Parts of speech
• Part of speech are eight.
Types of parts of speech
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Noun
Pronoun
Adjective
Verb
Adverb
Preposition
Conjunction
interjection
Noun
• A noun is a word used as the name of a person, place,
or thing.
For example;
Ahmed, karachi, cat, football etc.
Types of noun;
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
Common noun
Proper noun
Abstract noun
Collective noun
Material or concrete noun
Countable noun
Uncountable noun
Types of noun
• Common noun:
A noun used for a common person, place, or thing is called
common noun.
For example;
Car, pizza, parlor, movie etc.
• Proper noun:
A noun used for a specific/ particular/ proper place, place, or
thing is called proper noun.
For example;
Raheem, America, The Holy book Quran etc.
• Abstract noun:
The name of things that have no physical existence but are
present.
For example;
Kindness, honesty, love etc
Types of noun
• Collective noun:
A collective noun is a word used for a group of persons, or things.
For example;
Faculty( group of teachers), class, crowd etc.
• Material or concrete noun:
The name of things that can be seen or touched/ have physical existence is
called material or concrete noun.
For example;
Glass, computer , paper etc.
• Countable noun:
A noun which can be counted and have singular as well as plural form are
called countable noun.
For example;
Boy, table, students etc.
• Uncountable noun:
A noun which cannot be counted is called uncountable noun.
For example;
Milk, sand, sugar, water.
Pronoun
• Pronoun:
A word that is used in the place of a noun is called pronoun.
For example;
I, it, she, mine, his, her, we, they, theirs, ours etc.
Types of Pronoun
There are ten types of pronoun.
i.
Personal pronoun
ii. Demonstrative pronoun
iii. Distributive pronoun
iv. Interrogative pronoun
v. Relative pronoun
vi. Indefinite pronoun
vii. Reflexive pronoun
viii. Reciprocal pronoun
Types of pronoun
• Personal pronoun:
A personal pronoun is used in the place of the name of a person or a thing.
For example;
I, we , he, she, it, you etc.
We can distinguish two types of personal pronoun;
Personal subject pronoun and personal object pronouns.
subject form
object form
I
me
You
You
He
him
She
her
It
It
We
us
They
them
Types of pronoun
• Demonstrate pronoun:
A demonstrative pronoun is used to point out a noun or nouns.
For example;
This, that, these, those etc.
a. Ali wrote that ( “that” is the direct object of the sentence).
• Distributive pronoun:
The pronouns each, either, and neither are called distributive
pronouns as they donate all of a clause taken separately.
For example;
a. Neither of them came.
b. Each of the boys gets a prize.
Types of pronoun
• Interrogative pronoun:
An interrogative pronoun is used to ask a question.
For example;
Who, whose, whom, what, which etc
a.
Who is this man?
b. Which one is your pen?
• Relative pronoun:
A relative pronoun is used to connect a subordinate clause to the main clause and serves as a
conjunction also.
For example;
Who, whom, that, which, whichever, whomever, whoever.
a.
People who speak two languages are called bilingual.
• Intense/ emphatic pronoun:
An intensive pronoun is used to intensify or emphasize the proceeding noun or pronoun.
For example;
Himself, myself, herself etc
a.
She went to school herself.
Types of pronoun
• Indefinite pronoun:
A pronoun that does not refers to a particular noun but refers to an
unspecified noun or nouns.
For example;
Few, some, any, someone etc.
a. Is there anyone in the room?
b. I have few friends.
• Reflexive pronoun:
A reflexive pronoun is used when the subject and the object of the sentence
are the same or the action passes back to subject.
For example;
Myself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves etc.
a. I talk to myself when I am nervous.
b. You cut yourself while cutting tomatoes.
c. We blame ourselves for the result of election.
Types of pronoun
• Reciprocal pronoun:
A reciprocal pronoun is used in order to indicate
Persons or things mutually affected. There are two reciprocal pronouns:
Each other, one another
a.
The members of group cooperate with one another.
b. Both the friends like each other.
c.
Rabia have a lot of silver coins.
• Possessive pronoun:
A pronoun that is used to show possession over something is called possessive
pronoun.
