept And Self-Esteem
Self-concept includes how we perceive our strengths, weaknesses, abilities,
attitudes, and values.
Self-esteem refers to how we evaluate our skills and abilities.
2. Friendships In Middle Childhood: Friendships are important to children for
several reasons:
 Companions
 Emotional resources
 Cognitive resources
 Social norms
 Conflict resolution
 During the Middle School and High School Years
James Marcia’s Four Identity Statuses
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Foreclosure (An early teen's creation of an identity based on parental choices,
rather than his or her desires)
Identity diffusion (Inability to develop a clear direction and sense of self.)
Moratorium (Experimentation with occupational and ideological choices
without definite commitment.)
Identity achievement (A state of consolidation reflecting conscious, clear-cut
decisions concerning occupation and ideology.)