SRI LANKA HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 3 SRI LANKA FORMERLY CEYLON ISLAND COUNTRY LYING IN THE INDIAN OCEAN AND SEPARATED FRON PENINSULAR INDIA BY THE PALK STRAIT 1948 – SRI LANKA BECAME AN INDEPENDENT COUNTRY SRI LANKA CIVILIZATION IS CHARACTERIZED BY TWO FACTORS: 1. PRESERVATION OF THERVADA BUDDHISM 2. DEVELOPMENT OF SOPHISTICATED SYSTEM OF IRRIGATION RELIGION • BUDDHISM • HINDUISM ARCHITECTURE BUDDHIST ARCHITECTURE IN SRI LANKA • CAVE TEMPLES • DAGOBAS OR STUPAS • VATADAGE (CIRCULAR RELIC HOUSE OR SHRINE) • MEDITATION HOUSES • ROCK PALACES SIGIRIYA • LION ROCK • GIGANTIC ANCIENT MEGALITHIC SRI LANKAN ROCK • LOCATED NEAR THE CITY OF DAMBULLA • 200m HIGH NATURAL FORMATION • RUINS OF AN ANCIENT FORTIFIED PALACE • UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITE IN 1982 SIGIRIYA • CARVED ENTIRELY IN STONE • BUILT IN 405AD BY KING KASPAYA • FOUNTAINS, GARDENS, PONDS, BOULEVARDS • ONLY ACCESS TO THE COMPLEX IS A STEEP STAIRCASE OF 1,200 STEMPS, GUARDED BY TWO ENORMOUS LION’S PAWS CARVED IN THE ROCK SIGIRIYA • CARVED ENTIRELY IN STONE • BUILT IN 405AD BY KING KASPAYA • FOUNTAINS, GARDENS, PONDS, BOULEVARDS • ONLY ACCESS TO THE COMPLEX IS A STEEP STAIRCASE OF 1,200 STEMPS, GUARDED BY TWO ENORMOUS LION’S PAWS CARVED IN THE ROCK CAVE TEMPLES • TEMPLE COMPLEX OF MIHINTALE – WHERE THE EARIEST EVIDENCE IF CAVE TEMPLES WERE FOUND • UNIQUE FEATURE – USE OF A DRIP LEDGE CARVED ALONG THE ROCK WHICH STOPPED RAINWATER FROM SUNNING INTO THE CAVE • IN TIME, DOORS, WINDOWS, AND WALLS OF BRICK WERE ADDED DAMBULLA CAVE TEMPLE • SACRED PILGRIMAGE SITE • BEST PRESERVED CAVE TEMPLE COMPLEX IN SRI LANKA • BUDDHIST MURAL PAINTINGS (2,100sqm) • 157 STATUES • UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITE DAMBULLA CAVE TEMPLE DAGOBA / STUPA • BUILT TO ENSHRINE RELICS • ENTRANCES WERE LAID OUT SO THAT THEIR CENTER LIES POINTED TO THE RELIC CHAMBERS • ORNAMENTED VAHALKADA WAS ADDED TO THE STUPA AROUND THE SECOND CENTURY VAHALKADA – FACE THE CARDINAL POINTS AND ORNAMENTED WITH ANIMALS, FLOWERS, SWANS, AND DWARFS • PILLARD ON THE EITHER SIDE CARRY FIGURES OF LIONS, ELEPHANTS, HORSES OR BULLS, DEPENING ON THE DIRECTION OF THE STRUCTURE VAHALKADA, KANTAKA CHETHIYA AT MIHINTALE JETAVANARAMAYA • LARGEST STUPA IN SRI LANKA • TALLEST STUPA IN THE WORLD (122m OR 400ft) • THIRD TALLEST STRUCTURE IN THE WORLD WHEN KING MAHASENA OF ANURADHAPURA BUILT IT • LOCATED IN THE RUINS OF JETAVANA MONASTERY IN THE UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE CITY OF ANURADHAPURA JETAVANARAMAYA • MADE FROM BRICK • FINELY CRUSHED DOLOMITE, LIMESTONE, SIEVED