MATERNAL DEATHS
The annual number of female deaths from any
cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy or
its management (excluding accidental or
incidental causes) during pregnancy and childbirth
or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy,
irrespective of the duration and site of the
pregnancy.
A woman's death during pregnancy, during
delivery, or shortly after delivery is a tragedy for her
family and society as a whole.
MATERNAL DEATHS
Based on the NDHS in 2013, one in every 10 girls aged
15 to 19 got pregnant every year. At least 22 percent
of maternal deaths were among mothers aged 15 to
24 years old, according to the latest data from the
Department of Health. It added that 20 percent of
those who give birth at 15 to 17 years will get
pregnant again the following year. Babies of teenage
mothers face the risk of neonatal deaths, or when the
baby dies within the first 28 days of life usually due to
premature birth, 3 times higher compared to babies
from mothers aged 25 to 29.
MATERNAL DEATHS
2 TYPES OF MATERNAL DEATHS
Direct Maternal Death
is the death of a woman caused by obstetric
complications of the pregnant state, which includes
pregnancy, labor, and puerperium. Direct deaths can
result from obstetric complications, unexpected
complications caused by interventions, omissions, or
incorrect treatment, or from a chain of events caused
by a combination of these factors. According to WHO,
the majority of maternal deaths are caused by direct
causes such as hemorrhage (25%), sepsis (15%),
abortion (13%), hypertensive disorders of pregnancy
(12%),
and
obstructed
labor
(8%).
MATERNAL DEATHS
2 TYPES OF MATERNAL DEATHS
Indirect Maternal Death
is defined as the death of a woman caused by nonobstetric conditions or diseases that existed prior to
pregnancy but were exacerbated by the physiologic
effects of pregnancy. Indirect causes account for
approximately 20% of maternal deaths. Heart disease,
iron deficiency anemia, tuberculosis, hypertension,
malaria, and diabetes mellitus are some examples of
preexisting illnesses that may be exacerbated by
pregnancy.
MATERNAL DEATHS
• Prior to COVID-19, approximately 2,600 women died in the
Philippines each year as a result of pregnancy or childbirth
complications. Maternal mortality cases in 2020 may increase by
up to 670 from the 2019 level (26% increase).
• The annual total of Filipino women of reproductive age (15-49
years old) who do not use contraception despite not wanting to
become pregnant may rise by another 2.07 million by the end of
2020, a 67% increase from 2019.
• As a result, total unintended pregnancies may reach 2.56 million in
2020, 751,000 more than last year (42% increase).
MATERNAL DEATHS
Why do women die?
Complications during and after
pregnancy and childbirth claim
the lives of women. The majority
of these complications occur
during pregnancy and are either
preventable or treatable. Other
complications may exist prior to
pregnancy but are exacerbated
during pregnancy, particularly if
they are not managed as part of
the woman's care. The leading
causes of maternal death,
accounting for nearly 75% of all
maternal deaths are:
• severe bleeding (mostly
bleeding after childbirth)
• infections (usually after
childbirth)
• high blood pressure during
pregnancy (pre-eclampsia
and eclampsia)
• complications from delivery
unsafe abortion
MATERNAL DEATHS
She is Mechaya, 15
year old girl who
died
in
church
during giving birth.
She was a child
bride
who
got
married to a 26 year
old man. This is
based
on
their
traditions
in
Zimbabwe . The
man was arrested
by
the
police
together with the
parents
of
Machaya.
MATERNAL DEATHS
STATUS OF MATERNAL
DEATHS IN THE PHILIPPINES
Pregnancy and childbirth-related deaths increased in the
Philippines in the first six months of 2022, according to the
Commission on Population and Development (POPCOM), raising
concerns about potential barriers to access to maternal
healthcare services.
According to a survey conducted by the Philippine Statistics
Authority (PSA), the number of fatalities classified as "other direct
obstetric deaths" reached 468 in the first six months of 2022. This is
up from 425 in the first six months of last year. Along with tetanus, it
was the only cause of death to show a double-digit increase of
10%.
MATERNAL DEATHS
WHY DO WOMEN NOT GET THE CARE THEY NEED?
Poor women in remote areas are the least likely to receive adequate health care. This is
especially true for regions with low numbers of skilled health workers, such as sub-Saharan Africa
and South Asia.
The latest available data suggest that in most high income and upper middle income countries,
more than 90% of all births benefit from the presence of a trained midwife, doctor or nurse.
However, fewer than half of all births in several low income and lower-middle-income countries
are assisted by such skilled health personnel (5)
The main factors that prevent women from receiving or seeking care during pregnancy and
childbirth are:

