Paradigm Colleges of Science and Technology, Inc.
Roxas, Oriental Mindoro
Tel. No. (043) 289-7032
Email Add: pcst.roxas@yahoo.com
Self-Learning Modules in GE Elective Arts and Humanities Course
A. Course Requirements:
a. Worksheets/Examinations
b. Performance Tasks / Big Tasks
c. Final Paper
B. Grading System:
Course work is weighted as follows:
Major Examinations/Worksheets
Recitation/Performance Outcome
40%
60%
100%
C. Classroom / Online Class Policies:
1. Requirements for the subject should be submitted on time, unless there are circumstances that
may delay the submission. Online and offline submissions will be accepted. Courier may also be
used in the submission of requirements.
2. Students who are cheating or plagiarizing materials in the course will not receive credit for the
assignments, projects or tests, which will likely lead to failure in the course.
3. Proper dress code should be observed during online classes.
4. Students are not allowed to do any other activities (eating, sleeping, etc.) that may distract the
teacher and other students during online classes. In case of emergency, kindly notify the teacher
about the situation.
D. Consultation Hours:
Consultations will be scheduled upon meeting the students to determine the availability of online
resources.
COURSE STUDY SCHEDULE
a. Course Orientation
b. MODULE 1 – Introduction and the General View of the Arts
c. MODULE 2 – Methods of Presenting the Arts Subjects
d. MODULE 3 – Visual Arts: Painting
e. MODULE 4 – Visual Arts: Sculpture
f. MODULE 5 – Visual Arts: Architecture
Week 1
Week 2-3
Week 4-5
Week 6-7
Week 8-9
Week 10-11
COURSE GUIDE
Welcome to GE Elective Arts and Humanities course. This course will focus on Great books (selected
masterpieces to be read in their entirety), Philippine Popular Culture (new forms in art, music, and literature
arising from opportunities and demands of mass audiences, markets and mass media, and their social,
economic, and political contexts), Indigenous Creative Crafts (traditional forms of weaving, woodwork and other
crafts, where they are done, how and by whom, and their artistic and social purposes), and Reading Visual Art
(visual art including film as text, techniques of reading and analysis). This section of the module will walk you
through the structure of the course so that you can maximize the experience. It will help you learn diligently and
independently.
1. Read the module. Read it thoroughly. Read it over and over until you understand. Take your time and
don’t worry so much because this course is asynchronous.
2. Manage your time wisely. Be conscious of the study schedule. Be mindful of the deadlines.
3. There are announcements, discussion and activities that will be posted, so check course site, and group
chat or text messages.
4. Before you start doing the tasks, read and be mindful of the assessment tool and the instructions. Always
aim for the highest standard. All your task must be submitted typewritten/handwritten.
5. Do not plagiarize. It is a crime and you will be penalized. Do not copy and paste. Quote your sources.
6. Lastly, if you have problems, questions and feedback, don’t be shy to tell it to your course facilitator. You
can send it through messenger or email: johnmarkmeneque@gmail.com or through text: 09516185373.
I will be available for your queries every Monday to Friday 8:00 AM - 4:00 PM.
MODULES IN ARTS AND HUMANITIES
Mr. John Mark Alicpala Meñeque, LPT
PARADIGM COLLEGES OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC
1
MODULE 1
INTRODUCTION AND GENERAL VIEW OF THE
ARTS
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the unit, the students are expected to:
1. explain the scope and importance of humanities;
2. discuss the basic elements of the arts, and
3. apply the different methods of presenting an art subject.
INTRODUCTION
Scientific explorations have produced amazing discoveries in all fields of learning, and have overwhelmed
many aspects of our lives. But exposure to the arts is imperative because science and technology alone are not
adequate to make man truly educated and humane. As Salvador Gonzales puts in, “Science educates our minds,
hearts and the humanities educate our feelings and sensitiveness so that we may use our minds without
forgetting that we are human beings. The study of humanities has its proper place in the education of men as a
means of humanizing him.”
MODULES IN ARTS AND HUMANITIES
Mr. John Mark Alicpala Meñeque, LPT
PARADIGM COLLEGES OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC
2
The term or word HUMANITIES comes from the Latin word “humanus”, which means human, cultured,
and refined. To be human is to have or show qualities like rationality, kindness, and tenderness. It has different
connotations in different historical eras. Today however, we know of humanities as a loosely defined group of
scientific or technical subjects. Thus, the term humanities refer to the arts – the visual arts such architecture;
painting and sculpture; music; dance; the theater or drama; and the literature. They are the branches of
learning concerned with human thought, feelings and relations. The importance of the human being and his
feelings and how he expresses those feelings have always been the concern of the humanities. The
humanities are the records of man’s experiences, his values, his sentiments, his ideals, and his goals. It is
important in the development of a complete social being, ready to take on his responsibilities in this rapidly
changing world and enjoy life.
Arts are very important in our lives. It constitutes one of the oldest and most important means of
expression developed by man. Wherever men have lived together, art has sprung up among them as a language
charged with feeling and significance. The desire to create this language appears to be universal. As a cultural
force, it is pervasive and potent. It shows itself even in primitive societies.
Art is derived from the Latin word “ars”, meaning ability, or skill. Art embraces the visual arts, literature,
music, and dance – those areas of artistic creativity that seek to communicate beauty primarily through the
senses. It is in the humanities course where appreciation of the arts can be strengthened because the artist
conveys thoughts, beliefs, values, and feelings through the visual arts, literary arts, dance, and music.
Art concerns itself with the communication of certain ideas and feelings by means of medium like, color,
sound, bronze, marble, words and the like. These medium is fashioned into a symbolic language marked by
beauty of design and coherence of form. It appeals to our mind, arouses our emotions, kindles our imagination,
and enchants our senses.
According to Doris Van de Bogart, a work of art is a record of a particular artist view. It shows something
that he has seen, felt and thought of, and recorded it as an arrangement of designs, colors, lines and tones or
words which satisfy his aesthetic purpose. It is the product of the artists unique personality influenced consciously
or unconsciously by factors such as his environment, traditions, national traits, religious beliefs, economic
conditions, his ideals or even the climate and geography. Art is said to be as old as man. Man’s desire to produce
and invent something that will fit himself to his environment makes possible the existence of art. As long as man
lives, he continues creating more and better arts. Anywhere he goes, art goes with him, because he must create
art to survive and live in contentment. Art, therefore, is man-made, must benefit and satisfy man and must be
expressed through certain medium or material.
THE SCOPE OF HUMANITIES
The humanities is a many-faceted subject, it consists of the visual arts, literature, drama and theater,
music, and dance.
MODULES IN ARTS AND HUMANITIES
Mr. John Mark Alicpala Meñeque, LPT
PARADIGM COLLEGES OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC
3
THE WORK OF THE CREATIVE ARTIST
The process of creativity is threefold, the artist as the prime mover, communicating his ideas through the
performer, as his interpreter to the audience.
THE PROCESS OF CREATION
1. The artist must have an idea.
2. The artist must have a material to work on.
3. The artist must give form to his idea.
THE VISUAL ARTS
The Visual Arts are those perceived with our eyes. They may be classified into two groups: graphic arts
– flat, or two dimensional surface and the plastic arts – three dimensional.
THE GRAPHIC ARTS
1. Painting – the process of applying pigment to a surface to secure effects involving forms and colors.
2. Drawing – the art of representing something by lines made on a surface or the process of portraying an
object, scene, or forms of decorative or symbolic meaning through lines, shading, and textures in one or
more colors.
3. Graphic Processes – are processes for making multi-reproduction of graphic works.
4. Commercial Art – this includes designing of books, advertisements, signs, posters, and other displays
to promote sale or acceptance of product, service, or idea.
5. Mechanical Processes – these are developed by commercial printers for rapid, large-quantity
reproduction of words and pictures in one or more colors.
6. Photography – this is a chemical-mechanical process by which images are produced on sensitized
surfaces by action of light.
THE PLASTIC ARTS
a. Architecture – the art of designing and constructing buildings and other types of structures.
b. Landscape Architecture – is planning outdoor areas for human use and enjoyment, especially gardens,
parks, playgrounds, and golf courses.
c. City Planning – refers to planning and arranging the physical aspects of a large or small community.
d. Interior Design – the term is used to designate design and arrangement of architectural interiors for
convenience and beauty.
e. Sculpture – refers to design and construction of three dimensional forms representing natural objects or
imaginary shapes.
f. Crafts – this term refers to the designing and making of objects by hand for use or for pleasure.
g. Industrial Design – refers to design of objects for machine production.
h. Dress and Costume Design – covers the design of wearing apparel of all types.
i. Theater Design – the design of settings for dramatic productions.