SAND AND CLAY PROVIDED BONDING MATERIAL FOR THE BRICKS RUWANWELISAYA • ALSO MAHATHUPA (THE GREAT THUPA) • ONE OF THE WORLD’S TALLEST ANCIENT MONUMENTS • 103m HIGH, 209m CIRCUMFERENCE • TWO QUARTS OR ONE DRONA OF THE BUDDHA’S RELICS ARE ENSHRINED IN THE STUPA VATADAGE • CIRCULAR RELIC HOUSE OR SHRINE • BUILT AROUND SMALL STUPAS FOR THEIR PROTECTION • COMMONLY BUILT OF STONE AND BRICK • ADORNED WITH ELABORATE STONE CARVINGS • MAY ALSO HAVE WOODEN ROOF SUPPORTED BY A NUMBER OF STONE COLUMNS ENTRANCE OF POLONNARUWA VATADAGE VATADAGE • OFTEN HAD FOUR ENTRANCES, ORIENTED TO THE FOUR CARDINAL DIRECTIONS MODEL OF THUPARAMA VATADAGE IN THE MUSEUM OF ANURADHAPURA THUPARAMAYA STUPA IN ANURADHAPURA, SRI LANKA ROYAL PALACE OF KANDY • ROYAL RESIDENCE OF THE SRI LANKAN MONARCHY • BUILT BY KING VICKRAMABAHU III (13571374) AND BY SENASAMATHA VICKRAMABAHU (14691511) OF THE KINGDOM OF GAMPILA • HAS THREE WAHALKADAS (GATEWAYS) • 8 feet (2.4m) HIGH WALL USED AS MAIN ANTRANCE DALADA MALIGAVA “TEMPLE OF THE TOOTH” WHERE A TOOTH OF THE BUDDHA IS BELIEVED TO BE PRESERVED LOCATED AIN THE ROYAL PALACE COMPLEX OF THE FORMER KINGDOM OF KANDY Thank you! TIBET HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 3 MOUNT KAILASH SITS ON THE HIGHEST PLATEAU IN THE WORLD SITUATED IN THE HIMALAYAS BOUNDARIES: INDIA – SOUTH AND WEST NEPAL AND BHUTAN – SOUTH CHINA – NORTH AND EAST MOUNT KAILASH BELIEVED TO BE THE AXIS MUDI AKA THE COSMIC AXIS, WORLD AXIS, WORLD PILLAR, CENTRE OF THE WORLD MAJOR PILGRIMAGE SITE FOR SOME BUDDHIST TRADITIONS 52KM LONG – PATH AROUND MOUNT KAILASH RELIGION TIBETAN BUDDHISM – DOMINANT RELIGION BON – NATIVE RELIGION IN TIBET, WORSHIP OF NATURE ARCHITECTURE REFLECTS CHINESE AND INDIAN INFLUENCES PRIVATE HOMES HAVE BUDDHIST PRAYER FLAGS FLYING FROM THE ROOFTOP MOST DESIRABLE BUILDING SITES ARE ON ELEVATED LAND AND FACING SOUTH CHORTEN TIBETAN STUPA DOME IS SMALLER AND THE SPIRE IS MORE PROMINENT THE GREAT STUPA, INDIA DAGOBA, SRI LANKA CHORTEN, TIBET ARCHITECTURE • ORGANIC DESIGN TO COMPLIMENT THE NATURAL SURROUNDINGS • USE OF NATURAL MATERIALS: STONE, CLAY, AND WOOD • RANGING FROM ONE TO THREE STORIES IN HEIGHT ROOFING • FLAT ROOFS WITH PARAPETS – IN CENTRAL AND WESTERN TIBETAN PLATEAU WITH SELDOM RAIN • SLOPING ROOF COVERED EITHER IN SLATE, SHINGLES, OR CERAMIC TILE PLAN SYMMETRICAL IN LAYOUT AND FAÇADE DESIGN WALLS ARCHITECTURE USE OF STONE OR RAMMED EARTH MAY BE UP TO A METER THICK AT THE BASE TEMPLES AND MANOR HOUSES SLIGHTLY TRAPEZOIDAL FORM, HEAVY AT THE BOTTOM (STONE FOUNDATIONS) AND LIGHT AT THE TOP, GENERALLY WITH BATTERED WALLS WINDOWS