Assosa University
College Of Agriculture And Natural Resources
Department of Soil Resource and Watershed Management
Nutrient Quality Assessment of vermicompost Prepared from market waste mixed
with different types of livestock manure at Asosa town, Benishangul Gumez,
Ethiopia.
A Proposal Submitted to the Department of Soil Resource and Watershed
Management, College Of Agriculture And Natural Resources, Assosa
University in Partial Fulfillment of Course Research Method in Soil Science
(SWSS-5411)
By:
Alemayehu Beyene
(MR0043/15-0)
Summited To
Sisay Mekonen (Ass. Prof.)
February 16, 2023
Asossa
Table of contents
Contents
Table of contents .................................................................................................................. i
List Of Table ...................................................................................................................... iii
1.
Introduction ..................................................................................................................1
1.1.
Background of the study .......................................................................................1
1.2.
Statement of the problem ......................................................................................2
1.3. Objective .................................................................................................................2
1.3.1. General objective ................................................................................................2
1.3.2. Specific objective ...................................................................................................3
1.4.
2.
Scope .....................................................................................................................3
Literature Review .........................................................................................................4
3. Materials and Methods .....................................................................................................6
3.1. Description of the composting site ...........................................................................6
3.2. Design of experiment ................................................................................................6
3.3. Collection of raw materials and preparation of vermicomposting box ....................6
3.4. Vermicomposting process .........................................................................................7
3.5. Substrates and combinations used in vermicomposting ............................................7
3.6. Data Analysis ............................................................................................................8
3.7. Instruments used for vermiompost production and analysis .....................................8
3.8. Chemicals and acids used for analysis ......................................................................9
3.9. Expected output (outcome) ....................................................................................9
4. Work plan.......................................................................................................................10
5. Budget breakdown......................................................................................................10
5.1. Stationery cost .........................................................................................................10
i
5.2. Per-diem cost ...........................................................................................................11
5.3. Travel cost ...............................................................................................................11
5.4. Budget summary .....................................................................................................11
6. Reference .......................................................................................................................12
ii
List Of Table
Table 3.1: Proportion of substrates in % ..............................................................................7
Table 3.2: Instrumental and material list .............................................................................8
Table 3.3: chemical and acids list ........................................................................................9
Table 4.1: Time schedule ...................................................................................................10
Table 5.1: stationery cost ...................................................................................................10
Table 5.2: per-diem cost description ..................................................................................11
Table 5.3: Travel cost Description ....................................................................................11
Table 5.4: Budget Summary ..............................................................................................11
iii
Abbreviations
ANOVA
Analysis of Variance
Av-N
Available Nitrogen
Av-P
Available Phosphorus
BD
Bulk Density of Soil
Ca
calcium
CEC
Cation Exchange Capacity
CRD
Complete Randomize Design
CSA
Central Statistics Agency of Ethiopia
DMRT
Duncan multiple range test
EC
Electrical conductivity
FAO
Food and Agriculture Organization
LSD
Least Significant Difference
Mg
Magnesium
NPK
Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium
OC
Organic Carbon
PH
Power Of Hydrogen
TN
total nitrogen
iv
Abstract
Vermicomposting is an environmentally friendly and practical process that produces
organic fertilizer and allows for the hygienic disposal of organic wastes. In order to
determine the quality of vermicompost made from market waste mixed with various types
of livestock manures (cow dung, goat manure, and donkey manure) during
vermicomposting using Eisenia fetida at the same environmental conditions, an experiment
was conducted in Asosa town's Asosa soil testing laboratory. Three replications and a fully
randomized design were used to set up the experiment. For the manufacture of
vermicompost, shallow wood boxes with measurements of 0.4 m in height, 0.6 m in width,
and 1 m in length were built. This experiment will be performed in Vermicomposting
methods for cow dung, donkey manure, and goat manure mixed with market waste were
T1 to T3, and their combination was T4. Three setups for composting (controls) were
designated as C1 for cow manure, C2 for donkey dung, C3 for goat dung, and C4 for market
waste. At various day intervals, we should measure some physiochemical parameters, such
as moisture content, bulk density, ph, EC, CEC, K, Na, Ca, Mg, OC, TN, average P,
average K, and average C: N. The findings might indicate that the various kinds of market
garbage and livestock manures substantially impact the vermicompost's final nutrient
quality. According to this study, vermicomposting is an effective approach for the
bioconversion of market waste, donkey dung, goat dung and cow dung to valuable material.
v
1. Introduction
1.1.