ELEMENTS OF THE VISUAL ARTS
ROMAN PAINTING OF THESEUS
After killing the Minotaur, the legendary Greek hero Theseus freed the youths destined to be sacrificed
to the monster. The nude figure of Theseus appears in a fresco from the house of Gavius Rufus in Pompeii, Italy,
dating from around 70 AD. The painting is now preserved in the National Archaeological Museum in Naples,
Italy.
MODULES IN ARTS AND HUMANITIES
Mr. John Mark Alicpala Meñeque, LPT
PARADIGM COLLEGES OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC
4
Line – represents figures and forms. It gives us the idea of what the work is about. Horizontal lines
when they express ideas and calmness and quiescence. These are lines of repose and serenity. Vertical lines
are lines poised for action. They are poised, balanced, forceful and dynamic. Diagonal lines suggest action and
movement. They give animation to any composition in which they appear. Curved lines suggest grace,
movement, flexibility, and joyousness.
Lines may also be classified into three groups:
1. Repetition – two or more lines are drawn within a corner following the lines of the corner.
2. Contrasting lines – lines that are in opposition to each other form a contrast.
3. Transitional lines – when a curved line cuts across a corner from an opposition line to another. This line
modifies the sharpness of vertical and horizontal lines giving a harmonizing effect.
Color – is the quality of an object or substance with respect to light reflected by it, and usually determined
visually by measurement of hue, and value, and intensity or brightness of the reflected light. Therefore, color is
a property of light, when light goes out, color goes with it.
PROPERTIES OF COLOR
1. HUE – the identity or name of the color, such as red, yellow or blue. Example: When we say the flower
is yellow, we are naming its hue. Hues can be warm or cool. A hue is warm when red or yellow is
dominant. Cool colors suggest calmness, restfulness and depression, like blue, blue-green, green-violet
and blue-violet. They suggest distance.
2. VALUE – the term for describing the relative lightness or darkness of a color. White represents the
highest value, black has the lowest. When you look an object, you will observe the play of values on its
surface. The part exposed to more light is light, and that which less exposed appears dark.
3. INTENSITY – (Chroma) simply means the brightness or dullness of a color. It gives color strength. Two
colors may be both blue but one is more intense than the other.
CLASSIFICATION OF COLORS
1. PRIMARY – blue, red and yellow – they are known as primary hues, because of other colors are produced
by combing any of the two colors.
2. SECONDARY – orange, green and violet – by mixing equal parts of the primary hues.
3. INTERMEDIATE – yellow-orange, red-orange, red-violet, blue-violet, blue-green and yellow-green – by
mixing equal amounts of primary and secondary colors.
4. TERTIARY – orange-yellow, violet-green and orange green – by combing equal mixture of any two
secondary colors.
COLOR HARMONIES
1. RELATED COLOR HARMONIES – these may either be monochromatic or adjacent. Like tones from the
orange family – is an example of monochromatic. While adjacent or neighboring harmony are two or
three neighboring hues, on the color circle are used together. Example: green, yellow and orange can
produce a delightful harmony. They have something in common because there is yellow in green and in
orange.
2. CONTRASTED COLOR HARMONIES – colors which lie directly opposite each other in the color circle
are called complimentary colors. Red and green, orange and blue, violet and yellow. They contrast with
each other strongly, however when they are properly harmonized, they have beautiful effects.
PSYCHOLOGY OF COLORS (PSYCHOLOGICAL AND EMOTIONAL CONNOTATIONS OF COLORS)
1. Black – means death, gloom and mourning.
2. White – means purity and innocence.
3. Blue – means heaven, sky, deep, calmness and peace, vastness and infinity.
4. Red – means blood, courage and fortitude, danger, bravery, war, passion.
5. Orange – helps person to be assertive deliciousness and sweetness.
6. Green – the color of nature, promotes well-being. It implies happy and restful association and natural
abundance.
7. Gray – weight, solidity and neutrality.
8. Pink – love
MODULES IN ARTS AND HUMANITIES
Mr. John Mark Alicpala Meñeque, LPT
PARADIGM COLLEGES OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC
5
9. Violet – suggests shadows, mourning, penance, royalty and power.
10. Yellow – color of light, symbolizes life, joy, sunshine, cheerfulness, warmth, splendor and hospitality.
11. Yellow-green – jealousy and hatred.
12. Brown – humility and confidence.
TEXTURE – has to do with the characteristic of surfaces which can be rough or smooth, fine or coarse,
shiny or dull, plain or irregular. Texture is found in all the visual arts. The aesthetic value of texture lies first of
all, in the fact that it makes gradation of color possible. Texture gives a surface unevenness which causes the
color of the surface to be broken into gradation of light and shade, giving it a charm of its own.
BOTTICELLI’S LA PRIMAVERA
Italian Renaissance artist Sandro Botticelli painted La Primavera (Spring) about 1478 for the Medici
family. It now hangs in the Uffizi Gallery in Florence, Italy. The painting’s visual appeal lies in a sensual interplay
of shape, color, and rhythm, but interpretations of its meaning derive from Neoplatonic philosophy and
Renaissance symbolism.
PERSPECTIVE – deals with the effect of distance upon the appearance of objects. It enables us to
perceive distance and to see the position of objects in space.
Kinds of Perspective:
1. Linear Perspective – is the representation of an appearance of distance by means of converging lines.
Objects become smaller as they recede to the distance.
2. Aerial Perspective – is the representation of relative distances of objects by gradation of tone and color.
Objects become fainter in the distance due to the effect to the atmosphere.
LEONARDO’S THE LAST SUPPER
Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci’s The Last Supper (about 1495-1497) decorates the walls at the
monastery of the church of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan, Italy. The figure of Christ forms the calm center of
the painting, while the disciples seated to his right and left respond in agitation to his announcement that “One
of you shall betray me.” The fourth line figure from the left end is Judas, who betrays Christ and is shown pulling
from him in the painting.
MODULES IN ARTS AND HUMANITIES
Mr. John Mark Alicpala Meñeque, LPT
PARADIGM COLLEGES OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC
6
SPACE – is an art element which is concern with making all parts functional so that parts of the work of
art will contribute to make the whole a complete work.
THE STARRY NIGHT
The Starry Night (1889), one of the Dutch painter Vincent van Gogh’s best-known paintings, illustrates
the artist’s vivid, expressive style. Thick, swirling brushstrokes and contrasting colors charge the work with
emotional intensity. Van Gogh transformed the setting of a quiet village at night into a dazzling portrait of the
inherent power of the natural world.
FORM – applies to the over-all design of the work of art.
CHRIST ON THE CROSS
Christ on the Cross was painted by the 17 th-century Flemish artist Peter Paul Rubens in 1620, at the
height of his career. The sense of movement, swirling line, and dramatic light are characteristic of Ruben’s
distinctive style. This painting is now part of the collection of the Koninklijk Museum voor Schone Kunsten,
Antwerp, Belgium.
VOLUME – refers to the amount of space occupied in three dimensions. It therefore refers to solidity or
thickness. We perceive volume in two ways: by contour lines or outlines, or shapes of objects and by surface
lights and shadows.
(Cut this line then attach it in your extra sheet of paper)
ACTIVITY #1.1
Directions: Identify the following what is being asked. Write the word or group of words being referred.
1. In the Last Supper painted by Leonardo da Vinci, what does the figure of Christ form?
________________________________
2. What is this word that enables us to perceive distance and see the position of objects in space?
________________________________
3. One of the properties of color that is also known as the identity or name of the color.
________________________________
4. What type of line expresses ideas, calmness and quiescence?
________________________________
5. In this classification of color, colors are produced by combing any of the two colors.
________________________________
6. Which color represents the highest value?
________________________________
MODULES IN ARTS AND HUMANITIES
Mr. John Mark Alicpala Meñeque, LPT
PARADIGM COLLEGES OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC
7
7. What term is used to designate design and arrangement of architectural interiors for convenience
and beauty?
________________________________
8. Which color represents the lowest value?
________________________________
9. What kind of perspective is the representation of an appearance of distance by means of
converging lines?
________________________________
10. What refers to the records of man’s experiences, his values, his sentiments, his ideals, and his
goals?
ACTIVITY #1.2
Directions: Follow the instructions below to do the basic perspective principle. Then, answer the following
questions. (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ePv-9mVnTVk) Be guided by this link.
Materials: H Pencil, T-square, ruler, 18X24 paper, tracing paper, 45-degree triangle
Instructions: Begin with a horizontal line drawn somewhere near the center of the sheet. Locate the vanishing
point for squares in point perspective. Draw squares that are horizontal and vertical use intuitive perspective to
"feel out" the first square. Fine the VP for the 45-degree diagonal and use it to draw four more squares notice
when the square sop looking right. When they are outside the cone of vision, turn the squares into cubes.
Complete the same steps for squares and cubes in 2-point perspective. Draw a 1-point grid. Draw the plane of
elevation of the perspective set-up. Start with a one-point square and multiply it to create a grid. Draw the plan
and side views of your perspective set-up change the distance and height of the station point. What happens?
