AN INTRODUCTION TO
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
Second Edition
Robert D. Holtz, Ph.D., P.E., D.GE
University of Washington
William D. Kovacs, Ph.D., P.E., D.GE
University of Rhode
Island
Thomas C. Sheahan, Sc.D., P.E.
Northeastern
University
PEARSON
Dubai
Upper Saddle River
Indianapolis London
Madrid Hong Kong
Boston
Toronto
Mexico
Columbus
San Francisco
Sydney Singapore
City Munich Paris
New York
Tokyo
Montreal
Amsterdam
Cape
Town
Contents
Preface
Chapter
8
1
Introduction to Geotechnical
1.1
Geotechnical
1.2
The
11
Engineering
11
Engineering
1.5
13
Unique
Book
14
of
this
Scope
15
Historical Development of Geotechnical Engineering
Geotechnical
of
the
to
Engineering
Study
Suggested Approach
1.6
Notes
1.7
Some Comments on How to
1.3
1.4
Nature of Soil and Rock Materials
on
Problems
Chapter
2
16
Symbols and Units
Study
Index and Classification
of Soils
Properties
2.1
Introduction
2.2
Basic Definitions and Phase Relations for Soils
2.3
Solution of Phase Problems
2.4
Soil Texture
2.5
Grain Size and Grain Size Distribution
2.6
Particle
49
Atterberg Limits
Introduction to Soil Classification
2.9
Unified Soil Classification System
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
57
(USCS)
AASHTO Soil Classification System
3
42
49
2.7
Chapter
20
25
41
Shape
Problems
19
19
2.8
2.10
17
in General
18
58
71
71
Geology, Landforms, and the Origin of Geomaterials
Importance of Geology to Geotechnical Engineering
81
The Earth, Minerals, Rocks, and Rock Structure
Geologic Processes and Landforms
Sources of Geologic Information
Problems
129
86
127
79
4
Contents
Chapter
4
Clay Minerals, Soil and Rock Structures,
132
and Rock Classification
4.1
Introduction
4.2
4.3
Products of Weathering
133
Clay Minerals
4.4
Identification of Clay Minerals and
4.5
Specific
4.6
Interaction Between Water and
4.7
Interaction of
4.8
Soil Structure and Fabric of Fine-Grained Soils
4.9
Granular Soil Fabrics
4.10
132
Surface
132
141
Activity
143
Clay
Clay Minerals
Particles
144
148
149
157
Profiles, Soil Horizons, and
161
Special Soil Deposits
4.12
Transitional Materials: Hard Soils Versus Soft Rocks
4.13
Soil
160
4.11
Properties, Macrostructure,
Problems
Chapter 5
Soil Taxonomy
171
Compaction
and Stabilization of Soils
173
5.1
Introduction
5.2
174
Compaction and Densification
174
Theory of Compaction for Fine-Grained Soils
Structure of Compacted Fine-Grained Soils
182
183
Compaction of Granular Soils
188
Field Compaction Equipment and Procedures
200
Specifications and Compaction Control
216
Estimating Performance of Compacted Soils
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
173
Problems
Chapter6
6.1
220
Hydrostatic Water in Soils and Rocks
Introduction
224
224
6.2
Capillarity
6.3
Groundwater Table and the Vadose Zone
6.4
Phenomena in Soils
225
237
240
6.7
Shrinkage
246
Expansive Soils and Rocks
of
Engineering Significance
Shrinkage and Swelling
256
Soils
and
Subsidence
Collapsible
6.8
Frost Action
6.9
Intergranular
6.5
6.6
254
259
or
Effective Stress
6.10
Vertical Stress Profiles
6.11
Relationship
Problems
162
and Classification of Rock Masses
267
272
Between Horizontal and Vertical Stresses
277
276
164
Chapter
Fluid Flow in Soils and Rock
7
282
7.1
Introduction
7.2
Fundamentals of Fluid Flow
283
Law for Flow Through Porous Media
7.3
Darcy's
7.4
Measurement of
7.5
Heads and One-Dimensional Flow
7.6
Seepage
Seepage
Seepage
Seepage
7.7
7.8
7.9
7.10
Permeability
or
285
295
304
and Flow Nets: Two-Dimensional Flow
Toward Wells
316
331
335
Through Dams and Embankments
337
Seepage and Filters
Control of
348
355
Compressibility of Soil and Rock
8
8.1
Introduction
8.2
357
Components of Settlement
357
Compressibility of Soils
360
One-Dimensional Consolidation Testing
362
Preconsolidation Pressure and Stress History
and
Consolidation Behavior of Natural
Compacted Soils
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
355
8.7
Settlement Calculations