For example;
My, his, their, our etc
Certain pronouns called possessive pronouns shows ownership.
e.g.
a.
My house have a huge garden.
b. Our team will win.
Adjective
• A word which adds to the meaning of a noun.
For example;
Tall boy, hot weather, expensive car etc.
Kinds of adjective
Following are the types of adjective:
i. Proper adjective
ii. Adjective of quality
iii. Adjective of quantity
iv. Numerical adjective
v. Demonstrative adjective
vi. Interrogative adjective
vii. Possessive adjective
Types of Adjective
• Proper adjective:
An adjective that is formed by a proper noun is called a proper
adjective.
For example;
a. I always enjoy reciting Quran.
b. I have a German friend.
• Adjective of quality:
An adjective of quality shows the kind, quality or state of a
person or thing.
For example;
a. He is a clever boy.
b. I live in a big town.
Types of Adjective
• Adjective of quantity:
An adjective of quantity shows how much of a thing is
meant.
For example;
a. I have two friends.
b. There is a little jam in the jar.
• Numerical adjective:
A numerical adjective shows how many persons or things
are meant.
a. My house have four rooms.
b. I bought two bottles of juice.
Types of Adjective
• Demonstrative adjective;
A demonstrative adjective points out which person or thing is
meant.
For example;
a. This beautiful lady is my mother.
b. This girl is my friend.
• Interrogative adjective:
An interrogative adjective is used with nouns to ask questions.
For example;
a. Where did you put my pen?
b. How much is this bag?
Types of Adjective
• Possessive adjective:
A possessive adjective is used with nouns and
does the work of an adjective.
For example;
a. My ideas are criticized by others.
b. I appreciate your work.
Verb
• A word that is used to describe an action, state, or feeling is called
verb.
For example;
a. I am preparing assignment.
b. It is raining.
Types of verb
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
Transitive verb
Irregular verbs
Intransitive verb
Auxiliary/ helping verb
Infinitive verb
Bare infinitive verb
Types of verb
• Transitive verbs:
Verbs which require an object to pass over the action from the subject to
object.
For example;
a. We believe in humanity.
b. He built a house.
• Irregular verbs:
The verb in which the past tense is not formed by adding the usual “ed” for
the past simple and past participle forms /
Some irregular verbs do not change while others change completely. Irregular
verbs have no rules for conjunction.
Present form
past
past participle
Awake
awoke
awoken
Bear
bore
borne
Beat
beaten
beaten
Types of verb
• Intransitive verb:
An transitive verb is one that takes two complements, a direct object and an indirect
object at the same time.
For example;
Ali borrow a book.
The teacher asked me a question.
• Auxiliary/ helping verbs
An auxiliary verb is a helping verb used to express tense, mood or voice.
There are two groups.
 Primary auxiliary verb and modal auxiliary verb
• Primary auxiliary verb
The primary auxiliary verbs are:
Be, have, do
For example;
I am doing work.
You have bad behavior.
Types of verb
• Modal auxiliary verb:
We, shall, may, might, can, dare, could, must,
ought to, should, would, used to, need are
modal auxiliary verbs. These verbs cannot
work as main verbs and normally appears with
a main verb.
For example;
You can have your meal.
You should work fast.
Types of verb
• Infinitive verbs:
Infinitive verb is the base form of the verb.
The infinitive form of a verb is the form which follows “to”.
For example;
To cry, to be, to go, to fight, to have, to understand
a. We have to go to the hospital.
b. Ali failed to explain his mistake.
• Bare infinitives:
Infinitives may occur with or without the infinitive maker “to” are
called bare infinitive.
For example;
a. I let him go, the bare infinitive is the word ‘go’.
b. Follow the rules.
Gerund
A gerund is the noun form of a verb which is made up by adding the ‘ing’ at the end of
the base form of a verb.
For example;
• I saw her playing.
Now the problem here is present participle also made by adding ing to the base form.
Example;
• Look at the setting sun.
Both gerund and present participle are formed by adding ing to the base form.
But difference between them is gerund functions as a noun and present participle
functions as an adjective.
So,
• Swimming is good for the man.( here swimming is noun or verbal noun or gerund)
• A swimming snake bit him on the leg( here swimming is an adjective).
