Soc Sci 2 Peace & Development
2nd Sem/Lecture
By: Lemera Campano
OUTLINE
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MODULE I: A Holistic Understanding of
Peace and Violence
LESSON 2: Violence in Human Life
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established so that no rights, freedom and dignity
are being trampled
on.

R.J. Rummel (1981) also said that “peace is a
state of law or civil
government, a state of justice or goodness, a
balance or equilibrium
of Powers”.
PSYCHOLOGICAL PEACE
MODULE I: A Holistic Understanding of Peace
and Violence
“Peace means dignity, well-being for all, not
just absence of war “
– UN officials
(September 9, 2014, High-level Forum on the
Culture of Peace, convened by the General
Assembly)
Peace can be viewed in different perspectives and
expressed in various ways. This is
so because all aspects of human life are revolving
around some kind “order” or “harmony”
that keeps it moving, growing and evolving. The
most common understanding of Peace
is manifested as a “societal friendship and
harmony in the absence of hostility and
violence” (Union of International Associations,
2017).
 considered important in establishing
“behavioural peace”.
 According to The Encyclopedia for World
Problems and Human Potentials (2017), peaceful
behaviour sometimes
results from a “peaceful inner disposition”. It is
believed that by having
a sense of inner tranquillity, peace can be initiated.
 It is viewed as peace
of mind or serenity, especially in the East (Rummel,
1981)
It also goes to say that a peaceful person can
actually contribute abundantly in
resolving issues hence, spreading peace in the
society (Union of International Associations, 2017)
Secular Views/Perspectives on Peace and Violence
 Peace was defined as merely the absence of
war or direct violence by Hugo Grotius.
In a SOCIAL SENSE
 peace is understood as a “lack of conflict
(such as war) and freedom from fear of violence
between individuals
or groups” (Wikipedia, 2020).
 Leaders of the world, governments and
other social institutions make concerted efforts
such as peace
making and diplomacy to ensure that “behavioral
restraints” are

Peace was that of absence of death and
destruction as a result of war and
physical/direct violence (Thee, 1982).

Raymond Aron “peace as more or less
lasting suspension of violent modes of
rivalry between political units” (Barsh,
1999).
Soc Sci 2 Peace & Development
2nd Sem/Lecture
By: Lemera Campano
The Shift in the Concept of Peace