Draw a one-point room grid according to specification
Guide Questions:
1. How many sides does a cube have?
2. How many sides of a cube can we see at one time?
3. When using the system of linear perspective sides that are parallel to each other but are not parallel to
the picture plane will always do what changes when you move the station point closer to the picture
plane?
4. What type of triangle defines the diagonal through a square?
5. In one-point perspective the planes that are parallel to the Picture Plane retain their true geometry. What
does this mean?
6. Planes that are angled away from the Picture Planes will be foreshortened. What does this mean?
7. The foreshortening of plane will be less the more horizontal it is to the picture plane. Does this mean that
you will see more or less of that plane?
8. Why is it important to be able to visualize a cube?
MODULES IN ARTS AND HUMANITIES
Mr. John Mark Alicpala Meñeque, LPT
PARADIGM COLLEGES OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC
8
MODULE 2
METHODS OF PRESENTING THE ARTS
SUBJECTS
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the unit, the students are expected to:
1. compare and contrast the methods of presenting the arts subjects;
2. identify the subject of art portrayed in the painting, and
3. apply the different methods of presenting an art subject.
INTRODUCTION
The subject of art is the matter to be described or to be portrayed by the artist. This may refer to any
person, object, scene or event.
TWO KINDS OF ART AS TO SUBJECT:
1. Representational Art or Objective Art – they are those arts which depict (represent) objects that are
commonly recognized by most people. They attempt to copy, even if in a subjective manner, something
that’s real. It uses “form” and is concerned with “what” is to be depicted in the artwork.
Examples:
A. Still life is a work of art depicting mostly inanimate subject matter, typically commonplace objects
which may be either natural (food, flowers, plants, rocks, or shells) or man-made (drinking glasses,
books, vases, jewelry, coins, pipes, and so on) in an artificial setting.
B. Portraiture (portrait) is a painting, photograph, sculpture, or other artistic representation of a person,
in which the face and its expression is predominant.
C. Landscapes, Seascapes, Cityscapes
2. No-representation Art or Non-objective Art – they are those arts without any reference to anything
outside itself (without representation). It is non-objective because it has no recognizable objects. It is
abstract in the sense that it doesn’t represent real objects in our world. It uses “content” and is concerned
with “how” the artwork is depicted.
A. REALISM –subjects are depicted in the way they would normally appear in reality. We can say that an
art work is realistic when the presentation and organization of details in the work seem so natural. Realism
is a common way of presenting the art subjects. It often refers to the artistic movement, which began in
France in the 1850s. The popularity of realism grew with the introduction of photography – a new visual
source that created a desire for people to produce things that look “objective real”. Undistorted by
personal bias, realism believed in the ideology of objective reality and revolted against exaggerated
emotionalism. Simply speaking, it is a method of portraying an art subject according to the objective
reality. It depicts what the eyes can see, what the ear can hear, what the sense faculty may receive.
Example was the painting of Zeuxis, 5 th century painter. The subject of his painting was a grape. When
he unveiled his painting of grapes, they appeared so real, luscious and inviting that the birds flew down
from the sky to peck at them.
LEONARDO DA VINCI
Leonardo da Vinci was known not only as a masterful painter but as an architect, sculptor, engineer, and
scientist. His pursuit of knowledge was relentless and his discoveries left lasting changes in the fields of art and
science. With his sophisticated skills and love for learning, Leonardo was the quintessential Renaissance man.
He painted The Last Supper between 1495 and 1497.
MODULES IN ARTS AND HUMANITIES
Mr. John Mark Alicpala Meñeque, LPT
PARADIGM COLLEGES OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC
9
STATUE OF LINCOLN
American sculptor Daniel French created this statue of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln for the Lincoln
Memorial, which was dedicated in 1922 in Washington, D.C. The white marble statue is 5.8 m (19 ft.) tall and
forms the focal point of the memorial’s central chamber.
B. ABSTRACTION – subjects are reorganized according to the artist creative expression. Abstract means
“to move away or separate”. Abstract art moves away from showing things as they really are. It is totally
the opposite of realism. In abstract art, the artist does not show the subject at all as an objectively reality,
but only his idea, or his feeling about it (exaggerated emotionalism). It is all about what the artists feel
and what mood they might want to portray. Abstract art is all shapes, no real-life images, scenery, or
objects.
Example is the painting of Constantin Brancusi’s “Bird in Space.” He was so impresses by the grace of
a bird in flight, by the sweep of its body as it flew through the air. His sculptural work does not look like a bird for
it is supposed to convey an impression of a bird’s grace and speed.
WAYS OF PRESENTATION IN ABSTRACTION:
1. Distortion. Subject is in misshapen condition, or the regular shape is twisted out. It is a form of
emphasizing detail to the point that something is no longer correctly depicted. Example is Pablo Picasso’s
The Old Guitarist. See how the left should is hitched up so high and the other shoulder barely exists;
how spidery his hands are; and how his head is twisted around unnaturally. Another is Henry Moore’s
“Distortion” sculptural works and the ancient Egyptian paintings and sculptural works are good examples
of this kind.
2. Elongation. Subject is being lengthened, protraction or an extension.
MODULES IN ARTS AND HUMANITIES
Mr. John Mark Alicpala Meñeque, LPT
PARADIGM COLLEGES OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC
10
El Greco “Christ Crucified,” a sculpture by Giambologna from around 1588, an elegant but somewhat
formulaic work in which the elongated body of Christ seems to float almost birdlike off the cross, is an example
of this.
3. Mangling. Subjects or objects are cut, lacerated, mutilated or hacked with repeated blows. This may not
be a commonly used way of presenting an abstract subject, but there are few artists who show subject
or objects which are torn or disfigured.
4. Cubism. Forms are in basic geometrical shapes. Like cone, cylinder, or sphere. It began in the early
1900s when artists such as Georges Braque (French) and Pablo Picasso (Spanish) began painting in
such a way that was far removed from traditional art styles. The Cubists tried to create a new way of
seeing things in art. Many of their subjects, be they people or landscapes, were represented as
combinations of basic geometric shapes – sometimes showing multiple viewpoints of a particular image.
Cubist pictures are therefore often described as looking like pieces of fractured glass.
Violin and Candlestick by Braque
Three Musicians by Picasso
5. Abstract Expressionism. It is characterized by the use of large canvasses, and a deliberate lack of
refinement in the application of the paint. Strong color, uneven brush strokes and rough textures. It is a
modern art movement that flowered in America after the Second World War and held sway until the dawn
of Pop Art in the 1960’s. With this movement New York replaced Paris as the center of the art world. In
a painting, the artists applied paint rapidly, and with force to their huge canvasses in an effort to show
feelings and emotions, painting gesturally, non-geometrically, sometimes applying paint with large
brushes, sometimes dripping or even throwing it into the canvas. Abstract Expressionism was influence
by the Existentialist philosophy, which emphasized the importance of the act of creating, not of the
finished object. What matters for the artist are the qualities of the paint itself and the act of painting itself.
Jackson Pollock “Convergence”
MODULES IN ARTS AND HUMANITIES
Jackson Pollock “Autumn Rhythm”
Mr. John Mark Alicpala Meñeque, LPT
PARADIGM COLLEGES OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC
11
NUDE DESCENDING A STAIRCASE, NO.2
Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2 (1912), by French artist Marcel Duchamp, is a synthesis of two
modern-art styles: cubism and futurism. In creating this painting, Duchamp may have been influenced by
Eadweard Muybridge's experiments with movement. When it was shown in the famous 1913 Armory Show in
New York, the painting created a sensation because it was considered too radical.
PICASSO’S THE THREE MUSICIANS
Spanish painter Pablo Picasso used figures from the circus and the theater in a number of his works.
The Three Musicians (1921) features two characters from Italian commedia dell`arte theater – Harlequin in the
diamond-patterned costume and Pierrot in white. Some experts believe that Harlequin represents Picasso
himself.
C. SYMBOLISM – is a visible sign of something invisible such as an idea or a quality. It can be simply an
emblem or sign. It systematically uses symbols to concentrate or intensify meaning, making the work of
art more subjective (rather than objective) and conventional. For example, a flag is a symbol of a country
and it depicts the value of nationalism; a lion to represent courage and a lamb to represent meekness.
The logos and emblems of business firms and the coat of arms of bishops are also examples of
symbolism. Lucerne’s Lion Monument, a famous masterpiece of the early 19 th century, is dedicated to
the memory of the heroic fight and final defeat of the Swiss Guards in Paris in 1792. In the Philippines,
we have the “Spolarium” of Juan Luna. The painting shows fallen gladiators being dragged to an unseen
pile of corpses in a chamber beneath the Roman arena. It expresses his anger over the abuses and
MODULES IN ARTS AND HUMANITIES
Mr. John Mark Alicpala Meñeque, LPT
PARADIGM COLLEGES OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC
12
cruelties of the colonial rule of the Spanish authorities over the people of his native country. The sculpture
in the EDSA Shrine depicts the brave-ness and courage of the Filipinos against the tyrant dictator,
Ferdinand Marcos.
