MICROBIOLOGY AND
PARASITOLOGY
By: Evelyn R. Perez
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO
MICROBIOLOGY
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO
MICROBIOLOGY
MICROBIOLOGY
 Study of living minute organisms invisible to naked eye
MICRO ORGANISMS
 BACTERIA(Bacteriology)
 FUNGI(Mycology)
MOLDS(Mycology)
YEAST(Mycology)
ALGAE(PHYTOPLANKTON (Phycology/Algology)
 VIRUS(Virology)
 PROTOZOAN(Protozoology) by Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
/Netherlands ,17th century inventor of microscope
 METAZOAN(HELMINTHS)
BRANCHES OF
MICROBIOLOGY

DAIRY MICROBIOLOGY(curd, yogurt, cheese)

FOOD
MICROBIOLOGY(pickles,sauerkraut,olives,soy
sauce)

INDUSTRIAL
MICROBIOLOGY(drugs,chemicals,fuels,electricity

AGRICULTURAL MICROBIOLOGY(increased soil
fertility,prebiotic and probiotics, actinomycetes)

SANITARY MICROBIOLOGY(to inactivate
microorganisms)

MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY(diagnose, treat and
prevent infection)
USES OF MICROORGANISMS

VITAMINS,AMINO
ACIDS,ENZYMES,GROWTH
SUPPLEMENT

FERMENTED DAIRY
PRODUCTS:SOUR
CREAM,YOGURT,BUTTERMILK,PICK
LES,SAUERKRAUT,BREADS,ALCOHO
LIC BEVERAGES

BIOTECHNOLOGY:HUMAN
HORMONE INSULIN,ANTIVIRAL
SUBSTANCE INTERFERON,BLOOD
COLORING FACTORS,CLOT
DISSOLVING ENZYMES,VACCINES
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
1.
2.
3.
4.
LEEUWENHOEK
-”ANIMALCULES”
• ABIOGENESIS/SPONTANEOUS GENERATION Life Comes from Non life”
VAN HELMONTH
(+)Mice in hay infusion +wheat grain+ soiled linen+cheese
FRANCISCO REDI
(+)Maggots if flies eggs deposited uncovered on meat and fish
LOUIS GOBLET
(-)animalcules) baked , autoclaved hay infusion + H2o
JOHN NEEDHAM
+animalcules) even baked and autoclaved due to spores
SPALLANZANI/ LAZZARO (-animalcules) if proper storage no dust and air
PASTEUR LOUIS
-Fermentation result of yeast multiplication
Pasteurization: alcohol is produced from sugar by yeast
ROBERT HOOKE
ROBERT KOCH
KITASATO
D. IVANSKI
- Organisms are made up of cell basic unit of life
-Germ Theory, organisms cause disease and infection
-18th century discovered cause of bubonic plague, Yersinia pestis
-infected plant sap can infect other plants, discover virus
GOLDEN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY
(advancement and discoveries)
 ANTIBIOTIC

BACTERIAL DISEASES
 VACCINES

- VIRAL DISEASES
 PHARMACEUTICAL
PRODUCTS
 QUALITY CONTROL
PRODUCTS
HISTORY OF THE CLASSIFICATION OF
MICRO ORGANISMS
 TAXONOMY(systemic classification of organisms)
 TAXONOMIST
ARISTOTLE: classified living things as plants and animals
(Taxonomy)
 CARL LINNAEUS: introduced systemic method
Taxonomic Nomenclature ( Genus .. Species)
 ERNST HENRICH HAECKEL

-THREE(3) KINGDOM SYSTEM
A. PROTISTA
B. ANIMALEAE
C. PLANTAE
MODERN CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

ROBERT WHITTAKER
• FIVE(5) KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION
A. ANIMALIA
B. PLANTAE
C.PROTISTA: single celled eukaryotes
algae,amoeba,slime moulds,plasmodium.protozoans
D. FUNGI: fungus-like and related eukaryotic organisms. Yeast, molds,
mushrooms
E.MONERA(Prokaryotes)