Poverty

Distance to Facilities

Lack of Information

Inadequate and Poor Quality Services

Cultural Beliefs and Practices
MATERNAL DEATHS
‘Hinog sa Pilit’
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=knVD7i90-gE&t=598s
Sa buong Asya, nangunguna ang
Pilipinas sa mga bansang may
pinakamataas na bilang ng
teenage pregnancy. Isa sa bawat
10 babaeng edad 15-19 ay buntis.
Ano ang mga pagsubok na
kinahaharap ng mga batang ina?
Aired: July 23, 2016
I-Witness: 'Kabuwanan ni Nene,' dokumentaryo ni
Sandra Aguinaldo (full episode)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RVG5QrUgoaI
&t=902s
Habang bumababa ang bilang ng maagang
pagbubuntis sa ibang bansa sa Southeast Asia,
dumarami naman ang bilang ng mga batang ina
sa Pilipinas. Sa Happyland, Tondo, karaniwang
kuwento na ang pagbubuntis ng mga batang
babae. Sa dokumentaryong ito ni Sandra
Aguinaldo, kilalanin natin ang mga batang ina ng
Happyland at alamin ang mga posibleng solusyon
sa isyu ng adolescent pregnancy sa bansa.
Aired: July 21, 2018
THE PHILIPPINE SEX EDUCATION
During 2018, The Department of Education ordered the establishment of a Comprehensive Sexuality
Education (CSE) policy to teach age-appropriate and culture sensitive sex education topics
CSE is designed to ensure that the learners
are
receiving
comprehensive
and
appropriate information that can advance
gender equality and empowerment
CSE has been shown to increase learners'
knowledge, clarify their values and attitudes,
and develop the skills to reduce risks related to
poor health outcomes and achieve their full
potential
Other aim of this policy is to:
• Reduced dropout rate and increased completion rate
• Promote healthy and responsible sexual and social behavior among adolescents
THE PHILIPPINE SEX EDUCATION
But according to Dr. Nora, “Mother is still the best teachers to teach this kind of topic to their children”
According to the study by Save the Children Philippines in 2017, Those very young adolescent or from
age 10 to 14 prefer to get information about sexuality and reproductive health from their mothers.
Mothers knows about 85% of puberty changes and romantic relationship
Also, Dr. Nora said that this topic must also teach not just in school but parents also must teach their
children and they must know how to answer or communicate when their children ask about this kind
of topic
Additional sessions about reproductive health in the family development session of the DSWD and
there should be open communication between private and public schools with parents
THE PHILIPPINE SEX EDUCATION
THE 1987 CONSTITUTION STATES TWO PROMINENT PROVISIONS:
First in the Declaration of Principles
Article II Section 14 which state that
"The State recognizes the role of women
in nation-building and shall ensure the
fundamental equality before the law of
women and men."
Second, Article XIII-Labor: Section 14 provided
that "The state shall protect working women by
providing safe and healthful working conditions
taking into account their maternal functions, and
such facilities and opportunities that will
enhance their welfare and enable them to
realize their full potential in the service of the
nation"
THE PHILIPPINE SEX EDUCATION
Following from constitutional provisions and the following efforts to broaden its principles,
numerous legislation were make law that relates to the various aspects of women and gender
concerns:











Gender and Development Law (5% of government agencies' budget is for gender concerns)
Party-List Law (women as a particular sector for representation in the legislature
through party-list elections)
Anti-Sexual Harassment Law (defining Sexual Harassment and providing mechanisms)
Anti-Rape Law (elevation of rape as crime against person)
Barangay Day Care Center Law (there should be a day care center for every village)
Women in Nation-Building Law (allocation of budget for women from development funds,
foreign governments and multilateral institutions)
Anti Mail-Order-Bride Law (making the practice unlawful)
Repatriation Law (repatriation of Filipinas who lost citizenship by marriage in case of need)
Non-Discrimination Law in Labor Code (women protection in hiring and pay)
Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (equal rights for women to be recipients of land)
Military Training equality (women can enter the military and police schools and providing
facilities for them)
THE PHILIPPINE SEX EDUCATION
WOMEN IN POLITICS
In 1998 elections




