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An insight in to indigenous ophthalmic medicinal plant drugs –A scientific
Approach
Article in Delhi Journal Of Ophthalmology · January 2007
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Dependra Vikram Singh, Yograj Sharma, Rajeev Sharma
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An insight into Indigenous Ophthalmic Medicinal Plant Drugs
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A SCIENTIFIC APPROACH
DJO VOLUME 12 NUM 5 . APR-JUNE. 2007
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
An Insight into Indigenous Ophthalmic Medicinal Plant Drugs: A
Scientific Approach
N. Srikanth*ψ, Parveen Bansal **, Jasbir Kaur***, Renu Bansal **** and Rajpal Vohra*****
* Central Council for Research in Ayurveda & Siddha, Janakpuri, New Delhi, India
** Central Research Institute (Ayurveda), Punjabi Bagh, New Delhi, India.
*** Ocular Biochemistry, Dr. R.P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, AIIMS, New Delhi, India.
**** Microbiology, Govt. Medical College, Faridkot (Punjab), India.
***** Dr. R.P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, AIIMS, New Delhi, India.
Abstract: The paper highlights hidden knowledge about various ophthalmic plant drugs scattered
elsewhere in various corners of ancient literatures of Ayurveda and provides the basic knowledge
concerning ophthalmic drugs found in medical classics of ancient and medieval period, which forms a
base for further research and validation. An attempt has also made to classify the Ayurvedic ophthalmic
plants based on their mode of action with Ayurvedic pharmacological basis.
Key words:
In spite of great technological advances in the field of
ophthalmic medicine and surgery, conservative therapy
still continues to be mainstay for reversible ailments.
Researchers are relentlessly in quest to identify plants
with medicinal properties. Often they are successful,
proverbially, in turning over a new leaf.
there is no cure for many of the diseases. For instance,
problems retained with management of conditions such
as Retinitis pigmentosa, Glaucoma, Degenerative
neuro-ophthalmic lesions, chronic allergic disorders of
adnexa etc. have remained unsolved since decades.
Apart from these problems of management, adverse
ocular effects of synthetic medicaments are creating
considerable amount of discomfort and morbidity to the
patient, has become a challenge to the ophthalmologist.
Tremendous advancements made in the science of
ophthalmology in recent years have opened a new era in
the history of medicine. Scientists and scholars of
modem ophthalmology have attracted most of the
mankind who are anxious about maintenance of
prolonged and healthy vision. At the same time, there
are numerous challenging problems, existing before
modern ophthalmologists, which require special
attention to develop untrodden fields of medical
knowledge hidden in various treasuries.
Owing to the difficulties mentioned above, it is a
juncture that the need for such drugs which could
effectively tackle the above problems without any
adverse effects.
Ever since dawn of history man has been in pursuit of
new substances that could cure illness and promote
health and longevity. Ayurveda, one such science that
philosophises in not merely treating the illness but
counter balancing the disequilibria that result in disease.
It is the traditional system of medicine holds out to the
world, the promise of healthy long life.
Modern ophthalmology is incomplete in spite of
tremendous research and utilization of advancements of
various sciences viz. biotechnology, bio-medical
engineering etc. It is true that, there is surgery to manage
many of ophthalmic problems; if there is no surgery
The happiest part of history of medicine is the origin of
Indian ophthalmology (2000 B.C.). Susruta, the father of
Indian ophthalmology and author of Susruta Salmhita
has contributed many chapters on clinical
ophthalmology, ocular surgery, principles of ocular
pharmacology, and therapeutics in his text.
