Mr. Alexis Joyce A. Cariaga
GUESS THE
PICTURE
A_RA_A_
_I_DU_S_
B_D_H_ _M
C_N_ _C_ _N_ _M
T_O_ _M
S_ _N_O_ _M
C _ R I_ _I_N_ _Y
I_ _ A_
Essential Understanding
Religions have their origin
stories and are universal in
nature.
Essential Understanding
GEOGRAPHY and CULTURE
have an effect on the
establishment and development
of religions
WORLD
RELIGIONS
HISTORICAL
FOUNDATIONS
GEOGRAPHICAL
CONTEXT
CULTURAL
MILIEU
HISTORICAL
BACKGROUND
Scholars hold the view – RELIGION
is universal and can be found in all
known contemporary societies
(Ember & Ember 1997)
Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons –
practiced a set of belief system in
one way or another,
1. Burying their dead;
2. Painting on the walls of caves;
3. Carving images from stones
EXISTENCE OF
HUMANKIND
- resulted in the formation of
religion and belief system.
IMPORTANT DATES ON THE
ORIGIN OF WORLD RELIGIONS
DATE
c. 2000 BCE
c. 1200 BCE
c. 1100 - 500 BCE
c. 563 - 83 BCE
c. 551 - 479 BCE
c. 200 BCE
c. 2 to 4 BCE - 32 CE
SIGNIFICANCE
Time of Abraham, the patriarch of Israel
Time of Moses, the Hebrew leader of Exodus
Hindus compiled their holy texts, the Vedas
Time of the Buddha, founder of Buddhism
Time of Confucius, founder of Confucianism
The Hindu book, Bhagavad Gita, was written
Time of Jesus Christ, the Messiah and founder of
Christianity
IMPORTANT DATES ON THE
ORIGIN OF WORLD RELIGIONS
DATE
c. 32 CE
c. 40 - 90 CE
c. 100 CE
c. 500 - 580 CE
c. 570 - 632 CE
SIGNIFICANCE
The Crucifixion and Resurrection of Jesus Christ
The new Testament was written by the followers of
Jesus Christ
Beginnings of Shintoism (no known founder)
Time of Lao Tzu, founder of Daoism
Time of Muhammad, who recorded the Q’ran as the
basis of Islam
THE PATRIARCH ABRAHAM
Played a major role in the establishment of the three
monotheistic religions: namely, Judaism, Christianity, and
Islam, which account for more than half of the world’s total
population. As such, these organized religions are collectively
known as ABRAHAMIC RELIGIONS.
The importance of Abraham in these three religions lies in the
fact that the patriarch appears as an elemental (primary) figure
for monotheistic belief system and a paragon (exemplar) for
extreme devotion.
COMMONALITIES IN ABRAHAM
RELIGION
1. They all worship one
supreme being.
•
•
•
Ancient Hebrews – Elohim,
Adonai, or Yahweh
Present day Judaism – “Lord” or
“God”
Muslims – Allah
COMMONALITIES IN ABRAHAM
RELIGION
2. Prophets and apostles play
major roles
•
•
•
•
Judaism has 48 prophets and 7
prophetesses.
Early prophets include Abraham, Isaac,
Jacob, Moses, Aaron, and Joshua.
Christianity has 12 apostles, some of
whom wrote parts of the New Testament.
Islam believes that Muhammad is the final
prophet or the “Seal of the Prophets.”
COMMONALITIES IN ABRAHAM
RELIGION
3.
Prior to the establishment as organized
religions, the role of divine revelation or
intervention is associated among their
progenitors (ancestors).
•
•
•
•
God instructed Abraham to sacrifice his son Isaac at Mount
Moriah.
God presented the 10 Commandments to Moses at Mount
Sinai.
God sacrificed His son Jesus Christ through crucifixion as
the plan to salvation.
God commanded Muhammad to establish a new religion at
a cave in Mount Hira.
INDIAN MOSAIC
•
India is one of the OLDEST SURVIVING CIVILIZATIONS,
with its history dating back to at least 6500 BCE. The many
conquerors that came to India were gradually absorbed into
the native Indian religions.
•
The Harappan civilization, Aryan influence, local
dynasties, and the Muslim conquest all had their fair share in
building the intricate Indian mosaic. As a result, VARIETY AND
COMPLEXITY CHARACTERIZE INDIAN CULTURE.
•
Four great religions originated in India – Hinduism,
Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism – and a myriad of minor cults
and local sects.