Background of the study
Amounts of solid waste accumulate as a result of the rapid growth in population, urbanization,
industrialization, and agricultural production. This has caused grave environmental issues. This
trash needs to be transformed successfully in order to be disposed of safely. Composting
agricultural, urban, and industrial waste, is accomplished. More people are becoming aware of the
fact that composting is an environmentally benign procedure that turns a wide range of wastes into
beneficial agricultural inputs. Environmental issues are reduced by the vermicomposting process.
Compost is a great source of humus and plant nutrients, and its application enhances the soil's
biophysical characteristics and level of organic matter. Thus, this technique preserves the soil's
quality.
Reducing the quantity of organic waste that ends up in landfills, incinerators, and occasionally the
ocean is a simple approach to have a good environmental impact. Vermicomposting can be
categorized as an alternative, creative technique that is both relatively new and environmentally
responsible (Latifah Abd Manaf, et al., 2009). Vermicomposting has been used for many years to
improve the soil's physical, chemical, and biological qualities and bring back its original fertility.
Vermicomposting offers environmentally acceptable, cost-effective, and sustainable methods for
managing trash in an era of quickly rising waste production (Sandeep, et al., 2017 ).
Vermicompost's nutritional value is mostly influenced by the kind of substrate (raw materials) and
kind of earthworms utilized in the composting process (Manaig Elena M., 2016). Moreover,
Eisenia fetida specie is resilient to changes in temperature and moisture. Eisenia fetida is
distinguished by its quick rate of growth, early sexual maturation, year-round activity, strong
feeding capacity (rapid casting), and wide-ranging reproductive abilities. Because of this, it has
been widely used to vermicompost a variety of plant remnants, animal manures, city waste, and
sewage sludge (Anil Kumar et al., 2018).
Growing amounts of organic waste need to be disposed of, which is turning into a significant issue.
Composting is a method for safely disposing of organic waste that is both ecologically friendly
and commercially successful. It produces organic fertilizer, a crucial and essential component of
organic farming (Thiruneela Kandan and Subbulakshmi, 20 15). Paunch manure is the partially
1
digested feed from the rumen contents of beef at the slaughterhouse. It is comparable to animal
dung in properties and is a great material for vermi-worm composting (Ron Fleming et. al, 2004).
Paunch manure can be composted for agricultural sustainability and as a safe way to dispose of it
or use it to improve the environment (Ron Fleming et. al, 2004). The purpose of this experiment
is to investigate the quality and nutritional content of bovine paunch manure vermicompost
processed by Eisenia fetida based on the aforementioned facts. In order to make vermicompost,
market waste from Asosa Town Market will be used, along with cow dung, donkey manure, and
goat manure.
1.2.
Statement of the problem
The disposal of ever-increasing amounts of organic wastes is becoming a serious problem. The
hygienic disposal of organic wastes by composting is an environmentally sound and economically
viable technology resulting in the production of organic fertilizer which is a basic and valuable
input in organic farming (Thiruneela Kandan and Subbulakshmi, 20 15). The market waste
produced from market form a major component of putrefying organic waste that end up in landfill
sites or disposed off in to roadsides and waterways in many developing countries. The main
problems encountered with market waste composting are its high moisture content, need of bulking
substrate and constituents unacceptable for worms. The aim of the experiment will improve the
quality of the final vermicompost by mixing the different types of livestock manure with market
waste, and taking constant care with moisture management, constituents of the waste, the ratio of
carbon and nitrogen that affect vermicomposting.
1.3. Objective
1.3.1. General objective

To determine the Nutrient Quality of vermicompost Prepared from market waste mixed
with different types of livestock manure.

To improve waste management of market waste.
2
1.3.2. Specific objective
 To know the chemical composition of vermicompost produced from market waste mixed
with different types of livestock manure.