Address for correspondence:Dr. N. Srikanth,
Assistant Director (Ayurveda), Central Council for
Research in Ayurveda & Siddha (Department of
AYUSH, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare,
Govt. of India), 61-65, Institutional Area, 'D' Block,
Janakpuri, New Delhi 110058, India
From historical point of view it is evident that plants,
metals, minerals and animal products extremely used in
alleviating the wide range of ocular conditions. History
55
A SCIENTIFIC APPROACH
DJO VOLUME 12 NUM 5 . APR-JUNE. 2007
of ophthalmic use of natural products of medicinal value
can be traced from remote past in pre-early Christian
Era. For instance Atharvaveda furnishes many references
to the use of different natural products as topica1
ophthalmic medicaments-Anjanas
Objectives and Methodology
The present work aims at exposition of hidden
knowledge about various single ophthalmic drugs
scattered elsewhere in various corners of ancient
literature and to impart the basic knowledge concerning
indigenous ophthalmic drugs found in medical classics
of ancient and medieval period which forms a base for
further research and revalidation . A special attention
has also been made to classify these drugs based on their
varied pharmacological actions on visual system and
adnexa. For instance, Caksusya Drugs-drugs used in
improving visual acuity, visual fields and colour vision,
Naktandhyahara Drugs- drugs prescribed to manage
various conditions presenting with night blindness of
varied aetiology, Netrasulahara Drugs advocated for the
alleviation of painful ophthalmic conditions and so on .
Pharmacological actions & specific ophthalmic uses of Indigenous Ophthalmic Drugs
1. DRUGS USEFUL IN THE MANAGEMENT OF OPHTHALMIC CONDITIONS IN GENERAL
Actions (in Sanskrit)
Sanskrit name
Netramayahara
Gunija
Nayanaaya
Satavari
Netraroganut
Darvl
Nayanamayaghna
Caksusya
Netravikarahara
Aparajita
Pavana-pitta-kapha
Amalaki
pradusta netraroga Netrarogahara
Patola
Netragadahrt
Kadali
Aksirogaghna
Sarala
Nayanamayanasana
Mulaka
Asesaksirogahara
Lodhra
Aksirogapaha
Tagara candani
Netrarogahara
Amlika
Netramayaghna
Hartaki
Aksirogaghna
Krsnagaru
Caksuroganasana
Tagara
Botanical name
Abrus precatorius
Asparagus racemosus
Berberis aristata
Cassia absus
Clitorea tematea
Emblica officinalis
Trichosanthus dioica
Musa paradisiaca
Pinus roxburghii
Raphanus sativus
Symplocos racemosa
Ervatamica divaricata
Tamarindus indica
Terminalia chebula
Aquilaria agallocha
Veleriana wallichii
2. DRUGS USEFUL IN PAINFUL OPHTHALMIC CONDITIONS
Actions (in Sanskrit)
Netraruja
Netrarujahara
Aksiruja
Aksiruja
Netrabadha
Asruvedanahara
Netrarsulapaha
Nayanartinasana
Nayanarujahara
Aksirukhara
Asrutodasambhavam
Rogan Samayati
Netravyathahara
Sanskrit name
Darvi
Bhrngaraja
Krsnaagaru
Jati
Nimba
Sigru
Misreya
Karanja
Mulaka
Manjistha
Amlika
Netrarujapaharini Haritaki
Guduci
Botanical name
Berberis aristata
Eclipta alba
Aquilaria agallocha
Jasminum grandiflorum
Azadirachta indica
Moringa oleifera
Foeniculum vulgare
Derris indicia
Raphanus sativus
Rubia cordifolia
Tamarindus indica
Terminalia chebula
Tinospora cordifolia
3. DRUGS ALLEVIATIVE OF FACTORS (DOSAS) RESPONSIBLE FOR DISORDERS OF VISION AND ADNEXA
Actions (in Sanskrit)
Sanskrit name
Aksidosahara
Darvi
Drstidosaghna
Sveta marica
Drstidosanasana
Tagara
4. DRUGS USEFUL IN ACUTE VISUAL DISTURBANCES AND CONGESTION