HINDUISM
•
It
perfectly
reflects
Indian
heterogeneity
with
its
eclectic
(diversified and assorted) ways of
religious expressions that are quite
confusing to outsiders.
•
It has no specific founder, no one
sacred book, and with innumerable gods
and goddesses that any Hindu can
venerate. As such, Hinduism can be
considered as museum of religions.
HINDUISM
• It was during the VEDIC PERIOD that
Hinduism or Sanatana Dharma became
systematized as a religion that preached
order and purpose to the cosmos and
human life.
• During this period, universal order
became equated with a stable society as
evidenced by the establishment of a
centralized
government
and
the
integration of collective traditions into
Indian lives.
BUDDHISM
• It centers its attention on the figure
of the Buddha, who was NOT A GOD
but a human being who came to
discover how to terminate sufferings in
order to escape the painful and
continuous cycle of rebirth.
•The religion was transported to
China, Korea, Japan, and Vietnam.
Across the Himalayas, it reached the
Tibetan lands.
BUDDHISM
Presently, Buddhism has
become more popular outside its
place of origin while Hinduism
has
remained
entrenched
(rooted) in India throughout
many centuries.
•
CONFUCIANISM
• Even during the olden days, the
Chinese had already endeavored to
establish and attain good governance.
CHINA
ADOPTED
CONFUCIUS’S
IDEALS AND ETHICS as the nation
developed meritocracy (power goes to
those with superior intellects) as a
basis for government officials.
CONFUCIANISM
• Confucius is regarded as CHINA’S
GREATEST
PHILOSOPHER
AND
TEACHER who lived at the same time
as Siddhartha Gautama in India.
•
Confucian ideals aspire to
harmonize human relations and serve
as guide to social behavior. An ideal
human society it the utmost concern
for the Confucian followers.
CONFUCIANISM
Confucius dwell upon the
theme of the Dao as being the
truth or way things out to be
done concordant with specific
view to life, politics, and
customs.
• Confucian Dao concerns
human affairs
•
CONFUCIANISM
Confucius dwell upon the
theme of the Dao as being the
truth or way things out to be
done concordant with specific
view to life, politics, and
customs.
• Confucian Dao concerns
human affairs
•
DAOISM
• The writings of Daoism centers on
the CONCEPT of Dao, as a way or path
signifying appropriateness of one’s
behavior to lead other people.
• Dao in Daoism means ROAD, PATH
OR WAY IN WHICH ONE DOES
SOMETHING.
• Daoist Dao means THE WAY THE
UNIVERSE WORKS.
SHINTOISM
• It is a loosely organized local belief in
Japan,
somewhat
an
ardent
(dedicated)
religious
form
of
JAPANESE
PATRIOTISM.
Its
mythology highlights the superiority
of Japan over other lands.
• Japanese people believed that their
EMPERORS literally DESCENDED
FROM
THE
SUN
GODDESS
AMATERASU.
SHINTOISM
• The term ‘Shinto’ was coined around
the 16th century CE TO DISTINGUISH
NATIVE BELIEF SYSTEM from the
imported religions of China and Korea,
including Buddhism, Daoism and
Confucianism.
•
The term came from the Chinese
words ‘shen’ and ‘tao’ roughly
translated as the ‘WAY OFTHE GODS’.
Geography of
THE WESTERN FRONTIER
Faith
• West Asia is the home of three great religions
(JUDAISM, CHIRSTIANITY, ISLAM).
• Religions have increasingly become involved in domestic politics of West Asia,
resulting in prolonged conflicts among countries that have claimed thousands of lives.
• The Levant: Lebanon, Jordan, Israel, Syria, and Palestine.
• Israel remains the only country in the world with a Jewish-majority population
comprising almost 75% of its citizens.
• The Arabian Peninsula, the world’s largest peninsula, consists of countries that are
predominantly Islamic in character. (Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, United Arab
Emirates, Yemen, and Oman). Most West Asian countries follow Shi’a and Sunni
denominations of Islam. Iran and Iraq associate themselves with the Shi’a sect while
Muslims in Saudi Arabia belong to Sunni branch.