CARL WOESE
• THREE(3) PRIMARY KINGGDOMS FOR LIVING THINGS
A. ARCHAEBACTERIA
B. EUBACTERIA
C. EUKARYOTES
PROTISTA
FUNGI
ANIMALIA
PLANTAE
CHAPTER 2: THE FIVE (5)BASIC
GROUPS OF MICRO ORGANISMS
I.BACTERIUM
(PROKARYOTE)
II.FUNGUS,MOLDS,YEAST (EUKARYOTE)
ALGAE
(EUKARYOTE)
III.VIRUS
IV.PROTOZOAN
PARASITES
V.METAZOAN
(HELMINTHS)
Five (5) Basic Groups of Microbes
1.BACTERIUM (Prokaryote)
2.EUKARYOTIC Group
FUNGUS
MOLDS
YEAST
ALGAE
3.VIRUS
4.PROTOZOAN (Parasite)
SARCODINA
MASTIGOPHORA
SPOROZOA
CILIATA
5. METAZOAN (Helminths)
PLATYHELMINTHES
CESTODES
TREMATODES
NEMATHELMINTHES
NEMATODES
CELLULAR
ORGANIZATION
POINT OF
COMPARIS
ON
PROKARYOTIC
(BACTERIUM)
EUKARYOTIC
(FUNGUS, MOLDS,
YEAST,
ALGAE,ANIMAL &
PLANT CELL)
1.NUCLEUS
(-)Nucleus or nuclear
membrane and nucleoli
only NUCLEOID
(+)Nucleus consisting
nuclear membrane and
nucleoli
2.MEMBRANE
ENCLOSED
(-)
(+)Examples includes:
(Lysosomes, Golgi
Complex, endoplasmic
reticulum, mitochondria,
choloroplasts)
3.CELL
WALL
USUALLY PRESENT:
chemically complex
(typical bacterial cell wall
includes peptidoglycan)
WHEN PRESENT:
chemically simple
4.PLASMA
MEMBRANE
NO CARBOHYDRATES,
(and generally LACKS
STEROLS(essential in cell
structure)
(+)Sterols &
carbohydrates that serves
as receptors
ORGANELLES
CELLULAR ORGANIZATION
POINT OF
COMPARISON
PROKARYOTIC
CELL
(BACTERIUM)
EUKARYOTIC CELL
(FUNGUS,MOLDS,
YEAST,
ALGAE,ANIMAL,
PLANT CELL)
5.CYTOPLASM
(-)No cytoskeleton and
cytoplasmic streamig
(+)Cytoskeleton and
cytoplasmic streaming
6.RIBOSOMES
Smaller in size
Facilitate binding of
mRNA and tRNA
Larger in size
Gets the orders for protein
synthesis
7.CELL DIVISION
BINARY FISSION
(Asexual separation of
body into 2 new bodies)
MITOSIS
cell replicates producing 2
identical daughter cells
8.CHROMOSOMES
SINGLE circular
chromosomes; lacks
HISTONES
MULTIPLE: linear
chromosomes; with
HISTONES (proteins that
attach to DNA ,form
chrosomes and regulate
gene activity
9.SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
No MEIOSIS: transfer of
DNA fragments only
(CONJUGATION)DNA
transfer through direct
contact
Involves MEIOSIS,
process by which gametes
are produced
CELLULAR ORGANIZATION
POINT OF
COMPARISON
PROKARYOTIC
(BACTERIUM)
EUKARYOTIC
(FUNGUS,MOLDS,
YEAST,ALGAE,
ANIMAL,PLANT
CELL)
10.SIZE
0.2 -2.0
microns in
diameter
10 -100microns in
diameter
11.FLAGELLA
Mobility/loco
motory organ
Mobility/multiple
microtubules
12.GLYCOCALYX
(+)as a capsule
or slime
layer/,regulate
s permeability
of nutrients
Compose of sugar .
Strenghten cell
surface
Chitin
cellulose
Chapter 2: Basic Five (5) Groups of
Microbes
BACTERIA
(PROKARYOTIC CELL)
E.COLI
The Prokaryotic Cell: Bacterium
General Characteristics
 Large group of mostly microscopic
,unicellular organisms
 Lacks distinct nucleus usually reproduce
by cell division
 Tiny and variable in the ways they
obtain energy and nourishment
 Can be found in all environments:
• Air, soil, ice /hot springs
• Hydrothermal vents (heat loving
thermophiles)
• Deep ocean floor (home of the sulfur
metabolizing bacteria)
• All food products
The Prokaryotic Cell: Bacterium
Classifying Bacteria: Criteria Used
MORPHOLOGY (forms)
2. MODE OF NUTRITION
3. LOCOMOTORY STRUCTURES
4. GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS
5. METABOLISM (chemical changes)
6. ENDOSPORE(asexual spore inside bacterial cell)
7. STAINING CHARACTERISTICS
8. COLONY CHARACTERISTICS
9. GENETIC CHARACTERISTICS
1.
MORPHOLOGY