 To compare the efficiency of market waste degradation among different types of livestock
manure
 To provide wastes as environmentally friend and alternative raw materials for
vermicomposting to produce organic fertilizer.
1.4.
Scope
This paper focuses on the hygienic disposal of organic wastes by vermicomposting.
 Vermicomposting is an environmentally sound and economically viable technology which
results in production of organic fertilizer from market waste mixed with different types of
livestock manures (cow dung, goat manure and donkey manure).
 The experiment will have conducted at Asosa town in Asosa soil testing laboratory to
identify the quality of vermicompost produced under same environmental conditions using
Eisenia fetida earthworm species.
 The aim of the experiment will improve the quality of the final vermicompost by mixing
the different types of livestock manure with market waste
3
2. Literature Review
More nutrients are readily available in the various organic wastes, such as water hyacinth, press
mud, and market waste. Yet, the recycling potential of these wastes is underutilized. After
composting, this waste has the potential to significantly boost crop output. The main goal of the
process of composting is to use solid waste of both animal and plant origin in the growth of crops.
Composting's primary goal is to maximize original carbon and other nutrient conversion while yet
allowing for adequate mineralization. The use of earthworms is a possible source for the
decomposition of any sort of organic waste, in addition to the use of cellulolytic and other
microbial cultures for accelerating decomposition and enriching compost. According to
(Karthikeyan et al., 2007), the vermicomposting technique will efficiently turn market garbage
into enriched manure in a way that is safe for the environment and will also generate income from
the waste quickly. earthworms are used to break down organic waste, such as sewage sludge,
animal manure, crop waste, and industrial waste, to create vermicompost (Giraddi et al., 2002).
The availability of NPK and the microbial population in vermicompost will both significantly
increase (Jambhekar, 1992). There is a dearth of information and experimental data regarding the
composting of market trash, as well as the function of microbial inoculants and earthworms in this
process. In light of this, an inquiry into the composting of market trash was conducted utilizing
earthworms, Pleurotus, and Coprophilus bacteria linked with cow dung as agents for bioconversion.
Vermicomposts are stabilized organic soil supplements that are made by a non-thermophilic
process in which earthworms and microorganisms work together to break down organic matter in
an aerobic environment. The nutrients are liberated and changed into soluble and usable forms
during vermicomposting. In 2001, Ndegwa and Thompson Sewage sludges have been used in prior
experiments to feed various organic wastes to earthworm species (Benitez et al. 1999; Delgado et
al. 1995; Diaz-Burgos et al. 1992); paper mill industrial sludge; etc. Pig waste (Chan, L.P.S. &
Griffiths, D.A. (1988); Butt, K.R. (1993); water hyacinth (Reeh, U. (1992) Paper waste,
Gajalakshmi, S. et al., 2001 Brewery yeast: Gajalakshmi, S. et al., 2002 Crop residues, Butt, K.R.
(1993) Cow slurry, Bansal, S. & Kapoor, K.K. Cow dung, Hand, P. et al. (1988). Sludge from the
vine fruit industry, by Mitchell, A. In 1993, Atharasopoulous, N., rice husks, and mango leaves
S.C. Talashilkar and others (1999) likewise activated sludge Textile mill sludge, Hartenstein, R.
4
& Hartenstein, F. (1981). Garg, V.K., and Kaushik, P. (2003), etc. According to Loh T.C. et al.
(2004), cattle manure produced more Eisenia foetida cocoons and gained more biomass than goat
waste. According to Kale, R.D. et al. (1982), Perionyx excavatus has the ability to vermicompost
a variety of wastes (sheep dung, cow dung, biogas sludge and poultry manure and sand as control).