Lucerne’s Lion Monument
Juan Luna “Spolarium”
VALENTINE’S DAY CARD
On Valentine’s Day, people often give loved ones flowers, candy, gifts, or cards. This Valentine’s Day
card is from 1909.
D. FAUVISM – Fauves tried to paint pictures of comfort, joy and pleasure. Artists used extremely bright
colors. For example, a tree trunk need not to be brown. It could be bright red, purple or any other color.
It is derived from the French “les fauves,” which means “the wild beasts.” It is an artistic movement of the
last part of the 19th century which emphasized spontaneity and use of extremely bright colors.
Henri Matisse, French artist, was known for his use of color and his fluid, brilliant and original
draughtsmanship. As a draughtsman, printmaker, and sculptor, but principally as a painter, Matisse is one of the
best-known artists of the 20th century. He was initially labeled as a Fauve (wild beast).
MODULES IN ARTS AND HUMANITIES
Mr. John Mark Alicpala Meñeque, LPT
PARADIGM COLLEGES OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC
13
PAINTING: RED ROOM (HARMONY IN RED)
Painting achieves it effect largely through color, line, shape, and composition. In his delightful Red Room
(Harmony in Red) (1908-1909), French painter Henri Matisse emphasizes bright, primary colors – red, yellow,
and blue – and the curving lines of trees, wallpaper and fabric patterns, household objects, and the human
figures to produce a joyful and fanciful interior scene.
E. DADAISM – The name “dada” is a French word meaning “hobby horse”. It is playful and highly
experimental, nonsensical. A hobby-horse is a child’s toy consisting of a wooden horse mounted on a
stick. With this etymology, we could say that Dadaism is a system of art which is per se “non-sensical.”
Some would say it is not an art because it strives to have no meaning at all. It started as a Post World
War cultural movement against the barbarism of the war. It is a reaction to what they believed were
outworn traditions in art, and the evils they saw in society. It tried to shock and provoke the public with
outrageous pieces of writing, poetry recitals and art exhibitions.
Marcel Duchamp’s “The Large Glass”
Marcel Duchamp’s “Fake Urinal Turned into Fountain”
ERNST’S CELEBES
German-born artist Max Ernst liked to create seemingly nonsensical art, often by representing human
qualities in machinery. Having begun his artistic career during the transition between the Dadaist and surrealist
movements, his art was influence by both of these styles. His painting Celebes (1921), Tate Gallery, London,
MODULES IN ARTS AND HUMANITIES
Mr. John Mark Alicpala Meñeque, LPT
PARADIGM COLLEGES OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC
14
England), in which an irrational scene is imbued with fantastic, dreamlike qualities, incorporates elements of both
dadaism and surrealism.
F. FUTURISM – Futurist artists wanted their works to capture the speed and force of modern industrial
society. Subjects included automobiles, motorcycles and railroad trains. The subject of this method
expresses the explosive vitality of a modern city. It came into being with the appearance of a manifesto
published by the poet Filippo Tommaso Marinetti on the front page of the February 20, 1909, issue of Le
Figaro. It was the very first manifesto of this kind.
Marinetti summed up the major principles of the Futurists. He and others espoused a love of speed,
technology and violence. Futurism was presented as a modernist movement celebrating the
technological, future era. The car, the plane, the industrial town were representing the motion in modern
life and the technological triumph of man over nature.
Donald Davis “Shaped Space Colony”
Klaus Burgle “Retro Futurisms”
FUTURIST SCULPTURE
In his 1913 bronze statue Unique Forms of Continuity in Space Italian futurist Umberto Boccioni tried to
show how a human body interacted with its environment as it moved. This sculpture is in the Tate Gallery in
London, England.
G. SURREALISM – Artists show what is inside man’s mind as well as the appearance of his outside world.
Surrealists declare that a magical world – more beautiful than the real one – can be created in art and
literature. It is an offshoot or a child of dada. It is also known as “super realism,” which revolves on the
method of making ordinary things look extraordinary. It focuses on real things found in the imagination or
fantasy or it has realistic subjects that are found in the unconscious mind; depicting dreamlike images of
the inner mind.
TWO TYPES OF SURREALISM
1. Veristic Surrealism – it allowed the images of the subconscious to be undisturbed so that the meaning
could be understood through analysis. They follow images of the subconscious could understand the
meaning. Examples: Rene Magritte would show a nighttime sky, they a daytime foreground, or
Salvador Dali would melt clocks to show how unreal how time and space were; slice of a cheese with
a face on it.
2. Automatism or Abstract Surrealism – images of the subconscious should not be burdened by
meaning, so they are represented in an abstract form. It is focused more on feelings and less analytical.
Proponents: Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud.
MODULES IN ARTS AND HUMANITIES
Mr. John Mark Alicpala Meñeque, LPT
PARADIGM COLLEGES OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC
15
Salvador Dali
Andre Breton
PRIMEVAL LANDSCAPE
American painter William Baziotes created Primeval Landscape in 1953. The simple shapes and flat
colors reveal the influence of French painter Henri Matisse, while the fanciful biomorphic shapes like Baziotes
with the surrealism movement.
SURREALISTIC TECHNIQUES:
1. Scale – changing an object’s scale, or relative size. Example: ordinary small size of glass to a big
extraordinary size.
2. Levitation – floating objects that don’t normally float. Example: Stone Floating
3. Juxtaposition – joining two images together in impossible combinations. Example: Car running
and on top of it is a horse running with a man riding.
4. Dislocation – taking an object form its usual environment and placing it in an unfamiliar one.
Example: a face wrapped by a piece of cloth; and electric burner inside the car.
5. Transparency – making objects transparent that are not transparent.
6. Transformation – changing objects in unusual way.
H. EXPRESSIONISM – it could be described as morbid, violent or chaotic and tragic. It sometimes portrays
defeat. Exponents of expressionism believed in the necessity of a spiritual rebirth for man in an age that
was fast becoming influenced by materialism.
HOFMANN’S RISING MOON
German American artist Hans Hofmann was a major figure in the development of abstract expressionism,
a movement that dominated American painting during the 1950s. Hofmann used high-intensity pigments, often
applying the paint thickly and vigorously as in Rising Moon (1964, private collection), shown here. He was also
a noted teacher who influenced many artists in Europe and the United States.
I.
IMPRESSIONISM – it is also sometimes referred to as optical realism due to its interest in the actual
viewing experience, including such things as the effect of color, light and movement on the appearance
of the objects depicted in the artworks. Impressionism focused on directly describing the visual
sensations derived from nature. Devotees of Impressionism were not concerned with the actual depiction
of the objects they painted. Instead they were concerned with the visual impressionisms aroused by those
objects.
MODULES IN ARTS AND HUMANITIES
Mr. John Mark Alicpala Meñeque, LPT
PARADIGM COLLEGES OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC
16
The Impressionists created one of the most important artistic movements of the nineteenth century and
it got its start in France. The theme of the Impressionism movement teaches, “the human eye is a
marvelous instrument”. The worldwide impact of Impressionism was large and lasting.
Claude Monet is widely recognized as the father of the Impressionist movement, and his work
Impression: Sunrise is widely recognized as the first work of this new movement. Fascination with color,
light and movement formed the core of the Impressionism movement.
(Cut this line then attach it in your extra sheet of paper)
ACTIVITY #2.1
Directions: Identify the following what is being asked. Write the word or group of words being referred.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
He was the quintessential Renaissance man who painted The Last Supper.
In this method, the subject is expressing the explosive vitality of a modern city.
The meaning of a French word “dada”.
In this method, the subjects are depicted in the way they would normally appear in reality.
In this method, artists used extremely bright colors.
This work features two characters from Italian commedia dell`arte theater – Harlequin in the
diamond-patterned costume and Pierrot in white.
7. This method is a visible sign of something invisible such as an idea or a quality.
8. The artists, in this method, show what is inside man’s mind as well as the appearance of his
outside world.
9. In this method, the subjects are reorganized according to the artist creative expression and the
art moves away from showing things as they really are.
10. He created the statue of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln for the Lincoln Memorial.
ACTIVITY #2.2
Directions: Answer the following questions very briefly.
1. How does realism differ from abstraction?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
2. How do futurist artists portray a painting or work of art?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
3. Why is Dadaism not an art as it strives to have no meaning at all? Justify your answer.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
ACTIVITY #2.3
Directions: Do the following tasks.
1. Get a copy of the logo or emblem of your school, PCST, and your town. Explain the symbolisms depicted
in them. Computerized or handwritten – short bond paper.