SIZE/SHAPE






COCCI
(spherical)
BACILLUS (rod)
COCCOBACILLI (no perfectly round/oval)
SPIRILLUM
(spiral curved bodies)
SPIROCHETES- (spiral but more flexible
ARRANGEMENT (GROUPINGS)

COCCI GROUPING
Diplococci
Streptococci
Staphylococci
Tetrads
Sarcinus

-pairs of cocci
-chains of cocci
-clusters or geometrically arranged cocci
-packets of four(4) cells
-packets of eight(8) cells
BACILLI GROUPING
Diplobacilli
Streptobacilli
Palisade
Mode of Nutrition
 Autotrophic

organisms synthesize their own food
Photoautotrophs (photosynthesis)
 Chemoautotrophs (chemosynthesis)

 Heterotrophic

depend on other organisms for their food
 Saprophytic(absorbing dissolved organic
materials)



Holozoic(digestion, absorption, assimilation
of the food, egestion)
Symbiotic (share nourishment)
Parasitic( gets nourishment from a host
Locomotory Structures
 Protozoan
Pseudopodia
(sarcodina/amoeba)
 Cilia (ciliata/ciliates)
 Flagella
(mastigophora/flagellates)

 Bacilli
Has locomotory structure
 B cereus, B anthrasis

 Cocci

No locomotory structures
Characteristic of Flagellation
 Monotrichous-single flagellum
 Peritrichous -all around
 Amphitrichous-both sides
 Lophotrichous
-tuft of many
flagella at one end or both ends.
Growth Characteristics
 Oxygen (O2) Requirement
Aerobic: oxygenated environment (S
.aureaus)
 Anaerobic: without oxygen
requirement(E.coli)

 Temperature Requirement
Heat Lover: “thermophile (Clostridium ,
Bacillus because of its spores)
 Cold Lover:”psychrophilic(Listeria
monocytogenes

Metabolism Characteristics
 Biochemical & Physiological depending on
enzymes they produce and use.

Lipolitic
-Lipase & fats

Saccharolytic
-Carbohydrates

Proteolytic
- Proteins
Endospore
Definition: -a spore or seed like
form, non reproductive structure
Function:
-ensure the survival of a
bacterium through periods of
environmental stress.
These are resistant to:
•
•
•
•
•
•
UV and Gamma Radiation
Dessication
Lysosome
Temperature
Starvation
Chemical disinfectants
Staining Characteristics:
 Gram (+)Positive Organism
Principle:
The cell membrane is made up of 80% of thick layer of a particular
substance(PEPTIDOGLYCAN) consisting of TECHOIC and LIPOTEICHOIC
ACID Complexes)which is INSOLUBLE to Alcohol Decolorizer,the CV Complex
remains INTACT,therefore the organism stains the color of the initial stain-CV
blue-violet) Examples of the organisms are:
 Staphylococci
 Streptococci
 Pneumococci
 Corynebacterium diphtheriae
 Bacillus anthracis(Anthrax)
 Gram (-) Negative Organism
Principle:The cell wall is composed of thin layer of a particular
substance(PEPTIDOGLYCAN) covered by an outer membrane of LIPOPROTEIN
and LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE containing ENDOTOXIN), which is SOLUBLE
to Acid Decolorizer,it losses the CV Complex (pink – red). Examples of the
organisms are:
 GIT Bacteria-E.coli
 Neisseria Species
Staining Characteristics
 Gram Stain
 Principle: A Differential Stain that distinguish between Gram
(+) Positive and Gram (-) Negative Organism, base
on whether takes up and retain the CV stain or not.
 Reagents:
Crystal (Gentian) Violet- Initial Stain
Iodine
-Mordant (strengthen the affinity of bacteria with
CV, if they have strong affinity with initial stain.
Acid Alcohol
-Decolorizer
Safranin
-Counter Stain
 Procedure:
A. Preparation of Bacterial Smear
1. Fish out loop of inoculum. .
2. Emulsify if solid ,with distilled water/NSS.
3. Spread evenly/thinly on clean glass slide.
4. Air dry. Fix by passing slide above the flame to let organism adhere to glass
slide.
B. Staining
1. Flood bacterial smear with initial stain (CV) for 1 min., Rinse with water.
2. Flood with Iodine (mordant), Alcohol Acetone (decolorizer), till no more
shall come out. Rinse with water.
3. Flood with Safranin (counter stain) or Bismarck Brown
Staining Characteristics
 Acid-Fast Organism
:
Characterized by wax like nearly IMPERMEABLE cell walls, they
contain MYCOLIC ACID and large amount of FATTY ACIDS WAXES
and COMPLEX LIPIDS. Acid Fast organisms are highly resistant to
disinfectants and dry conditions. Because the cell wall is so resistant to most
compounds, these requires a special staining technique.
Principle: Carbol Fuchsin (Primary Stain) is a LIPID SOLUBLE and
contains Phenol, which helps the stain penetrate the cell wall. This is
farther assisted by addition of HEAT.
The smear is then rinsed with a very strong de colorizer, which strips
the stain from all non acid fast cells but does not permeate the cell wall of
acid-fast organism. The non acid fast cells then take up the counter stain,
Methylene Blue or Brilliant Green .
Examples of Organisms are:
Mycobacterium Species
Staining Characteristics