Cow and horse manure were readily taken by the worms. Three or four days after it was added,
sheep feces were eaten. By releasing nitrate and phosphate into the air, groundwater, and surface,
as well as ammonia, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide gas, manures seriously harm the
environment (Ahsan et al., 2013 and 2014; Lee et al., 2009; Rahman et al., 2008; Sarker et al.,
2009; Won et al., 2016). In addition to this, livestock manures may contain diseases that have
created major problems with public health (Alam et al., 2013; Rahman et al., 2013; Runge et al.,
2007). Moreover, manure biomass has the potential to be a source of the greenhouse gases that
cause global warming. Manure that is dumped carelessly causes a number of issues, such as an
unpleasant stench, flies and beetles, and road damage from excessive traffic. If adequate recycling
techniques are used, these cattle manures could be a significant resource; otherwise, they constitute
a burden to the environment (Al Amin et al., 2020; Krishan et al., 2014; Punde and Ganorkar,
2012; Rahman et al., 2020a and 2020b; Rana et al., 2020). Earthworms and aerobic bacteria work
together to limit the danger of environmental pollution and stabilize nutrients during the
vermicomposting process from waste biomasses. Vermicomposting is a process that involves
changing solid biomasses in earthworms' guts in a physical, chemical, and biological manner
(Atiyeh et al, 2001).
5
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Description of the composting site
The Asosa zone of the Benshangul Gumeez Regional State is home to the Asosa Soil Laboratory's
experimental field. Moreover, it is situated at 10°04′N latitude and 34°31′E longitude. The
elevation is approximately 1,570 meters. The climate of Asosa is tropical wet and dry or savanna.
The average yearly temperature in the district is 27.27 °C (81.09 °F), and there are normally 161.2
wet days per year, accounting for 44.16 percent of all days with precipitation.
3.2. Design of experiment
The experiment would have been carried out in two stages, the first of which would have involved
the creation of vermicompost from market garbage combined with various forms of livestock
manure (cow dung, goat manure, and donkey manure), and the second the physiochemical analysis
of those vermicomposts. To reduce experimental mistakes, the experiment will been set up with a
fully randomized design and three replications. The treatments included three different kinds of
livestock dungs (cow dung, goat manure, and donkey manure), each of which will be combined
with market garbage in order to achieve the experiment's goals. We will conduct these tests in three
composting setups (controls), denoted as C1 for cow dung, C2 for donkey dung, C3 for goat dung,
and C4 for market waste. Vermicomposting processes for cow dung, donkey dung, and goat dung
mixed with market waste would designated as T1 to T3, and their combination will have designated
as T4. For the manufacture of vermicompost, shallow wood boxes with measurements of 0.4 m in
height, 0.6 m in width, and 1 m in length will built. In this experiment, a total of 24 shallow wood
vermicomposting boxes will be used.
3.3. Collection of raw materials and preparation of vermicomposting box
Farmers would collect the manure and dung from their livestock. Before establishing the compost,
red worms (Eisenia fetida) for vermicomposting will previously be held in suitable breeding
conditions in the soil laboratory at Asosa. Twenty-four vermicomposting Vermicompost was
created in shallow wood boxes. For each wood box used in the experiment, 30 kg of market waste
and 10 kg of each type of manure will be gathered.
6
3.4. Vermicomposting process
For the manufacture of vermicompost, shallow wood boxes with measurements of 0.4 m in height,
0.6 m in width, and 1 m in length will be built. First, four treatments were created in triplicates
using a total of 100 kg of substrates, 70% (seven portions) of market waste, 30% (three potions)
of dungs, and 30% (cow dung 10% (one portions), goat dung 10% (one portions), and donkey
dung 10% (one portions) for the combination of dungs. These treatments were added to various
shallow wood boxes and spaced apart by about 0.5 meters. Then, each Small wood box received
roughly 500g of earthworms. The manure's initial moisture level was kept between 70 and 75
percent since it facilitates the worms' simple mobility. Moisture level was checked in the
vermicomposting box on a regular basis and kept the box on a dry place. The experiment was
conducted under a shed to avoid direct sunlight and rain.
3.5. Substrates and combinations used in vermicomposting
Table 3.1: Proportion of substrates in %
Treatment
Treatment type
code
Proportion of substrates in %
Market
cow dung
waste
goat
Donkey
manure
manure
C1
Control for market waste
100 %
-
-
-
C2
Control for cow dung
-
100 %
-
-
C3
Control for goat manure
-
-
100 %
-
C4
Control for Donkey manure
-
-
-
100 %
T1
market waste + cow dung
70 %
30%
T2
market waste + Goat manure
70 %
T3
market waste + Donkey 70 %
30%
30%
manure
T4
market waste + combination 70 %
of manures
7
10%
10%
10%
3.6. Data Analysis
SPSS software version 16 and Excel version 2013 will be applied to data analysis. In order to
minimize analysis errors and validity of results, all reported data are the means of three replicates.