2. Make a half bond paper size “Valentine’s Day Card” with a painting in the front page. In depicting your
painting, you can use any medium or material and choose any of the methods in presenting the subject
of art. The method you’re going to employ must be reflective of the character or personality of the recipient
of your card. Use linen cartolina. Cut into short bond paper size, and fold it. Write Valentine message at
the inner portion of the card.
MODULES IN ARTS AND HUMANITIES
Mr. John Mark Alicpala Meñeque, LPT
PARADIGM COLLEGES OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC
17
MODULE 3
VISUAL ARTS
PAINTING
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the unit, the students are expected to:
1. understand and be able to apply the organization of visual arts in everyday life;
2. define and explain what is painting, sculpture, and architecture;
3. understand the different medium of painting, sculpture and architecture;
4. demonstrate the different methods of presenting the art of painting, and the processes of
sculpture;
5. analyze and give examples of principles of construction in architecture, and
6. be familiar with known Filipino painters, sculptors and architects.
INTRODUCTION
One of the general classifications of arts is the visual arts. These include the art of painting, sculpture,
and architecture. In understanding these grouping of arts, we use our eyes in appreciation; we use our feelings
to be able to understand. Man could draw long before he could write. We have no record of how many spoke
20,000 years ago, but we do know how they used drawing to communicate certain ideas. What these drawings
were can only be conjectured, as we try to interpret them with 20 th century mind. Generally, painting, sculpture,
and architecture are seen as luxurious venture. Something to be indulged in only one’s leisure and money. But
this may not entirely be true. Just as we invest time and money in any way of in anything that we like, the same
goes with the visual arts. We invest time and money in learning and acquiring the craft. Also, art appreciation
takes a process but the moment you are these, participation in it is enchanting. What’s more? We are all potential
artists. It is just a matter of exploring and developing our own potentials in any line of interest we are into.
ORGANIZATION OF THE VISUAL ARTS
1. Harmony – is achieved by establishing a pleasing relationship between the various elements of the arts.
In other words there must be unity among the elements, an appearance of belongingness.
2. Balance – is arrangement of the elements of visual arts. If equilibrium exists between them then there’s
balance.
Kinds:
a. Formal Balance or symmetrical balance. It is making both sides exactly alike.
b. Informal or asymmetrical balance or occult balance. It is achieved when objects of unequal
weights or unequal attractions are placed at the correct distance from the center. It is an active
balance. It suggests spontaneity and movement.
3. Proportion – is determined by a comparison of the sizes of different parts of an object or of an
arrangement.
4. Rhythm – is achieved by the regular or harmonious recurrence of lines, forms, and colors. Rhythm helps
to create harmony.
5. Emphasis – is achieved when some parts of the artwork catch our attention and interest while other
parts are not noticed at all.
GALLA PLACIDIA INTERIOR
The richly decorated interior of the 5th-century Galla Placidia mausoleum in Ravena, Italy, contrasts with
the plain brick exterior. This contrast is typical of Early Christian architecture. The mosaic from the entrance wall
featured Jesus Christ as the good shepherd.
MODULES IN ARTS AND HUMANITIES
Mr. John Mark Alicpala Meñeque, LPT
PARADIGM COLLEGES OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC
18
PAINTING
Art, in the sense of painting is addressed in the field of aesthetics and functional values. In traditional
aesthetics, it is frequently assumed that works of art are useful as well as beautiful. Art is an expression of man’s
creativity, emotions, inventions, skills and ideals. This is especially so in the applied arts, in such
accomplishments as executive of painting in caves, pottery and porcelain; of mosaic and metalworks; barks of
trees, among others.
Among the three visual arts, painting is the most widely practiced and appreciated. We may not notice it
but our life is surrounded with paintings. In fact, art s involved in most of the objects seen and used every day
like those advertisements that truly captivate our senses, or indifferent wall decorations that suit our fancy. Art
has really become a part of our life and personality – not be sat apart from occasional enjoyment, but rather to
be sought and enjoyed in everything we do and in everything we select.
Too often it is thought that an artist is synonymous with a painter, the art as the painting itself. We have
come to accept this notion in the aspect of art expression, creative participation and appreciation because
painting has more to do with aesthetic values.
DEFINITION OF PAINTING
Painting is the art of applying color, or other organic or synthetic substances, to various surfaces like a
canvass, paper, wood or plaster to create a representational, imaginative, or abstract picture or design. It is also
the process of applying pigments to a surface to secure effects involving forms and colors.
FUNCTIONS OF PAINTING
1. To satisfy one’s creative and aesthetic desires.
2. To decorate interior of buildings.
3. To commemorate important events, heroes and loved ones.
4. To glorify God and saints.
5. To advertise or popularized art products, movie pictures, among others.
PAINTING TOOLS
a. Easel – to hold the painting.
b. Palette – on which to hold and mix paint.
c. Spatula or palette knife – used for mixing colors, applying and scraping colors.
d. Brushes, sponges, rags, finger or spraying equipment.
PAINTING MEDIA
1. Oil Painting – was invented by Jan van Eyck (15c.) This refers to the art of applying oil-based colors to
a surface to create a picture or other design.
Advantages:
a. Easy to match, blend or grade and corrections are easy to make.
b. Painter could use liner brushstrokes, but may apply giant glazes, washes, blobs, trickles, and
spray or impasto-pigment thickly applied.
c. The painter can freely change and improvise.
Disadvantages:
a. It is not possible to paint a less oily pigment over an oily one. All paint should be of the same
oiliness throughout.
b. Oil paint dries slowly and has a tendency to rise to the surface and form a film over the picture
making it appear dull.
c. It has a tendency to become yellow and crack so that preservation usually becomes a problem.
2. Watercolor – was invented by German master Albrecht Durer (15c. It is a type of painting with pigments
dissolved in water. The distinguishing characteristic of watercolor painting is its translucency.
3. Fresco – is an Italian word which means “fresh”. It is a method or art of painting with watercolors on
plaster, while the plaster is still wet, or fresh. Frescoes were used to decorate walls of catacombs, or
underground burial chambers. The colors of a fresco are usually thin, translucent and light often with
chalky look. The painting must be done quickly and the artist must know precisely how much water color
the plaster will absorb.
Disadvantages:
a. There is difficulty in blending colors and dries so quickly that is impossible to fuse the strokes or
alter them.
b. It is impossible to move.
c. The painting is subject to disaster that may happen to the wall of which it has become a part.
MODULES IN ARTS AND HUMANITIES
Mr. John Mark Alicpala Meñeque, LPT
PARADIGM COLLEGES OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC
19
4. Tempera – is a method of painting on a wooden panel with color dissolved in water and tempered or
mixed into a paste, with egg, gum or glycerin solution.
5. Encaustic – is a form of medium that combines dry pigments with heat-softened wax. The purpose is to
fuse the pigment to the surface, thus, producing a highly durable finish.
6. Mural painting – the Latin term of mural is murus, meaning wall. It refers to the decoration of walls or
ceilings. It is often used to decorate the inner walls of public buildings, particularly churches and tends to
portray religious, historic or patriotic themes significant to a public audience.
7. Portraiture – portraiture is a form of representational art focusing on particular individual subjects. The
main focus has been the visual representation of individual people. It can be done in any medium, oil,
pastel, painted ivory, wax, or wood panel. Portraits can include only the head, or they can depict the
shoulders and head, the upper torso, or an entire figure shown either seated or standing.
8. Crayon / Chalk – is a mixture of chalk and a binding medium, such as was or oil, used for drawing on
paper. In modern times, Leonardo da Vinci was one of the first masters to use black and red crayon
together.
9. Illuminated Manuscripts – this was derived from Latin minimum, meaning “red lead”. Illuminations are
also called miniatures. This method can be seen in the form of calligraphic or hand draw scrolls and
books, enhanced by artist with decorations and painting. Pigments were made of earth substances red,
yellow, and brown or from natural deposits of metals orange, red and brown or from stones. Pigments
were ground of powder.
10. Mosaic – is the art of creating figurative or geometric designs by embedding into cement small pieces of
glass, stone, or other suitable materials.
11. Stained Glass – otherwise known as colored glass, depends for its effect on light being transmitted
through the translucent glass, thus, the art is known as painting with light.
RELATED TECHNIQUES
1. Collage – is a technique in which the artist assembles the actual materials like cloth, newspapers, among
others into a form.
2. Ceramics – is a technique in which various tile, china, pottery or porcelain grounds are painted.
3. Tapestry – is a technique in which design is woven with colored and metallic threads into a warp that is
usually thin.
4. Pastels – are pigments in the form of powders, compressed lightly into sticks.
5. Acrylic – is an oil-compatible contemporary medium, and can be thinned with water, linseed oil or
turpentine.