Adverb
• Adverb is a word that modifies a verb, an adjective or
preposition or another adverb. It may indicate place or
direction, time, degree, manner, frequency, comment.
Kinds of Adverb
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
Adverb of manner
Adverb of place
Adverb of time
Adverb of frequency
Adverb of degree
Adverb of comment
Types of adverb
• Adverb of manner:
The adverb which modifies the verb to describe the way
the action is done.
For example;
a. He did his job honestly.
b. She did the work carefully.
• Adverb of place:
Adverb of place shows where the action is done.
For example;
a. They live locally.
b. People still live here.
Types of adverb
• Adverb of time:
Adverb of time shows when an action is done or the duration
or frequency.
For example;
a. She have a flight of tomorrow.
b. He is permanently busy.
• Adverb of frequency:
Adverb of frequency shows how frequently an action takes
place.
For example;
a. She always have tablets for headache.
b. He always use new techniques for work.
Types of adverb
• Adverb of degree:
Adverb which we place after the verb or entire expression.
For example;
a. She is doing alright.
b. I will go with you as well.
• Adverb of comment:
Adverb of comment placed at the beginning of a sentence.
For example;
a. Seriously, I am not going to accept their demand.
b. Obviously, I am excited for meeting my family.
Ly adverb
• With LY adverb (adverb formed from
adjectives by adding –ly to the end)
• We form the comparative and superlative
forms with more and most.
Adjective
Adverb
Comparative
adverb
Superlative
adverb
Quiet
Quietly
More quiet
Most quiet
careful
carefully
More careful
Most careful
Happy
Happily
More happily
Most happily
nice
nicely
More nicely
Most nicely
Speed
speedily
More speedily
Most speedily
Preposition
• A preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to show in
what relation the person or thing denoted by it stands in regard to
something else. It combine two main words together.
Such as of, to, for, as, with, at, and on are some prepositions.
For example;
a. Take your brother with you.
b. There is a cow in the field.
a. Go down the stairs and though the door.
Types of preposition
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Simple preposition
Compound preposition
Phrase preposition
Participle preposition
Types of preposition
• Simple preposition:
These prepositions consist of at, by, for, form, in, of,
off, on, out, through, till, to, up, with.
• Compound preposition:
These are formed by prefixing a preposition(a=no
or be=by) to a noun, an adjective or an adverb.
For example;
About, above, across, along, among, around, before
etc.
Types of preposition
• Phrase preposition:
Group of words which are used with the force of a single preposition
called phrase preposition.
For example;
According to, in accordance with, in place of, in addition to, in regard
to, instead of, in case of, in course of, in order to etc.
• Participle preposition:
A participle preposition is a word used as preposition which we name
them according to their roles with different words.
For example;
assuming, barring, considering, during, pending, regarding, given,
provided etc.
Conjunction
• A conjunction is a word used to connect
words, phrases and clauses.
As long as, and, ago, before, unless, until, either,
not only etc.
For example;
a) A cat moves slowly and silently.
b) He is so weak that he cannot walk.
c) I trust him because he is honest.
Types of Conjunction
• There are three types of conjunction.
i. Coordinate conjunction
ii. Subordinate conjunction
iii. Correlative conjunction
• Coordinate conjunction:
A coordinating conjunction is a conjunction that joins together
clauses of equal rank.
Following are some coordinate conjunctions:
For, and, nor, but, or, yet, so.
For example;
a. She stood first and got a prize.
b. You must read or you may fail in the examination.
Types of conjunction
• Subordinate conjunction:
The subordinate conjunction joins a clause to another on which it
depends for its full meaning.
For example;
a. He never give up until he wins.
b. She have English as well as Urdu exam tomorrow.
• Correlative conjunction:
Correlative conjunctions which are used in pairs.
Correlative conjunctions are: both- and, either-or, neither- nor, not
only-but also, etc.
For example;
a. He is both a fool and a knave.
b. She has none else but her mother.
Interjection
• The part of speech that expresses strong feeling
or sudden emotions or sentiment is called
interjection.
• For example;
a. Oh no, I missed the schedule of the class.
b. Hey, take it easy.
c. Hurrah! We have won the match.
d. Uh, I forget the answer.
The end