Actions (in Sanskrit)
Sanskrit name
Asrudrstiprasadanam
Nirmali
Netra-prasadanam
Nlrmali
Drsti-prasadanam
Iksu
56
Botanical name
Berberis aristata
Moringa concanensis
Veleriana wallichii
Botanical name
Strychnos potatorum
Strychnos potatorum
Saccharum officinarum
A SCIENTIFIC APPROACH
5. DRUGS CONDUCIVE TO VISION AND ADNEXA
Actions (in Sanskrit)
Aksihita
Netrahita
Aksihita
DJO VOLUME 12 NUM 5 . APR-JUNE. 2007
Sanskrit name
Jalapippalika
Bibhitaka
Nirgundi
Botanical name
Phyla nodiflora
Terminalia belarica
Vitex negundo
6 DRUGS USEFUL IN ALLERGIC CONDITIONS OF THE EYE
Actions (in Sanskrit)
Kanduhara
Darvi
Netrakaanduhara
Aksikandu
Netrasothakandu
vyathapaha
Sanskrit name
Guduci
Punarnava
Amlika
Nimba
Botanical name
Tinospora cordifolia
Berberis aristata
Boerhaavia diffusa
Tamarindus indica
Azadirachta indica
7 DRUGS CONDUCIVE TO EYE ORGAN (Action In Sanskrit NETRYA, NETRA HITA)
Lasuna
Allium sativum
Kumari
Aloe vera
Satavari
Asparagus racemosus
Darvi (rasanjana)
Berberis aristata
Latakasturi
Abelmoschus moschatus
Nimba
Azadirachta indica
Kantakari (anjana)
Solanum verginianum
8. DRUGS EFFECTIVE IN IMPROVING VISUAL ACUITY AND DISORDERS VISION (Action In Sanskrit --CAKSUSYA)
Sanskrit name
Botanical name
Lavanga
Syzygium aromaticum
Caksusya
Cassia absus
Karpura
Cinnamomum camphora
Aparajita
Clitorea tarnatea I
Jiraka
Cuminum cyminum
Amalaki
Embelica officinalis
Hingu
Ferula narthex
Yastimadhu
Glycyrrhiza glabra
Jati
Jasminum grandiflorum
Jivanti
Leptadenia reticulata
Jalapipplika
Phyla nodiflora
Karavellaka
Momordica charantia
Sigru
Moringa oleifera
Karavlra
Nerium oleander
Mudagaparni
Vigna trilobata
Karanja
Derris indica
Nirmali
Strychnos potatorum
Lodhra
Symplocos racemosa
Masaparni
Teramnus labialis
Bibhitaki
Terminalia bellirica
Haritaki
Terminalia chebula
Guduci
Tinospora cordifolia
Draksa
Vitis vinifera
9. DRUGS USEFUL IN THE MANAGEMENT OF NIGHT-BLINDNESS OF VARIED AETIOLOGY
Actions (in Sanskrit)
Sanskrit name
Naktandhyahara
Agastya
Bhrngaraja
Eclipta alba Jivanti
Tuvaraka (taila)
Hyydnocarpus laurifolia Ratrandhya
Asparagus recemosusNisandhahara
Punarnavii (kanji)
Naktandhyanasinl
Darvi
10. DRUGS EFFECTIVE IN INFLAMMATORY OPHTHALMIC CONDITIONS
Actions (in Sanskrit)
Sanskrit name
57
Botanical name
Susbania grandiflora
Leptadenia reticulata
Satavari
Boerhaavia diffusa
Berberis aristata
Botanical name
A SCIENTIFIC APPROACH
Navanetrakopa
Netrakopanut
Navadrkkopam
Navadrkprasamanam
DJO VOLUME 12 NUM 5 . APR-JUNE. 2007
Caksusya
Karavira
Amalaki
Sigru
11. DRUGS EFFECTIVE IN BLINDNESS OF VARIED AETIOLOGY
Actions (in Sanskrit)
Sanskrit name
Andhya
Gunja
Cassia absus
Nerium oleander
Emblica officinalis
Moringa oleifera
Botanical name
Absus precatorius
12. DRUGS EFFECTIVE IN MANAGING SWELLING OF THE EYELID AND LID-MARGIN
Actions (in Sanskrit)
Anjananamilka
Sanskrit name
Darvi
Botanical name
Berberis aristata
13. DRUGS USEFUL IN MANAGING CORNEAL ULCERS AND OPACITY, EPIPHORA & LACRIMATION
Actions (in Sanskrit)
Sanskrit name
Botanical name
Netrapuspa
Punarnava (ghrta)
Boerhaavia diffusa
Aparajita
Clitorea ternatea
Nayanapuspahrt
Karanja
Derris indica
Netrasrava
Punarnava (ksaudra)
Boerhaavia diffusa
Sukra
Karpura
Cinnamomum camphora
Sukraroga
Atasi
Linum usitatissimum
14. DRUGS EFFECTIVE IN INFECTIVE AND INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS OF LIDS, CONJUNCTIVA\
Actions (in Sanskrit)