In 1960s, there is a “shift of attention of
violence”. From direct violence to indirect
violence or “structural violence”.
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The structural violence, unlike the direct or
physical violence, are not readily or
obviously observed. However, the effect is the
same as this type of violence causes sufferings
and even death to a great population of people.
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These are commonly manifested in
conditions of extreme poverty, starvation,
poor health services and discrimination
against the minority (Castro & Galace, 2010).
 Johan Galtung, peace theorist and
researcher, argues that, “Structural violence
occurs when the wealth of the nation is based
on labor and the people are required to live
diminished lives of deprivation” (Monez, 1973)
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Peace with nature is considered the foundation of
positive peace (Mische, 1987).
Earth is the ultimately the source of our survival,
physical sustenance, health and
wealth. We are nothing without it. Sadly, nature is
seriously impaired and as a result,
many forms conflicts arise.
How and why? How are the
environmental destruction and violence
related to each other?
According to Barnaby (1989), human
behavior is related to availability of basic
resources. Therefore, shortage of resources
threatens lifestyles, rivalry for resources can
lead to aggression and violent conflict.
Since 2008, The Institute for Economics & Peace
has assembled a significant body of
research on Positive Peace. The IEP has
constructed the Pillars of Peace framework
consisting of eight factors that, when present in a
society, contribute to high levels of
peace.
Indeed, the peace researchers and educators agree
that “countries with higher levels of peace
tend to be more resilient to external shocks,
whether they are economic, geopolitical or
natural disasters” (Institute for Economics
&Peace).
Towards the Holistic Concept of Peace and
Violence
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in order to achieve peace we must “eradicate
all facets of injustices” (Cheng and Kurtz,
1998).
This means that the “uneven distribution of wealth
and resources” as well as the “discrimination on the
power to decide” must be eliminated in the society
in order to truly achieve a sustainable condition of
peace.
According to Johan Galtung, “peace
does not mean the total absence of any conflict. It
means the absence of violence in all
forms and the unfolding of conflict in a
constructive way”.
“Peace therefore exists where people are
interacting non-violently and are managing
their conflict positively – with respectful attention
to the legitimate needs and interest of
all concerned”.
Soc Sci 2 Peace & Development
2nd Sem/Lecture
By: Lemera Campano
2023-2024
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Pillars of Peace
8 Pillars of Peace:
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-functioning government,
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LESSON 2: Violence in Human Life
Violence is defined by the World Health
Organization in the WRVH as “the intentional
use of physical force or power, threatened or
actual, against oneself, another person, or
against a group or community, that either results
in or has a high likelihood of resulting in
injury, death, psychological harm,
maldevelopment or deprivation” (Krug, Mercy J.et
al, 2002)
Levels of Peace
Personal Peace – “a state of calm, serenity and
tranquility of mind that arise due to
having no sufferings or mental disturbances such as
worry, anxiety, greed, desire,
hatred, ill-will, delusion and/or other defilements”
(Gogava et al., 2018, p. 4).
Domestic Peace – peace that comes from mutual
respect among family members;
mutual assistance among members of the family
and household
Inter-Personal Peace - involves acceptance of
differences and diversity among
people; resolving disagreements and conflicts nonviolently, with dialog anddiscussion; relating to
others with compassion, empathy and a sense of
justice;
living with them harmoniously (Oregonians for
Peace, 2016)
Local Peace – love and respect among neighbours
or residents of the local
community
Social/National Peace - respect, trust, love and
understanding of people of
Different Social Groups (Religion, Ethnic
Background and Social Status)
International Peace - Respect for the culture and
way of life of other races /
nations .
Environmental Peace - examines and advocates
environmental protection and
cooperation as a factor in creating more peaceful
relations; respect for the
environment and sustainable development
Globally, violence takes the lives of more than 1.5
million people annually: just over
50% due to suicide, some 35% due to homicide,
and just over 12% as a direct result of war or
some other form of conflict.
Furthermore,
violence often has lifelong consequences
for victims' physical and mental health and
social functioning and can slow economic
and social development (Balamurugan,
2019).
Furthermore, violence often has lifelong
consequences for victims' physical and mental
health and social functioning and can slow
economic and social development (Balamurugan,
2019).
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According to Betty Reardon, peace educators
define violence as humanly inflicted harm.
(Reardon, n.d.)
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violence can be categorized as direct
(physical violence) and indirect (structural
violence).
Birgit Brock –Utne (1989) notes that violence
can be categorized as organized or
unorganized.
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1. Organized violence - refers to war that occurs
between states or within a state.
2. Unorganized violence – usually done by an
individual or groups in a spontaneous
Soc Sci 2 Peace & Development
2nd Sem/Lecture
By: Lemera Campano
includes wife battering, rape, child abuse and street
crime.
3. Direct Violence/Physical Violence – “behavioural”
violence such as war, bullying,
domestic violence
4. Indirect violence (Structural Violence) – often
unconscious; structural violence results
from unjust and inequitable social and economic
structures and manifesting itself in for
example, poverty and deprivation of all kinds.
5. Cultural violence - the devaluing and destruction
of particular human identities and
ways of life, the violence of sexism, ethnocentrism,
racism and colonial ideologies, and
other forms of moral exclusion that rationalise
aggression, domination, inequity, and
oppression. (Council of Europe, 2017)
Typology of Violence
The WRVH also presents a typology of violence that,
while not uniformly accepted,
can be a useful way to understand the contexts in
which violence occurs and the interactions
between types of violence. This typology
distinguishes four modes in which violence may be
inflicted: physical; sexual; and psychological attack;
and deprivation.
Self-directed violence refers to
violence in which the perpetrator and
the victim are the same individual and
is subdivided into self-abuse and
suicide.
Interpersonal violence refers to violence
between individuals, and is subdivided into
family and intimate partner violence and
community violence.
Collective violence refers to violence
committed by larger groups of
individuals and can be subdivided
into social, political and economic
violence
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Causes of Violence
The following four-level version of the socioecological is often used in the
study of violence:
a. Personal - the first level identifies biological and
personal factors that influence how
individuals behave and increase their likelihood of
becoming a victim or perpetrator
of violence: - Such as demographic characteristics
(age, education, income), personality
disorders, substance abuse, and a history of
experiencing, witnessing, or
engaging in violent behaviour.
b. Family or friends - the second level focuses
on close relationships, such as those with
family and friends.
- In youth violence, for example, having
friends who engage in or encourage
violence can increase a young person’s
risk of being a victim or perpetrator of
violence.
- For intimate partner violence, a consistent marker
at this level of the model is
marital conflict or discord in the relationship.
- In elder abuse, important factors are stress due to
the nature of the past
relationship between the abused person and the
care giver.
c. Community - the third level explores the
community context — i.e., schools,
workplaces, and neighbourhoods.
- Risk at this level may be affected by
factors such as the existence of a local drug
trade, the absence of social networks, and
concentrated poverty.
d. Society - Societal factors that help to create a
climate in which violence is encouraged
or inhibited:
- The responsiveness of the criminal justice system,
social and cultural norms
regarding gender roles or parent-child relationships,
income inequality, the
Soc Sci 2 Peace & Development
2nd Sem/Lecture
By: Lemera Campano
strength of the social welfare system, the social
acceptability of violence, the
availability of firearms, the exposure to violence in
mass media, and political
instability.
Problems of violence
1. Families edging out of poverty and investing in
schooling their sons and daughters
can be ruined through the violent death or severe
disability of the main breadwinner.
2. Communities can be caught in poverty traps
where pervasive violence and
deprivation form an unpleasant circle that restricts
economic growth.
3. For societies, meeting the direct costs of health,
criminal justice, and social welfare
responses to violence diverts many billions of
dollars from more constructive societal
spending.
4. In countries with high levels of violence,
economic growth can be slowed down,
personal and collective security eroded, and social
development impeded.
5. The much larger indirect costs of violence due to
lost productivity and lost investment
in education work together to slow economic
development, increase socio-economic
inequality, and erode human and social capital.
Approaches to Violence and Violence Prevention
Criminal justice approach