There are only 15% of women
In the two-chamber Congress, the Senate (Upper House) has 17.4% women membership or (4 out
of 23 seats) which the House of Representatives; and
In Lower House, It has only 12.4% or (27 out of 217 seats)
In the first party-list elections, only 1 women’s partylist that seat
In local government level, There are 17% of women provincial governors while 11.5% for Vice
Governors
In City and Town Mayors, 14.5% of them are women while the ranks of the Vice-Mayors are at low of
10.8%
THE PHILIPPINE SEX EDUCATION
THE LABOR FORCE STATISTICS SHOWS:
In July 2000


There are 1.942 million unemployed women while there are 2.631 million unemployed men but
there are more women are taken in for labor flexibility arrangements especially in the big services
sector like in retail trade. This leaves them exposed to employment insecurity and unfair
compensation schemes.
The wage is limited, this pushes them to seek employment overseas that leads to increasing
numbers of domestic helpers and entertainers that are being deployed both legally and illegally.
Trade union leadership is still male-dominated but women committees and affirmative actions have
changed the complexion of decision-making. The public sector unions have made great progress as
four (4) of the major federations are under the strong leadership of women. However, the social
fabric remains tainted by arrogance of male power.
THE PHILIPPINE SEX EDUCATION
1998 Police Statistic

Out of 6,518 cases of violence against women, 1,054 cases is with rape and 2,633 cases is with
physical injuries and it rises from 13.79% to 35.17% reported cases.
WOMEN MOVEMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES


This make a way to pass a laws that seeks to protect women and also broaden the role in the society
Campaigns for sexual harassment and anti-rape law are also seen within the women’s movement
Also, they are engage in the law that deals with domestic violence, abortion and divorce



Community-based groups tackles violence against women
Rural and urban women establish economic undertakings that help them increase their income
Wives and families of migrant workers establish their own savings and insurance network