Geography of
SACRED MOUNTAINS in the Judeo-Christian
Faith Traditions
Holy
Mountains
Location
Mount Ararat
Eastern part of Turkey
Mount Sinai
Mount Zion/
Mount Moriah
Mount Tabor
Sinai
inEgypt
Peninsula
Jerusalem Known asthe
city of
Israel
Significance
Traditional landing place of Noah’s Arkas
narrated in the book of Genesis
The peak where Moses received the Ten
Commandments
Known as the city of David and TempleMount
Site of transfiguration of Jesus Christ
Geography of
Faith
Place
Yam Suph (Red
Sea)
Sinai Desert
Significance
Israelites crossed this as
they escaped
from Egyptian lands
Israelites lived here en
route the
Promised Land (spiritual
cleansing
Geography of
THE INDIANFaith
SUBCONTINENT
The subcontinent of South Asia covers an area
•
more than one and a half million square miles stretching from the Hindu
Kush and Baluchi Hills on the west and the Great Himalayan mountain
range on the north, to the Burmese mountain on the east and the Indian
Ocean on the south.
• More than 4000 years ago, a civilization emerged along the Indus River
that developed a unique culture long before the dawn of the Christian era.
Geography of
THE EASTERN END
• At the easternFaith
end of the great Asian continent
one finds the cultural and political dominance of China.
• The location of China proper in the valleys of two great bodies of water,
the Huang He and Yangtze, is quite favorable because of the support these
streams provide to the Chinese people that made historic China the center
of culture.
• It was only during the second millennium after the death of Confucius in
479 BCE that the teachings and ideals identified with his philosophy
spread in China. By the time of the Han dynasty, Confucian teachings had
become the state religion. In Korea, it began to be disseminated
extensively around the 15th century. In Japan, it was accepted by the
majority during the 18th and 19th centuries.
CULTURAL MELIEU
• World religions can be regarded along the lines of their
EXCLUSIVITY or NON- EXCLUSIVITY.
EXCLUSIVE
RELIGION
Judaism
Christianity
Islam
NON- EXCLUSIVE
RELIGION
Hinduism
Buddhism
Confucianism
Taoism
Shintoism
CULTURAL MELIEU
MONOTHEISM AND UNIVERSALITY
While Judaism and Islam affirm the presence of one god
(Unitarian creed) CHRISTIANITY ACKNOWLEDGES
ONE GOD IN THREE PERSONS (TRINITARIAN
CREED): THE FATHER, THE SON AND THE HOLY
SPIRIT.
THE CONCEPT OF DHARMA
The concept of dharma is INTEGRAL IN RELIGIONS that
emerged in India, including Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism
and Sikhism.
•In Hinduism, dharma could mean duty, righteousness, and
ethics. In all humanity, this is common and evident in virtues
such as peacefulness, empathy, and kindness.
• For Buddhism, it means cosmic law and order, or the
teachings of Buddha and the truth of the way things are.
•For the Theravada sect, dharma is sometimes used to indicate
all the factors of existence.
THE CONCEPT OF DHARMA
Dharmic religions do not compel their adherents to profess
their devotion to be a believer or a practitioner.
MEDITATIONAL AND YOGA rituals lead to right behavior
and ultimate understanding of the universe.
While the Hindus and Buddhists share similarities in their
ideas concerning enlightenment and liberation, they differ in:
o
Hindus believe in trimurti or the three forms of god.
o
Buddhists do not believe in the existence of any god
therefore intermediaries for humans and gods are not
necessary along with the many rituals that go with venerating
them.
ON NATURE AND ANCESTORS
•
The elements of cult of heaven and ancestor worship are
features of ancient Chinese culture integrated into the
Confucian philosophy and belief. Confucius had a firm
conviction in a natural order that was moral order.
ON NATURE AND ANCESTORS
Apart from having a harmonious relationship between
humans and heaven, the establishment of an ideal human
society is also key to Confucian followers. The five basic
social relationships are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Ruler and subjects
Father and son
Husband and wife
Older and younger brothers
Friends or members of the community
ON NATURE AND ANCESTORS
• In Shintoism, divinities are closely linked to nature and
natural forces. The sacred Mount Fuji, an abode of Japanese
gods, is surrounded by temples and shrines. It is one of the
three holy mountains along with Mount Tate and Mount
Haku.
• Shrines are erected to venerate or remember ancestors, an
occurrence, and natural phenomena, such as mountains,
rivers, rocks and trees. Shinto followers carry out ritualistic
practices diligently in order to establish union with the
present society and the nation’s past. Majority of its followers
also practice Buddhism.
End
of
Lesson Two
MAKE A POSTER PRESENTATION illustrating the unity
of WORLD RELIGION. Your POSTER will be graded based
on the RUBRIC below.
CRITERIA
DESCRIPTION
POINTS
ORGANIZATION
The concept was clearly and creatively
conveyed
6
CONTENT
Important concepts were highlighted and
explained
7
PRESENTATION
The idea was clearly presented based on the
poster illustration
7
TOTAL
20