task as enforcing laws that proscribe
violence and ensuring that "justice is done".
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responsibility, guilt, and culpability are central
to criminal justice's approach to violence and
one of the criminal justice system's main tasks
is to "do justice",
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identified, that the degree of their guilt is as
accurately ascertained as possible, and that they
are punished appropriately.
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criminal justice approach relies primarily on
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deterrence, incarceration and the punishment and
rehabilitation of perpetrators
The Human Rights Approach

obligations of states to respect, protect
and fulfil human rights and therefore to prevent,
eradicate and punish violence.
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as a violation of many
human rights: the rights to life, liberty,
autonomy and security of the person; the rights to
equality and non-discrimination; the rights to be
free from torture and cruel, inhuman and
degrading treatment or
punishment; the right to privacy; and the right to
the highest attainable standard of
health.
Prevention of Violence
1. Developing safe, stable and good relationships
between children and their parents
and caregivers
- This will actually help in reducing convictions and
violent acts in adolescence
and early adulthood, and probably help decrease
intimate partner violence
and self-directed violence in later life.
2. Developing life skills in children and adolescents
- Evidence shows that the life-skills acquired in
social development
programmes can reduce involvement in violence,
improve social skills, boost
educational achievement and improve job
prospects. Life skills refer to social,
emotional, and behavioural competencies which
help children and
adolescents effectively deal with the challenges of
everyday life.
3. Reducing the availability and harmful use of
alcohol. Evidence is emerging that
violence may be prevented by:
- Reducing the availability of alcohol (e.g. by
restricting hour or days of sale and
raising alcohol prices);
- Brief interventions and longer-term treatment for
problem drinkers;
Soc Sci 2 Peace & Development
2nd Sem/Lecture
By: Lemera Campano
- Improving the management of environments
where alcohol is served (e.g.
reducing crowding, increasing comfort levels,
improving physical design and
staff training).
4. Reducing access to guns or harmful items
- Evidence emerging suggests that limiting access to
firearms can prevent
homicides and injuries and reduce the costs of
these forms of violence to
society.
- There is some evidence, for example, to suggest
that jurisdictions with
restrictive firearms legislation and lower firearms
ownership tend to have
lower levels of gun violence
5. Other than this, we have to develop our selfcontrol.
- We have to create our own ethical way and bath
for peaceful life.
- No anger, Hatred and enmity, control mind, Love
and kindness, Practicing
Yoga, Truth and Non-violence (Prevention of
Violence)
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