USUALLY SMALL BECAUSE THE WALLS ARE SO HEAVY THAT LARGE OPENINGS WOULD MAKE THE STRUCTURE WEAK AND UNSTABLE ARCHITECTURE DETAILED CODE FOR THE DOORS, WINDOWS AND PARAPETS INCLUDING BLACK FRAMES AROUND DOORS AND WINDOWS COMPLEX WOODEN OVERHANG DECORATIONS POTALA PALACE • LOCATED IN MOBURI (RED) MOUNTAIN IN THE CENTER OF THE LHASA VALLEY AT AN ALTITUDE OF 3,700m • WINTER PALAC OF THE DALAI LAMA SINCE THE 7TH C. SYMBOLIZES TIBETANAN BUDDHISM AND ITS CENTRAL ROLE IN THE TRADITIONAL ADMINISTRATION OF TIBET • UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITE POTALA PALACE • THE COMPLEX COVERS AN AREA OF 130,000 sqm • STANDS MORE THAN 110m HIGH • 13 STOREY PALACE AND OTHER ANCILLIAR BUILDING: • OUTER WHITE PALACE – HOUSES THE ADMINISTRATIVE QUARTERS, WHERE ALL MAIN CEREMONIES TAKES PLACE • INNER RED QUARTERS – HOUSES THE ASSEMBLY HALL OF THE LAMAS, CHAPELS, 10,000 SHRINES, STUPAS, AND A VAST LIBRARY OF BUDDHISM SCULPTURES • MADE OF STONE AND WOOD • WALLS ARE 1-5 METERS THICK WALLS OF THE RED PALACE ROOFTOP OF THE POTALA FORMER QUARTERS OF THE DALAI LAMA JOKHANG TEMPLE MONASTERY • MOST REVERED AND INTENSELY SPIRITUAL SACRED MONASTERY IN TIBET • CALLED THE “TSULAG KHANG” OR HOUSE OF WISDOM, BUT IS NOW KNOWN AS THE JOKHANG WHICH MEANS “HOUSE OF BUDDHA” • GOLDEN ROOF – BLEND OF LOCAL TIBETAN ELEMENTS WITH NEPALESE, CHINESE, AND INDIAN INFLUENCES ORIGINALLY CONSISTS OF 8 SHRINES. RENOVATED AND EXPANDED DURING THE YUAN DYNASTY, THE MING DYNASTY, AND THE QING DYNASTY CONSTRUCTED OF WOOD AND STONE ARCHITECTURAL HIGHLIGHTS EXTERIOR – EARLY RESPRESENTATIONS OF BUDDHSM SUCH AS DEER AND WHEEL MOTIFS INTERIOR – MAZE OF CHAPELS DEVOTED TO DIFFERENT GODS AND BODHISATTVAS AND A SIGNIFICANT COLLECTION OF CULTURAL ARTIFACTS SURROUNDED BY CANDLES AND INCENSE. HOLIEST OBJECT IN TIBET – LIFE-SIZE STATUE OF JOWO SHAKYAMUNI ADORNED WITH JEWELS, HEART OF THE JOKHANG TEMPLE 11 1 – MAIN ENTRANCE 2 – MAIN OPEN COURTYARD 4 – MAIN ASSEMBLY HALL 7 3 3 – NANGKOR – INNER KORA 10 5 – JOWO CHAPEL 11 2 1 6 – LARGE OPEN COURTYARD W/ WELL 4 3 7 – MONKS QUARTERS 3 8 – MAIN KITCHEN 9 – OUTDOOR ASSEMBLY ASQUARE 11 6 10 – ENCLOSURES 11 11 – SECONDARY ENTRANCES 9 8 NORBULINGKA MONASTERY • NORBULINGKA (TREASURE MONASTERY) • LOCATED AT THE BANK OF THE LHASA RIVER ABOUT 2KM WEST OF POTALA PALACE • 36 HECTARES, CONSISTS OF LARGE GARDEN WITH SEVERAL PALACES, HALLS, AND PAVILLIONS • STARTED IN 1751, WITH THE UYA PALACE, DALAI LAMAS CONTINUED BUILDING PAVILIONS, PALACES AND HALLS, MAKING IT THEIR SUMMER RESIDENCE • BECAME ANOTHER RELIGIOUS, POLITICAL, AND CULTURAL CENTER OF TIBET AFTER THE Thank you!