Sanskrit name
Botanical name
Pilla
Tuvaraka
Hydnocrpus
Pillavartma
Pillanasana
Guduci
Tagara
laurifolia
Tinospora cordifolia
Veleriana wallichii
15. DRUGS EFFECTIVE IN DEGENERA TIVE CONDITIONS OF CONJUNCTIVA,.PTERYGIUM ETC.
Actions (in Sanskrit)
Sanskrit name
Botanical name
Armahara
Guduci
Tinospora cordifolia
Armahara
Tuvaraka
Hydnocarpus
laurifolia
16. DRUGS EFFECTIVE IN MANAGEMENT OF VISUAL DISORDERS
Actions (in Sanskrit)
Sanskrit name
Kaca
Guduci
Tuvaraka
Hydnocarpus laurifolia
Karavellaka
Momordica charantia
Hydnocarpus laurifolia
Nilima
Susbania grandiflora
17. DRUGS EFFECTIVE IN MANAGING OCULAR INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS
Actions (in Sanskrit)
Sanskrit name
Netrasopha
Karavira
Nerium oleander
Netraharsa
Moringa oleifera
18. DRUGS USEFUL IN SPECIFIC INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS OF THE EYE
Actions (in Sanskrit)
Sanskrit name
58
Botanical name
Tinospora cordifolia
Nili
Tuvaraka
Agastya
Botanical name
Sigru
Botanical name
A SCIENTIFIC APPROACH
Pittaraktaksirogaghna
Slesmabhisyandanasana
Pittabhisyandanasana
Darvi
Karavellaka
Candana
Kantakari
Dronapuspi
Raktabhisyandanasana
Vataja timira
DJO VOLUME 12 NUM 5 . APR-JUNE. 2007
Amalaki
Sigru
Amalaki
Berberis aristata
Momordica charantia
Santalum album
Solanum verginianum
Leucas cephalotes
Nirmall
Amlika
Embelica officinalis
Moringa oleifera
Embelica officinalis
Paripurita-nayana
Pittaja netraroga
Vatabhisyanda
Patalagata roga
Strychnos potatorum
Tamarindus indica
19. DRUGS USEFUL IN MANAGING SUB-CONJUNCTIVAL HAEMORRHAGE & OTHER
HAEMORRHAGIC CONDITIONS OF THE EYE
Actions (in Sanskrit)
Sanskrit name
Botanical name
Arjuna-nasana
Nirmali
Strychnos potatorum
20. DRUGS USEFUL IN DISORDERS OF SCLERA AND CORNEA
Actions (in Sanskrit)
Sanskrit name
Shuklagata roga
Bibhitaki
Sukla & Krsnagata roga
Guduci
Botanical name
Terminalia bellirica
Tinospora cordifolia
21. DRUGS USEFUL IN MANAGING CATARACT
Actions (in Sanskrit)
Sanskrit name
Linganasa
Guduci
Botanical name
Tinospora cordifolia
Conclusion
Every country has its traditional cure for its disease.
These prescriptions have evolved based on
geographical conditions, flora, fauna, and mineral
resources. India is one of the richest nations in the
world in terms of natural resources of medicinal valu
richest nations in the world in terms of natural
resources of medicinal value. These natural resources
still as potent and effective as they were thousands
years ago. A vast number of indigenous drugs coupled
with innumerable claims of their varied uses as
described above, in alleviating wide range of
ophthalmic affections calls for scientific validation for
their attributes and principles. Scientists of various
disciplines, ophthalmologists, and research scholars
may utilize the knowledge of ancient heritage for the
development of safe, cost-effective, quality assured
and clinically proven ophthalmic drugs to promote the
sustainable utilization of indigenous ophthalmic drugs
for the benefit of mankind.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
References
1.
Anonymous 1996, Pharmacological
Investigations of Certain
Medicinal Plants and
Compound Formulations Used in Ayurveda &Sidda
CCRAS, New Delhi
2. Anonymous ,1978, Ayurvedic Formulary of India,
Vol-1, Ministry of health and Family welfare , Govt .
of India.
2.
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