6. Graphic Arts – involve printing processes.
FILIPINO PAINTERS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS:
FELIX RESURRECCION HIDALGO (1853-1913). Manila. He won a silver medal in the Madrigal
Exposition of Fine Arts. His entry was entitle “Christian Virgins Exposed to the Populace”. His other paintings
are: Charon’s Boat, Oedipus and Antigone, Corot and Barbizon School, Sunrise of 1895, The Assassination of
Governor Bustamante, Artist’s Mother of 1888.
JUAN LUNA (1884). Badoc, Ilocos Norte. He received the first gold medal for his epic blockbuster, “The
Spolarium”, also in the Madrigal Exposition of Fine Arts. His other paintings are: Lady with Guitar of 1897, The
Dream Love, Tampuhan, Houses by a Narrow Road.
FERNANDO AMORSOLO (1892-1972). A National Artist. He raised genre art. Rise Planting 1922,
Afternoon Meal of the Rice Worker was acclaimed by International Business Machines. In 1939, he was
appointed Director of the School of Fine Arts of UP. His other paintings are: Blind Man, Woman with Gold
Pendant, Antipolo, Women Washing Clothes. He also designed for commercial products, the most famous of
which is the “Markang Demonyo” for Ginebra San Miguel, a local alcoholic drink.
VICENTE MANANSALA. He was given a posthumous recognition as National Artist. He was voted as
the most popular of the progressive artists in the country. His paintings are romantic, folksy, provincial, full of
wonder at the sights, idealized brown madonnas. He painted few months before his death, Give Us This Day.
CARLOS V. FRANCISCO. Angono, Rizal. He was popularly known as “Botong”. His paintings are: Mural
of Katipunan entitle “Lusob! Bangon, Katipunan”, creation of first man and the first woman stepping out of their
bamboo, pre-Magellan tribesmen, Lapu-Lapu, the Blood Compact, The Manila Galleon, The British Occupation,
Propaganda Movement. His winning painting is entitled, “Kaingin”, he won first prize at the first competition of
the Art Association of the Philippines in 1948.
MODULES IN ARTS AND HUMANITIES
Mr. John Mark Alicpala Meñeque, LPT
PARADIGM COLLEGES OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC
20
MAURO MALANG SANTOS (1928). He was known as “Malang” an illustrador-cartoonist for the Manila
Chronicle. Subjects of his paintings are: Quaipo traffic, Chinatown, corner sari-sari stores, calesas, jeepneys, an
old turn-of-the-century house. He emerged as serious artist in painting in 1960’s, with a knack for abstract
figuration.
JOSE JOYA. (b. 1931). He is an abstract expressionism. He is a magna cum laude, UP in 1953. In 1964,
he represented the Philippines at the 32nd Venice Biennial, Title of his paintings are: Cadmium Red Square and
Binhi.
VICTORIO EDADES. Father of Modern Philippine Painting. He created works which were dark in color
and gave pictures of Filipino masses as a theme. One of his great works depicting Filipino masses is “The
Builder”. It is dark in color and made of heavy texture which pictures men working in a quarry.
DAMIAN G. DOMINGO. Tondo, Manila (1796) The First Great Filipino Painter also known as the Father
of Filipino Painting. His famous painting is the La Sagrada Familia, a portrait of the Infant Jesus and his parents
are at the center. His grandparents on either side, or God the Father, the Holy Spirit and his angels high above.
DIOSDAO LORENZO. (November 17, 1978). One of the famous modernist painters in the Philippines.
He is one of the pioneers who introduced the modern 20 th century form of art is stronger and more appealing to
the eyes than those of the traditional paintings made by Fernando Amorsolo.
MARTINO ABELLANA. (1914-1988). Known as Noy Tinong, is a renowned Cebuano painter from
Carcar. “The Dean of Cebuano Painters”.
ANGKIUKOK. (Chinese March 1, 1931-May 9, 2005). A leading Filipino Painter and a National Artist for
Visual Arts.
(Cut this line then attach it in your extra sheet of paper)
ACTIVITY #3.1
Directions: Identify the following what is being asked. Write the word or group of words being referred.
1. This is achieved by the regular or harmonious recurrence of lines, forms, and colors and helps to
create harmony.
2. It refers to the arrangement of the elements of visual arts.
3. It is the art of applying color, or other organic or synthetic substances, to various surfaces like a
canvass, paper, wood or plaster to create a representational, imaginative, or abstract picture or
design.
4. It is the most widely practiced and appreciated.
5. This painting tool is used to hold the painting.
6. It is a method of painting with watercolors on plaster, while the plaster is still wet, or fresh.
7. It is often used to decorate the inner walls of public buildings, particularly churches and tends to
portray religious, historic or patriotic themes.
8. The purpose of this is to fuse the pigment to the surface, thus, producing a highly durable finish.
9. This is a method of painting on a wooden panel with color dissolved in water and tempered or
mixed into a paste, with egg, gum or glycerin solution.
10. He invented watercolor.
ACTIVITY #3.2 (PERFORMANCE TASK #1)
Directions: Do the Elements and Principles of Design Matrix. Please be guided with the definitions in your
Module 3. Your professor will send you an example, just imitate what is drawn in the matrix.
MODULES IN ARTS AND HUMANITIES
Mr. John Mark Alicpala Meñeque, LPT
PARADIGM COLLEGES OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC
21
MODULE 4
VISUAL ARTS
SCULPTURE
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the unit, the students are expected to:
1. understand and be able to apply the organization of visual arts in everyday life;
2. define and explain what is painting, sculpture, and architecture;
3. understand the different medium of painting, sculpture and architecture;
4. demonstrate the different methods of presenting the art of painting, and the processes of
sculpture;
5. analyze and give examples of principles of construction in architecture, and
6. be familiar with known Filipino painters, sculptors and architects.
INTRODUCTION
SCULPTURE
Sculpture is as old as human culture and has appeared in almost every culture throughout the world.
Clay engravings have been found in almost every place we visit, it may be inside a house, an office, in school,
a building or any edifice for that matter. It could also be on the street, highways, or as part of very important
place. As people culture change, so does our art, it does change, depending on its usefulness.
DEFINITION OF SCULPTURE
Davis, a modern sculptor once said sculpture is the art of creating and organizing all other arts.
Sculpture refers to the design and construction of three dimensional forms representing natural objects
or imaginary shapes. Common materials are stone, wood, clay, and metal; but ivory, jade, wire, string, and other
materials are also used. Sculptures of figures are called statues.
In choosing a subject for sculpture, the most important thing to consider is the material. The substances
available for sculpture are limitless. Different materials require different methods of handling.
TWO MAJOR SCULPTURE PROCESSES USED:
a. Subtractive. The carving of stone and wood is an example of the subtractive process. It is a process in
which the unwanted material is cut away. The artist, using his chisels, hammer and other tools, deducts
parts from the medium to form a designated image with perfect lines and angles.
b. Additive. The construction of a figure by putting together bits of clay, or by welding together parts of
metal is an example of the additive process.
c. Combined materials. This method happens when a combination of small pieces of materials such as
plastic or moist clay is worked and molded into desired form which may then be subjected to intense heat
to produce a ceramic known as terracotta. Wire, rods and plates may also be combined by soldering or
welding.
MATERIALS:
Stone and Bronze. These are the most commonly used for sculpture. Stone is durable, resistant to the
elements, fire, and other hazards. However, it is heavy and breaks easily. Marble is the most beautiful of stones.
Of the metals, the most commonly used traditionally was bronze. However, one disadvantage of the medium is
the difficulty and intricacy in casting bronze.
Wood. The advantage of wood is that it is cheap, readily available, and easy to cut. It also polishes well
and has a smooth shiny surface and beautiful color. It is light and can be made easily into a variety of shapes.
The disadvantage of wood is that it is limited in size and burns easily.
Ivory. Material from elephant tusk, walrus, and sperm whale are ivory. Ivory statues have survived to the
present time. The survival is due to the intrinsic value of the material. Many statues of saints in Philippine
churches and homes have heads and arms made of ivory. However, like wood it also cracks.
Terra Cotta. Unglazed reddish brown hard-baked clay often used to make pottery objects. It yields to
even the slightest pressure and can be worked and re-worked until the artist has achieved what he wants to do.
However, it is fragile and sculptures in this medium have a short life.
Other materials. The metals aluminum, chromium, and steel, plastic, chemically treated clay, and stone
for casting in liquid form are now being used.
MODULES IN ARTS AND HUMANITIES
Mr. John Mark Alicpala Meñeque, LPT
PARADIGM COLLEGES OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC
22
KINDS OF SCULPTURE
Relief Sculpture. Known as two-dimensional sculpture. Figures bulge out from a flat surface, just like
the figure seen in a coin.
Free Standing Sculpture. Known as three-dimensional sculpture. The figure is a replica of what you
actually see from nature. You can view the figure in different angles, front, back and sides.
SHORT HISTORY OF SCULPTURE
Egyptian Sculpture. Characterized by sculptures from stones placed on tombs of important persons or
temples of powerful rulers.