Crisis centers are organized in some parts of the country
Prostituted women have found both protection and solidarity within their organizations
This activities shows ups and down but they still continue to do because a lot of Filipina are still victimize
up to this time.
THE GENDER SITUATION IN THE
PHILIPPINES
THE GENDER SITUATION IN THE
PHILIPPINES CAN BE DESCRIBE IN SUM
AS :
1. The legal framework has provided basic frameworks and processes for
women empowerment and gender fairness but the dynamics of political and
social institutions reinforced by the cultural standpoints continue to provide a
push-pull effect on gender equality.
2. Women have made significant advances in politics. Though there may be
several factors that tend to lessen its importance --like belonging to a political
dynasty, the role of women in national and local decision-making can no
longer be ignored and their competence, in some cases, suits up or even
exceeds that of male politicians.
THE GENDER SITUATION IN THE
PHILIPPINES
3. The women's voice in the society is very strong due the vibrant women's
movement. Recognized for their work in the international and national
levels, the movement has been instrumental in pushing for many changes
in the various facets of Philippine society. Additionally, the various
organizations have worked on --with pioneering educational approaches
and service-specific projects-- the "culture shift" of both men and women.
4. The statistics on women remain indicative of the deep-rooted and
widespread problems they encounter in their daily lives. The labor market
has stereotyped women, disadvantaged them in jobs and incomes, and
even forced them into prostitutions and slave-like work.
• THE SOCIAL IMAGE OF FILIPINA: weak person, poster girl of
domestic help, expert in double burden, and a sexual object.
WHILE THE MAINFRAME OF GENDER POLITICS IS CHANGING, the
struggle of women to escape from the traditional mold everyday
life continues.
SEX TRAFFICKING
• Is a type of human trafficking and is a form of modern-day slavery.
• The recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, obtaining, patronizing, or
soliciting of a person for the purpose of a commercial sex act.
Expanded Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2012 or Republic Act 10364
•
an act that institutes policies to eliminate trafficking in persons especially women and children.
It has three (3) inter-related and interdependent elements for a situation to be considered
trafficking in persons:
•ACTS – It involves the recruitment, obtaining, hiring, providing, offering, transportation, transfer,
maintaining, harboring, or receipt of persons with or without the victim’s consent or knowledge,
within or across national borders;
•MEANS – It is committed by use of threat, or use of force, or other forms or coercion, abduction,
fraud, deception, abuse of power or of position, taking advantage of the vulnerability of the
person, or the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person
having control over another person; and
•PURPOSE – It is done for the purpose of exploitation or the prostitution of others or other forms of
sexual exploitation, forced labor or services, slavery, involuntary servitude or the removal or sale
of organs.
SEX TRAFFICKING
Former adult film actress Mia Khalifa debuted in
porn in 2014 and she has spoken about how she
ended up in the porn industry.
Mia Khalifa revealed that she was spotted on
the street as a young graduate.” It was more so
‘oh, you’re beautiful, do you want to do some
modeling?’ and ‘you have a great body, I think
you’d be great in nude modeling’,” she
revealed on the BBC’s ‘Hard Talk’ show.
“I came and toured the studio, which was very respectable.” It was nothing that made me
uncomfortable.”
“There are all of these stories of girls whose lives have been ruined by it and men who have
taken advantage of them,”
“There are contracts that they didn’t even understand the jargon of.”
SEXUAL HARASSMENT
Sexual harassment includes any unwanted sexual conduct that is
offensive, humiliating, or intimidating. Most importantly, it is illegal. It is an
act or a series of acts involving any unwelcome sexual advance,
request or demand for a sexual favor, or other verbal or physical
behavior of a sexual nature, committed by a government employee or
official in a work-related, training- or education related environment.
WHAT IS THE POLICY OF THE STATE ON SEXUAL HARASSMENT?
Sexual harassment, which has been declared unlawful in the workplace,
training and education environments, will not be tolerated as it violates the
dignity and human rights of a person.
WHAT IS THE PRESENT LAW ON SEXUAL HARASSMENT?
R.A. 7877, an “Act Declaring Sexual Harassment Unlawful in the
Employment, Education or Training Environment, and for other purposes”
was approved on February 14, 1995 and became effective on March 5,
1995, fifteen (15) days after its publication in the Malaya and Times Journal
on February 18, 1995. It is known as “The Anti-Sexual Harassment Act of
1995.”
SEXUAL HARASSMENT
WHAT ARE THE FORMS OF SEXUAL
HARASSMENT?
1. Physical
a. Malicious touching
b. Overt sexual advances
c. Gestures with lewd insinuation
2. Verbal, such as but not limited to,
requests or demands for sexual favors,
and lurid remarks
3. Use of objects, pictures or graphics,
letters or written notes with sexual
underpinnings
4. Other forms analogous to the foregoing.
SEXUAL HARASSMENT
What does it include?
Sexual harassment can include someone:
• touching, grabbing or making other physical contact with you
without your consent
• making comments to you that have a sexual meaning
• asking you for sex or sexual favors
• leering and staring at you
• displaying rude and offensive material so that you or others
can see it
• making sexual gestures or suggestive body movements
towards you
• cracking sexual jokes and comments around or to you
• questioning you about your sex life
• insulting you with sexual comments
• committing a criminal offence against you, such as making an