One-way ANOVA using the Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) (Gomez and Gomez 1984) at
5% a level of probability.
3.7. Instruments used for vermiompost production and analysis
Table 3.2: Instrumental and material list
No.
Instrument and material
No.
Instrument and material
1
Spade
16
Plastic sample bags
2
Thermometer
17
balance
3
Measuring tape (5m)
18
Desktop pH meter
4
Washing bottles
19
EC meter
5
Sample bag
20
Distillation unit
6
Markers
21
Washing bottles
7
Sample labels (flat tile)
22
distilled water
8
Core sampler
23
Measuring cylinder
9
Funnel
24
fume hood
10
Digestion flask
25
Note Book
11
Different types of Beaker
26
Aluminum foil
12
Jar
27
Oven
13
what’s man filter paper
28
Spector photometer
14
conical flask
29
Hydrometer
15
burette for titration
30
Camera
8
3.8. Chemicals and acids used for analysis
Table 3.3: chemical and acids list
No.
Chemical and acids
No.
Chemical and acids
1
buffer pH 4 and 7
8
EDTA
2
Concentrated sulfuric acid(98%)
9
NaOH
3
Potassium dichromate
10
Sodium bi carbonet
4
Orth phosphoric acid
11
Disodium bicarbonet
5
Ferrous sulphate
12
Different types of indicater
6
Potassium dihydrogen phosphate
13
Boric acid
7
Ammonium acetate
14
NaCl and KCl
3.9. Expected output (outcome)
The outcomes of this paper will be determine the quality of vermicompost produced from market
waste mixed with different types of livestock manures (cow dung, goat manure and donkey
manure) using Eisenia
It also seeks to provide wastes as environmentally friendly alternative raw materials for
vermicomposting in order to produce organic fertilizer fetida earthworm species under the same
environmental conditions.
The experiment will help understand how these factors affect the nutrient quality of the final
product i.e Vermicompost by determining some physiochemical parameters like pH, EC, K Na Ca
Mg OC TN Av P&K etc., at different day intervals.
9
4. Work plan
Table 4.1: Time schedule
No.
Activates
Year 2015 E.C
Sep-Nov
1
Proposal development
2
Proposal defense
3
Data collection
4
Data compilation
5
Data analysis
6
Report writing
7
Report submission
8
presentation
9
Final submission
Dec- Feb March
April
May
Remark
5. Budget breakdown
5.1. Stationery cost
Table 5.1: stationery cost
No.
1
materials
Printing
Quantity
Number
Unit price Total
needed
in birr
in Eth. birr
packs
3
300
900
computer paper
2
Typing paper
packs
1
200
200
3
Pens
packs
1
500
500
4
Marker
piece
5
30
150
5
stapler
piece
1
400
400
6
Note book
piece
3
100
300
total
2450
10
price Remark
5.2. Per-diem cost
Table 5.2: per-diem cost description
No.
Description
1
Researcher
2
Technical
assistance
Advisor
3
Number
day in
field
80
of Per-diem
the a day
Number of Total price diem
persons
in Eth. birr
303
1
24240
40
303
2
24240
10
450
1
4500
52980
total
5.3. Travel cost
Table 5.3: Travel cost Description
No.
1
Description
Distance Tariff
in km
Per
travel
10
Travel from Soil lab to 3
Traveling Number Total price
day
of
diem in
persons Eth. birr
20
4
800
market plase
2
Travel
from
market 3
10
20
4
800
please to soil lab
1600
total
5.4. Budget summary
Table 5.4: Budget Summary
No.
Description
Total price in Eth. birr
1
Stationery cost
2450
2
Per-diem cost
52980
3
Travel cost
1600
Total
57,030
11
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Benitez, E., Nogales, R., Elvira, C., Masciandaro, G. & Ceccanti, B. (1999): Enzyme activities as
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Technol. 67: 297–303
Butt, K.R. (1993): Utilization of solid paper mill sludge and spent brewery yeast as a feed for soildwelling earthworms. – Biores. Technol. 44: 105–107.
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14