KING THUTMOSE III OF EGYPT
Thutmose III came into power at the end of the reign of the female Pharaoh Hatshepsut in 1458 B.C. s
supreme ruler of Egypt. Thutmose III embarked on an empire-building campaign that expanded Egyptian
influence into Syria, Palestine, and Phoenicia. Among his important constructions are buildings at Heliopolis,
Memphis, Abydos, and additions to the temple at Al Kamak.
GREAT SPHINX
More than 4000 years old, the Great Sphinx of Giza is the most famous emblem of ancient Egypt.
GREEK SCULPTURE
Most of their works are of human figures, usually of their gods and goddesses. Men figures are always
naked but the women are properly clothed.
HERMES HOLDING THE INFANT DIONYSUS
Hermes holding the Infant Dionysus (about 340 BC) is attributed to Praxiteles. The piece is marble and
stands approximately 2m (7ft) high. It was originally made for the Temple of Hera at Olympia. This sculpture
displays the qualities most desired by artists of the Late Classical Period: individualism and naturalism.
MODULES IN ARTS AND HUMANITIES
Mr. John Mark Alicpala Meñeque, LPT
PARADIGM COLLEGES OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC
23
GREEK RELIEF SCULPTURE
This marble sculpture in low relief, which dates from the early 6 th century BC, shows the influence of
ancient Egyptian art on Greek art of the Archaic Period (750 BC to 480 BC). Most of the male figures appear in
profile, as in Egyptian sculpture and painting from centuries earlier. The men in the relief are engaged in a game
that resembles modern hockey.
ROMAN SCULPTURE
They deducted the human body and concentrated on the bust or just the head part of the human figure.
CARACALLA
Caracalla (AD 215) is an example of ancient Roman portraiture. Sculpted in marble, this bust of Caracalla
(the nickname of the emperor Marcus Aurelius Antoninus) shows the emotional quality and the effect of realism
in these piece. Caracalla is seen as the burly, suspicious man that he was known to be; it was not intended to
be a softened or flattering portrait.
MARCUS AURELIUS, AD 175
This statue of Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius became the inspiration for centuries of later artists
portraying military and civic leaders on horseback. The authoritative bronze statue stand on the Campidoglio,
Rome, Italy.
BYZANTINE SCULPTURE
Common subjects are biblical characters and the image of the God the Father as bearded old man.
MODULES IN ARTS AND HUMANITIES
Mr. John Mark Alicpala Meñeque, LPT
PARADIGM COLLEGES OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC
24
EARLY CHRISTIAN SARCOPHAGUS
This marble sarcophagus dating from about AD 260 shows Christ as the good shepherd, center, flanked
by some of his followers, with crouching rams carved on each side. The coffin is in the Vatican Museum, Vatican
City.
IVORY RELIQUARY
Although Early Christian sculpture as a whole is scarce, carved ivory survives in abundance. This ivory
chest, known as the Brescia Casket, is covered with biblical scenes and dates from the 4 th century. It is located
at the Museum of the Christian Age at the Monastery of Santa Giulia in Brescia, Italy.
ROMANESQUE SCULPTURE
A continuation of the Byzantine Era where almost no difference in subject is observed.
GOTHIC SCULPTURE
The most elaborate of all the eras. The embroideries and folds of the garments worn by their figures
where emphasized.
MARIENALTAR, HERRGOTTSKIRCHE
This is the central panel of the Marienaltar in the Herrgottskirche, Creglingen, Germany. It was carved
from limewood in 1502-1505 by Tilman Riemenschneider. The faces echo the Schmerzensmann (Man of
Sorrows), a common theme in Late Gothic Sculpture. The intricacy of the drapery reflects the complex patterns
of the vines above the figures.
MODULES IN ARTS AND HUMANITIES
Mr. John Mark Alicpala Meñeque, LPT
PARADIGM COLLEGES OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC
25
ALTARPIECE BY VEIT STOSS
One of the finest works of German sculptor Veit Stoss is the dramatic wooden altarpiece he created for
the Church of Saint Mary in Krakow, Poland. The central panel shows the death and assumption of the Virgin
Mary, and scenes in the side panels recall the main events in her life. This late Gothic polychrome altarpiece
was created between 1477 and 1489.
RENAISSANCE SCULPTURE
Known as the Golden Era of Arts. This brought back the adoration of the human body introduced by the
Greeks.
GHIBERTI’S GATES OF PARADISE
The Gates of Paradise are bronze doors created by Italian Renaissance sculptor Lorenzo Ghiberti
between 1425 and 1452 for the east entrance to the baptistery of the Florence Cathedral in Italy. This detail,
showing Isaac and Esau, is from one of the doors’ ten panels, each of which illustrates a story from the Bible.
Ghiberti endowed the scenes with volume, depth, and movement, and helped initiate many of the artistic
practices of the Renaissance.
DAVID, BY DONATELLO
Italian sculptor Donatello executed his David, the first nude statue of the Renaissance, about 1430-1435.
This nearly life-size bronze image of the biblical hero was also the first statue since classical antiquity to be cast
in the round. Its realism marked a departure from the conventions of Gothic sculpture, which mostly produced
rigid, columnar figures.
BAROQUE SCULPTURE
Human emotions of love, pain and suffering are main features of this era.
MODULES IN ARTS AND HUMANITIES
Mr. John Mark Alicpala Meñeque, LPT
PARADIGM COLLEGES OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC
26
BERNINI’S DAVID
Art of the baroque era is characterized by an emphasis on movement and emotional drama. Italian
baroque sculptor Gianlorenzo Bernini chose to show the biblical figure of David (1623, Galleria Borghese, Rome)
at the moment of maximum physical contortion, concentrated energy, and emotion – as he hurls the stone at the
giant Goliath.
ECSTASY OF SAINT TERESA
Ecstasy of Saint Teresa (1645-1652) by the 17th-century Italian sculptor Gianlorenzo Bernini was
commissioned for the Cornaro Chapel of Santa Maria della Vittoria, Rome. The piece, made of marble, embodies
the spirit of baroque sculpture with its dramatic tension, intricacy, and sense of movement. The light rays and
arrow are made of bronze.
REALIST AND NATURALIST
The era of truth, the presentation of good and evil, what really exist in reality.
MODERN CENTURY SCULPTURE
A combination of all periods in the history of mankind with addition of cubism and abstract.
SCULPTURE IN THE PHILIPPINES
Common subjects were figures of anitos, made from hard cut wood, popular among the Ifugaos. The
arrival of Spaniards provided a better avenue among sculptors. Though the subjects are still worship context,
such as saints and the like.
FAMOUS FILIPINO SCULPTORS AND THEIR ARTWORKS:
EDUARDO CASTRILLO. He is a sculptor, a painter, a jeweler and truly the artist of realism and modern
time. He received various awards and citations both from private and government institutions such as:
- Artists Award of the Cultural Center of the Philippines (1970)
- Green and Gold Artist Award from Far Eastern University (1998)
Artworks:
- Liberators (1980) – landmark for Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila (PLM). It features the fulfillment
of a promise made by a man named Gen. Douglas MacArthur as he embarked on the shore of Leyte.
- People Power (1993) – located along EDSA, adjacent to the shrine. It dramatized the five-day historic
non-violent revolt of the masses, dubbed as People Power of February 1986.
- The Martyrdom of Dr. Jose Rizal (1991)
- The Tender Moment with Josephine (1991)
- The Mock Trial (1991)
- The Last Walk to Bagumbayan (1991)
- Rizal Consoling His Family (1991)
- The Writing of Mi Ultimo Adios (1991)
- Our Lady of Remedios (1973). It was installed in front of Our Lady of Consolation church in Malate,
Manila.
- The Ascending Christ on the Cross (1991) it dramatized the ascension of Jesus Christ to heaven a
victory over death and a reminder of hope. This piece was executed for the Dominican Sisters
Seminary in Tagaytay City.
GUILLERMO TOLENTINO. One of his monumental creations and lasting legacy to his race is the
inspiration that could be taken from the Bonifacio Monument (1933) located in Caloocan City. Another significant
creation of him is the Oblation Statue of the University of the Philippines (1935)
NAPOLEON ABUEVA. First modern Filipino sculptor. He did abstraction, experimentation and modern
techniques in sculpture. Some of his works were Baby Moses (1951), and the Ring of Gods (1971).
MODULES IN ARTS AND HUMANITIES
Mr. John Mark Alicpala Meñeque, LPT
PARADIGM COLLEGES OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC
27
GRACIANO NEPOMUCENO. He is from Binondo, Manila. He was well-known in early 1900’s. He did
the sculpture version of Juan Luna’s Spolarium.
(Cut this line then attach it in your extra sheet of paper)
ACTIVITY #4.1
Directions: Identify the following what is being asked. Write the word or group of words being referred.