obscene phone call, indecently exposing themselves or sexually
assaulting you.
SEXUAL HARASSMENT
When does sexual harassment become sexual assault?
If someone is sexually harassing you in a way that causes you to
feel humiliation, pain, fear or intimidation, then this can be
considered sexual assault.
How sexual harassment can affect you
If you’re being sexually harassed, you might:
• feel stressed, anxious or depressed
• withdraw from social situations
• lose confidence and self-esteem
• have physical symptoms of stress, such as headaches,
backaches or sleep problems
• be less productive and unable to concentrate
SEXUAL HARASSMENT
What can you do?
No one wants to be sexually harassed, and no one deserves it.
Everyone has the right to work and live in a place where they are
safe from violence, bullying, harassment, and discrimination.
Sexual harassment is illegal (under the Sex Discrimination Act
1984).
Here are some things you can do:
• Talk to the offender
• Be Informed
• Keep a diary
• Save any evidence
• Get external information and advice
• Tell someone
• If you end up having to leave
GENDER REASSIGNMENT
In 1952, a 27 years old named George Jorgensen or better known as
Christine Jorgensen was one of the first to transition from male to
female gender through a process involving
•
hormone therapy
•
surgical steps.
Gender dysphoria is a mental health condition that can arise
when a person lives with a
constant feeling of being physically different from their birth sex.
WHAT IS TRANSITIONING?
The word ‘transitioning’ refers to the process of someone coming out
and living in their gender identity, rather than the sex they were assigned at
birth. Transitioning can involve many different elements and stages, such as
changing their social identity, legal identity and/or gender expression.
GENDER IDENTITY
A person’s internal feelings and convictions about their gender. This
can be the same or different to the sex they were assigned at birth.
GENDER REASSIGNMENT
GENDER EXPRESSION
The outwardly-visible behaviors and choices that a person
makes in relation to their gender identity. This can include choices
about their appearance.
THERE ARE THREE MAIN TYPES OF TRANSITION, WHICH ARE:
•SOCIAL TRANSITION
When someone changes their gender expression and/or social identity, this is
called ‘social transitioning’.
SOCIAL IDENTITY
As part of their transition, some people might change their social identity by
changing their name and/or using different pronouns.
PRONOUNS
Pronouns are words that we use instead of names, like ‘he’, ‘her’ or ‘them’.
Pronouns are often associated with gender, which means they can be very important
to trans people as a reflection of their gender identity.
GENDER REASSIGNMENT
• MEDICAL TRANSITION
Some trans people may take hormones or have surgery. This is known
as ‘medical transitioning’.
HORMONE THERAPY
Sex hormones are chemicals in our bodies which produce ‘male’ and
‘female’ characteristics during puberty. The male hormone testosterone is
produced in the testes and the female hormone, estrogen is produced in the
ovaries.
SEX AND GENDER
*Sex and gender are two very separate terms, despite people often
thinking they are the same thing.
*‘Sex’ refers to our biological traits, such as our genitals, internal
reproductive organs and hormones.
*‘Gender’ refers to the socially constructed ideas about human
behavior, actions and roles in relation to ideas of ‘masculinity’ and
‘femininity’.
GENDER REASSIGNMENT
In the case of transfeminine people, estrogen can be used to
develop female physical characteristics. These changes can
include:
 Breast growth
 Increased fat on the hips
 Reduced facial and body hair
 Reduction in size of the penis and testicles
 Stopping production of sperm
 Reduced muscle mass
 Reduced sex drive
GENDER REASSIGNMENT
In the case of transmasculine people, testosterone can be used to
develop male physical characteristics. These changes can include:
 Periods stopping after 5-6 months
 Increased facial and body hair
 Change in facial structure
 Lowering of the voice
 Muscle growth and fat redistribution
 Growth of the clitoris
 Increased sex drive
GENDER REASSIGNMENT
GENDER AFFIRMING SURGERY
Having gender affirming surgery is a personal choice that
not every trans person makes. For those who do, they may only
choose to have some surgery.
For trans women/transfeminine people, surgical options may include:
 Breast implants
 Removal of testicles (orchidectomy)
 Removal of penis (penectomy)
 Creation of a vagina (vaginoplasty)
 Creation of a clitoris (clitoroplasty)
 Creation of labia or ‘lips’ of the vagina (labiaplasty)
 Facial feminization surgery
 Trachea (or Adam’s apple) shaving
 Removal of male brow bossing
 Jaw reshaping
GENDER REASSIGNMENT
For trans men/transmasculine people, surgical options may
include:
 Breast removal and chest recontouring (double
•mastectomy), also known as top surgery
 Removal of the womb (hysterectomy)
 Removal of the ovaries (oophorectomy)
 Removal of the vagina (vaginectomy)
GENDER REASSIGNMENT
• LEGAL TRANSITION
Some trans people may officially change their name, gender
and/or sex on legal documents, which is called ‘legal transitioning’.
The Gender Recognition Act 2004 gives certain legal rights to trans
people. Under the Gender Recognition Act of 2004, trans people can:



apply for and obtain a Gender Recognition Certificate to
acknowledge their gender identity
get a new birth certificate, driving license and passport
marry in their gender identity
To apply for a Gender Recognition Certificate, you must be over 18. The
application process requires you to prove that:
 you have or have had gender dysphoria
 you have lived in your gender identity for at least 2 years
 you intend to live permanently in your gender identity
GENDER REASSIGNMENT
To apply for a Gender Recognition Certificate, you must be over 18.
The application process requires you to prove that:
 you have or have had gender dysphoria
 you have lived in your gender identity for at least 2 years
 you intend to live permanently in your gender identity