Acid-Fast Stain: A Differential Stain used to identify acid fast organisms such as members of
the genus MYCOBACTERIUM.
 Principle:
Depends on the relative solubility of substance. The nature of Carbol Fuchsin ;
a. phenol is more soluble in lipid substance than in ACID ALCOHOL
b. fuchsin dye or more soluble in Phenol than in water, as a result, the
fuchsin (pink- red) has a greater affinity with the bacterial cell and so
retain the color of Carbol Fuchsin (pink- red)
.


Reagents:
Carbol Fuchsin
-Initial Stain
Phenol (carbol fuchsin mixture)
-Mordant
Alcohol( 90 -95% w/ HCL 3-5 %
-Decolorizer
Methylen Blue, Brilliant Green
-Counterstain
Procedure:
1. Apply the smear with initial stain(carbol fuchsin) w/in 4-5 mins.
2.Steam heat w/in 4-5 mins(because difficult to stain,to allow stain to
penetrate deeper to bacterial smear because the cell wall is made up of
MYCOLIC ACID,lipids, fatty substances),these leaves with water.
3. Apply decolorizer alcohol 90-95%w/HCl,3 -5%)
4. Apply counterstain (Methylene Blue, Brilliant Green.
Colony Characteristics
Colony:
VISIBLE mass of microorganisms all originating from a
single mother cell, therefore constitute a clone of
bacteria all genetically alike.
Colonial Morphology:
Bacteria growing on a solid surface which present cultural
characteristics.
Description of Colonial Morphology:
1. Shape
-Round Irregular, Filamentous, Curled
2. Edge /Margin-edge view, shape entire
- Filamentous, Undulate, Lobate
3. Elevation
-side view,
- Raised,Flat,Convex,Umbonate,
4. Opacity
- Transpaent,Transluscent, Opaque , Iridiscent
5. Surface
-Smooth, Glistening, Rough, Dull, Wrinkled
6. Consistency - Mucoid, Viscous, Brittle, Dry
Anatomy of Bacterial Cells
Structures Outside the Cell Wall
 Flagella
 Capsule
 Pili/Fimbriae
Structures within cytoplasm
 Cytoplasm/Protoplasm
 Nucleoid
 Ribosomes
 Endospore
 Inclusion Granules
 Cytoplasmic Membrane
Structures outside the cell wall:
Flagella
Definition:
Long, filamentous structures originating from the basal
granules of cell membranes. Appear as waxy filament
under stained preparation and cylindrical helix in living
cells.
Functions/Uses:
(Locomotory )
• Move toward nutrients
• Move away from toxic chemical
• Move toward the light like photosynthetic organo bacteria
Three(3) Major Domains of Bacterial Flagellum consist of:
• Ion driven motor(provide a torque to any direction)
• Hook(universal joint transmit motor torque even if it is curved
• Filament(very long structure)which acts as a propeller
Flagellar Arrangement:
•
•
•
•
Atrichous
Monotrichous
Lipotrichous
Amphitrichous
• Peritrichous
-non- motile, all cocci (Staph, Strep,Diplococcus)
-has single flagellum in oneend, all (Campylobacter and Vibrio Species)
-tuft of flagella in one end,(Spirillum undula spirilluminus)
- tuft on flagella on both ends, or single flagellum in both ends,(P
aeruginosa
- cell surrounded with flagella(P.vulgaris,S.typhosa)
Structures outside the cell wall:
Capsule
 Definition/Description: viscous hollow shaped structure enclosing the pathogenic
bacterial cell. Some species of bacteria have a third protective
covering. Made up of Polysaccharide (complex
carbohydrates).The capsule are chamically diverse but the majprity of them are
Polysaccharide in nature. Some may contain HAc, Pyruvic Acid and /or the
methyl esters or hexoses. Maybe weakly antigenic to strongly antigenic.
 Functions:
• Keep the bacteria from drying out
• Protect it from phagocytosis (engulfing) by larger microorganisms.
• Detemine the virulence factor of organisms
 Major Disease –causing organisms
• Strep .pneumoniae
-capsulated
• E.coli
-non capsulated (avirulent, depends on quantity)