1. This is characterized by an emphasis on movement and emotional drama.
2. This was sculpted in marble that shows the emotional quality and the effect of realism in these
pieces.
3. This sculpture is the most elaborate of all the eras.
4. Most of their works are of human figures, usually of their gods and goddesses.
5. This method happens when a combination of small pieces of materials is worked and molded into
desired form.
6. He said that the art of creating and organizing all other arts is sculpture.
7. This is as old as human culture and has appeared in almost every culture throughout the world.
8. It is a process in which the unwanted material is cut away.
9. This kind of sculpture is known as three-dimensional sculpture in which you can view the figure
in different angles, front, back and sides.
10. This sculpture is characterized from stones placed on tombs of important persons or temples of
powerful rulers.
ACTIVITY #4.2
Directions: Answer the following questions very briefly and clearly.
1. Why men figures are always naked but the women are properly clothes in the Greek Sculpture?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
2. Differentiate Modern Century Sculpture from Realist and Naturalist.
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
3. Who among the famous sculptors made history in the field of arts? Support your answers with
evidences.
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
4. If you were one of the famous sculptors, what would be the concept of your arts? And how would
you present it to the world of arts?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
MODULES IN ARTS AND HUMANITIES
Mr. John Mark Alicpala Meñeque, LPT
PARADIGM COLLEGES OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC
28
MODULE 5
VISUAL ARTS
ARCHITECTURE
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the unit, the students are expected to:
1. understand and be able to apply the organization of visual arts in everyday life;
2. define and explain what is painting, sculpture, and architecture;
3. understand the different medium of painting, sculpture and architecture;
4. demonstrate the different methods of presenting the art of painting, and the processes of
sculpture;
5. analyze and give examples of principles of construction in architecture, and
6. be familiar with known Filipino painters, sculptors and architects.
INTRODUCTION
ARCHITECTURE
Architecture is probably the oldest of the fine arts. Certainly it is the most useful and in some respect is
a prerequisite for the other arts. Most early sacred texts associate buildings with deities architecture was not
considered the highest art form to which other arts were adornments, but some buildings were viewed as
representing another higher realm. In medieval illuminated manuscripts God was frequently shown armed with
compasses and a mason’s square as Architect of the Universe. The history of architecture concerns building
substantial enough to survive or important enough to be recorded in some way by drawings, in practice it has
been the history of significant.
DEFINITION OF ARCHITECTURE
Architecture is the art and science of building (Collier, 1995). It is the science, art or profession of
designing and constructing buildings or other structures.
PRINCIPLES OR SYSTEMS OF CONSTRUCTION
The Post and Lintel. It makes use of vertical supports like wall, columns or posts that hold horizontal
beams or lintels above them.
The Arch. This consists of several wedge shaped blocks held together by a key stone.
The Dome. It is hemispherical extension that forms part or all of the roof or ceiling resembling in inverted
cup.
The Truss. This makes use of a braced framework of beams or bans forming one or more triangles.
The Cantilever. This is made of structural part such as a truss, a beam or a slab that projects horizontally
and anchored only at one end.
TYPES OF ARCHITECTURE
Different civilizations have their own building forms and styles which are distinctly their own. Some
buildings were planned to adapt to the natural surroundings of their location, while other acquired symbolic
meaning which were not originally intended.
An architectural design may have been adopted from varied sources but it will always be a reflection of
man’s culture and tradition, character and personality and ingenuity.
EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
The pyramid of Egypt typifies Egyptian monumental architecture which is essentially a columnar and
trabeated. The pyramids were done in masses of stone which took thousands of men to construct to last for all
time. Most Egyptians architectures are huge or massive, built for eternity, religious character and finely
proportioned. Famous pyramids can be found in the Pyramid Complex at Giza, near Cairo, The Great Pyramid
of Khufu.
MODULES IN ARTS AND HUMANITIES
Mr. John Mark Alicpala Meñeque, LPT
PARADIGM COLLEGES OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC
29
EGYPTIANS PYRAMIDS
Located on the west bank of the Nile River on the outskirts of Cairo, the pyramids at Giza, Egypt, brank
as some of the best-known monuments in the world. The ancient Egyptians constructed the pyramids to serve
as royal tombs. Built without the use of cranes, pulleys, or lifting tackle, the massive structures stand as
testaments to the engineering skills of their makers.
PYRAMID OF KHAFRE AT GIZA
The pyramid at Giza in Egypt are among the best–known pieces of architecture in the world. The pyramid
of Khafre was built as the final resting place of the pharaoh Khafre and is about 136 m (446 ft) high.
GREEK ARCHITECTURE
Greek Architecture is of three types: the Doric, the Ionic and the Corinthian. The Doric order is relatively
more massive and solid with columns resting on a base of three steps. It is the simplest and oldest of the orders.
The Ionic Order is graceful and slender. The capitals are characterized by spiral volutes (scroll shaped). The
Corinthian Order has columns which are more slender than the Ionic but more elaborate. It is the last order
developed. It is more ornate than the two orders. It is characterized by well-shaped capital which is enveloped
with acanthus leaves.
DORIC, COLUMNS, PARTHENON
The Doric order is the earliest and simplest of the Greek architectural orders. By the classical period,
when architects used the Doric order for the Parthenon (447-432 BC), they had devised rules to govern the
proportions of each part of the building’s façade. The Parthenon’s columns give an impression of graceful solidity
and power.
IONIC COLUMNS, PROPYLAEA
Ionic columns are taller and more slender than Doric columns, and are topped by capital that resemble
scrolls. The Ionic columns shown here are part of the Propylaea (437-432 BC), a monumental gateway to the
Acropolis in Athens, Greece.
MODULES IN ARTS AND HUMANITIES
Mr. John Mark Alicpala Meñeque, LPT
PARADIGM COLLEGES OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC
30
CORINTHIAN COLUMNS
During the Classical period, the Corinthian order, the most elaborate of the three Greek architectural
orders, was used mainly for interior columns. However, late in the Hellenistic period the Greeks began to build
temples with Corinthian columns on the exterior, as here in the Temple of Olympian Zeus, in Athens (174 BC –
AD 132). Atop tall, slender columns are capitals carved with stylized, curling acanthus leaves.
ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
The Romans adapted earlier cultures such as those of the three Greek orders which they modified by
adding the Tuscan and the Composite. The Tuscan is much simpler than the Doric and the Composite is a
modification of the Corinthian, combining spiral-scroll shaped ornaments of the Ionic and bell-shaped of the
Corinthian enveloped with acanthus leaves.
Their architectural designs are evident in the form of aqueducts and temples, baths and theatres, forum
buildings, arches and homes.
TRAJAN’S COLUMN
Following the hard-won success of their campaign against the Dacians in Central Europe, the Romans
celebrated their conquest by holding games that lasted four months. The famous Trajan’s Column in the Forum
of Trajan in Rome was erected in 106 to commemorate the victory.
EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE
In AD 313 when Constantine adopted Christianity as the official religion, the early Christian faced the
problem of designing a building for communal worship. It was in the Roman basilica where they found a structure
which they adapted for their purpose. The basilica was the style of church architecture indigenous in Italy. It was
a large rectangular hall covered with gabled wooden roof, with narrower lower aisles on the longer sides, divided
from the main hall by rows of columns connected by round arches. The far end as a semi-circular half-dome
which became an extension for the altar.
MODULES IN ARTS AND HUMANITIES
Mr. John Mark Alicpala Meñeque, LPT
PARADIGM COLLEGES OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC
31
BASILICA OF THE VATICAN
The central church of Roman Catholicism, Basilica di San Pietro, or Saint Peter’s Basilica, in Vatican City
stands on the site where Saint Peter is believed to have been buried. Built in the 16th and 17th centuries to replace
an earlier church, it has space to accommodate more than 60,000 people.
BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE
Byzantine architecture was remarkably wealthy, colorful and luxurious. It flourished in the 5 th and 6th
centuries with architectural designs characterized by central dome over a square space with mosaic and marble
veneered walls.
HAGIA SOPHIA IN ISTANBUL
Hagia Sophia (Church of the Holy Wisdom) was commissioned by Byzantine Emperor Justinian I for his
capital Constantinople (now Istanbul, Turkey) and designed by the architects Isidore of Miletus and Anthemius
of Tralles. Completed in AD 537, it represents the most influential example of early Byzantine architecture. After
the conquest of Constantinople by the Ottomans in 1453, Hagia Sophia was turned into an Islamic mosque. The
four minarets were added to the building in the 16 th century.
ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE
The Romanesque being the age of the monasteries saw the mushrooming of churches all over Europe.
Generally, what replaced the flat or gabled wooden roof of the old Basilica was the heavy barrel-vaulted stone
roof.
MODULES IN ARTS AND HUMANITIES
Mr. John Mark Alicpala Meñeque, LPT
PARADIGM COLLEGES OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INC
32