8.8
Tangent Modulus Method
8.9
Factors
387
the Determination of
Affecting
8.11
Soil Profiles
8.12
Approximate
390
398
Methods and
Typical Values
of
Compression
of Rock and Transitional Materials
8.13
Compressibility
8.14
Burland's Intrinsic
8.15
In
9
390
a'p
Prediction of Field Consolidation Curves
Compressibility Properties
408
Situ Determination of Compressibility
Problems
367
374
8.10
Chapter
287
Hydraulic Conductivity
Forces, Quicksand, and Liquefaction
Problems
Chapter
282
Indices
405
405
409
Time Rate of Consolidation
414
414
9.1
Introduction
9.2
The Consolidation Process
415
One-Dimensional Consolidation
Theory
417
9.3
Terzaghi's
9.4
9.5
437
Determination of the Coefficient of Consolidation ct
442
Determination of the Coefficient of Permeability
9.6
Typical Values of the Coefficient
9.7
In Situ Determination of Consolidation
9.8
Evaluation of
Secondary Settlement
Problems
452
of Consolidation cv
Properties
445
443
444
6
Contents
Chapter
10
460
Stress Distribution and Settlement Analysis
10.1
Introduction
10.2
Settlement
10.3
Stress Distribution
10.4
Immediate Settlement
10.5
Vertical Effective Overburden and Preconsolidation Stress Profiles
10.6
Settlement
460
11
464
482
502
The Mohr
Circle, Failure Theories, and Strength Testing
of Soil and Rocks
507
11.1
Introduction
11.2
Stress at
11.3
Stress-Strain
11.4
The Mohr-Coulomb Failure Criterion
11.5
Laboratory Tests for the Shear Strength of Soils and Rocks
546
In Situ Tests for the Shear Strength of Soils and Rocks
11.6
a
507
Point
Problems
Chapter 12
508
Relationships and
Failure Criteria
517
518
526
546
An Introduction to Shear
12.1
Introduction
12.2
Angle of Repose of Sands
12.3
Behavior of Saturated Sands
Strength
of Soils and Rock
552
12.6
12.7
The Coefficient of Earth Pressure at Rest for Sands
570
12.8
Behavior of Saturated Cohesive Soils
Shear
573
12.9
Consolidated-Drained Stress-Deformation and
12.5
12.10
During
574
Characteristics
Consolidated-Undrained Stress-Deformation
The Coefficient of Earth Pressure
Compacted Clays
Strength
at
Rest for Clays
606
12.16
Strength
Strength of Rocks and Transitional Materials
611
Multistage Testing
12.17
Introduction
Problems
and
601
Sensitivity
12.13
of
Strength
588
12.12
12.15
and
Unconsolidated-Undrained Stress-Deformation
Characteristics
12.14
Strength
580
Characteristics
12.11
550
550
553
During Drained Shear
Effect of Void Ratio and Confining Pressure on Volume Change
563
Factors that Affect the Shear Strength of Sands
568
Shear Strength of Sands Using In Situ Tests
12.4
487
489
Analysis Examples
Problems
Chapter
461
Analysis of Shallow Foundations
to Pore Pressure
620
Parameters
610
616
602
555
Contents
Chapter
13
Advanced Topics in Shear
Strength of Soils and Rocks
13.1
Introduction
13.2
Stress Paths
13.3
Pore Pressure Parameters for Different Stress Paths
13.4
Stress Paths
624
624
626
Undrained
13.6
During
Loading—Normally
639
Clays
Stress Paths During Undrained Loading-Heavily
Overconsolidated Clays
654
of
Stress
Paths
to Engineering Practice
Applications
13.7
Critical State Soil Mechanics
637
and
Lightly
Overconsolidated
13.5
657
662
13.8
Modulus and Constitutive Models for Soils
13.9
Fundamental Basis of the Drained
Strength
673
of Sands
685
13.10
Behavior of Saturated Sands in Undrained Shear
13.11
Plane Strain Behavior of Sands
13.12
Residual Strength of Soils
712
13.13
Stress-Deformation and Shear
Strength of Clays: Special Topics
13.14
706
of Unsaturated Soils
741
13.15
Strength
Properties of Soils Under Dynamic Loading
13.16
Failure Theories for Rock
Problems
Appendix
Appendix
A
B.1
Appendix B.2
Appendix B.3
Appendix
C
References
Index
850
692
747
760
764
Application of the SI System
to Geotechnical Engineering
Derivation of Laplace's
of Units
775
Equation
788
Derivation and Solution of Terzaghi's
One-Dimensional Consolidation Theory
Pore Pressure Parameters
The Method of
816
Fragments
796
805
790
715
7