Pathogenic Organisms producing protein capsule
• B.anthracis
-capsule of pure D-glutamic acid
• Y. pestis
- capsules of mixed amino acids
Other Species with capsules
• Klebsiella pneumoniae
• M.t.b
• C.perfringens
• D.pneumoniae
Structures outside the cell wall:
Pili/Fimbriae
 Definition/Description:
• resembles flagella but not for locomotory
purposes, shorter and more numerous.
• thin protein tubes originating from the
cytoplasmic membrane, found in all
gram(-)negative bacteria, but not in many
Gram(+) positive bacteria.
 Functions:
• for attachment specially during
conjugation
Structures within cytoplasm:
 Cytoplasm/Protoplasm:
• where the function of CELL GROWTH, METABOLISM, &
REPLICATION are carried out.
• gel like matrix composed of water, enzymes, wastes, gases and cell
structures such as ribosomes, chromosomes, and plasmids.
• The cell envelope encases the cytoplasm and all its component. Unlike a
Eukaryotic(true cell) bacteria do not have a membrane enclosed nucleus.
• The chromosome ,a single continuous strand of DNA )is localized but
NOT CONTAINED)),in a region of the cell called the Nucleoid. All other
cellular components are scattered throughout the cytoplasm.
 Nucleoid
• localized are of the chromosome,DNA) not enclosed or contained.
• The region of cytoplasm where the chromosomal DNA is located. It is not a membrane
bound nucleus.
• Host bacteria have a single, circular chromosome that is responsible for replication,
although a few species have 2 or more.
• PLASMIDS: smaller circular auxillary DNA strands are also found in the cytoplasm.
 Ribosomes
• Microsopic “FACTORIES” found in all cells, including bacteria.
• Translate the genetic code from the molecular language of Nucleic Acid to that of amino
acids- the building blocks of proteins. PROTEINS are the molecules that perform all the
functions of cells and living organisms.
• Bacterial ribosomes are similar to those of eukaryotes, but SMALLER, and HAVE A
SLIGHT different composition and molecular structures. And are never bound to other
organelles as they sometimes are (bound to E R) in eukaryotes ,but are FREE STANDING
structures distributed throughout the cytoplasm.
• DIFFERENCE:
BACTERIAL RIBOSOME
-some antibiotic inhibits its function,
thus killing the bacteria
EUKARYOTE RIBOSOME
- antibiotic will not inhibit its function
not kill the eukaryotic organism
 Endospore:
•
Is NOT A REPRODUCTIVE structure but rather s RESISTANT DORMANT SURVIVAL form of the
organism. Resistant to:
a. high temperature (including boiling)
b. most disinfectants
c. low energy radiation
d. drying
•
It can survive possibly thousand of years until a variety of environmental stimuli trigger
GERMINATION, allowing outgrowth of a single vegetative bacterium.
e. resistant to antibiotics
•
The impermeability of the SPORE COAT is thought to be responsible for the endospore resistance to
chemicals.
•
The heat resistant endospore is due to variety of factors:
a. CALCIUM DIPICOLINATE
b. SPECIALIALIZED DNA (survive without nutrient)
c. The CORTEX, may osmotically remove water from the interior of the andospore and
the DEHYDRATION that results is thought to be very important in the endospores
resistance to heat and radiation.
d. The DNA repair enzymes contained w/in the endospore are able to repair damaged
DNA during germination.
 Inclusion/Granules
Metachromatic Granules
Ernst Bodies
Store nutrients such as :
a. fat
b. poly meta phosphate
of VOLUTIN serves as
source of food.
c. glycogen deposited in
dense crystals or particles
that can be tapped when
needed.
CYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANE/PLASMA MEMBRANE
COMPOSED OF:



PHOSPHOLIPIDS/PROTEIN MOLECULES
FLUID PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER embedded with protein.
MYCOPLASMA
PROKARYOTIC Membrane
FUNCTIONS:
I.
It is a relatively permeable membrane that DETERMINES what goes in and out of the
organism.
•
•
•
•
•
II.
Water- dissolves gases such as CO2 & O2
Lipid Soluble Molecules, simply diffuse across the phospho lipid
bilayer
H2O soluble ions pass through small pores in the membrane.
All other molecules require CARRIER MOLECULES to transport
them through the ,membranes.
Materials move across the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane by:
A. PASSIVE DIFFUSION
B. ACTIVE DIFFUSION
C. CYTOLYSIS
FUNCTIONS associated with the bacterial cytoplamic membrane & DIVISOME
I.
FUNCTION
A. PASSIVE DIFFUSION
 movement of gas ( N2,O2,CO2) or
 small polar molecules ( ethanol, H2) ,Urea) across a phospholipid
bilayer membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of a
lower concentration.
 Powered by the potential energy of a concentration gradient and does
not require the expenditure of metabolic energy.

OSMOSIS




ISOTONIC
HYPERTONIC
HYPOTONIC
FACILITATED DIFFUSION(through transport proteins)



UNIPORTER transport single specie of substrate molecule
CHANNEL PROTEINS(AQUAPORINS); allow water diffuse through at very fast
rate
WATER CHANNELS
In diffusion, particles
move from an area of
higher concentration to
one of lower
concentration until
equilibrium is reached
In osmosis, a semi
permeable membrane is
present, so only the
solvent molecules are free
to move to equalize
concentration.
In facilitated
diffusion, molecules
diffuse across the plasma
membrane with
assistance from
membrane proteins, such
as channels and carriers.
A concentration gradient
exists for these molecules,
so they have the potential
to diffuse into (or out of)
the cell by moving down it.
B. ACTIVE TRANSPORT
 TRANSPORT PROTEINS

Transport Proteins (Carrier
Proteins)




Anti Porters(membrane protein
transport2 2 molecules at same
time in opposite direction
Symporters(s molecules in same
direction)
Proteins for the ATP-binding
casette(ABC) System(translocate
wide variety of substrates)
Proteins involved in group
TRANSLOCATION
It converts the energy gained from ATP
hydrolysis into trans-bilateral
movement of substrate either into the
cytoplasm (import) or out of the
cytoplasm (export
C. CYTOLYSIS
 Allows substances to move into and out of cells without passing through
the hydrophobic internal portion of the plasma membrane.

Vesicle/phagosome: is a membrane bound sphere formed when plasma membrane
wraps around a substance ,engulfs that substance.

TYPES OF CYTOLYSIS

ENDOCYTOSIS: Cells absorbs material from outside by engulfing it.
• PHAGOCYTOSIS:invaginate around large macromolecules (proteins ,virus) that unable o
diffuse into the cell,”cell eating”
• PINOCYTOSIS uptake of extracellular fluids and small molecules,”cell drinking”
• RECEPTOR MEDIATED;capture a specific target molecule

EXOCYTOSIS: cells directs secretory vesicles out of the cell membrane
• Move materials from within cell into extracellular fluid when vesicle fuses with plasma
membrane
Cytolysis, or osmotic
lysis, occurs when a cell
bursts due to an osmotic
imbalance that has
caused excess water to
diffuse into the cell.
Endocytosis involves cells taking in
substances from outside the cell by
engulfing them from the cell in a
vesicle derived membrane.
Exocytosis is where cells
shift materials, such as
waste products, from inside
the cell to the extracellular
space
II. FUNCTION Associated with the bacterial
cytoplasmic membrane and “DIVISOME”
“DIVISOME”- cell divisome
machinery
 Energy Production
 Contain BASES of bacterial
flagella used in motility
 Waste removal
 Formation of endospore
The divisome is a membrane
protein complex with proteins on
both sides of the cytoplasmic
membrane.
The divisome is a protein
complex in bacteria that is
responsible for cell
division, constriction of
inner and outer
membranes during
division, and
peptidoglycan (PG)
synthesis at the division
site.
 ANTIBIOTICS
 kill bacteria
 Making bacteria difficult to grow ad multiply
 Penicillin,tetracyclinecephalosporin
 DISINFECTANTS
 kills germs on surface of non living objects
 Alcohol, bleach solution,hand sanitizers with 60%alcohol
 ANTISEPTICS
 Applied to reduce possibility of infection,sepsis
 Povidone,iodine, hydrogen peroxide
 Action of ANTIBIOTIC to PEPTIDOGLYCAN

WORK BY INHIBITING NORMAL SYNTHESIS OF
PEPTIDOGLYCAN IN BACTERIA CAUSING THEM TO BURST AS
A RESULT OF osmotic LYSIS.
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Done!
Thank you for
your attention!