SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Creative Writing
Quarter 1 – Module 2
Reading and Writing
Poetry and Fiction
i
Creative Writing – Grade 12
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 2: Reading and Writing Poetry and Fiction
Second Edition, 2021
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12
Creative Writing
Quarter 1 – Module 2
Reading and Writing
Poetry and Fiction
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.
OVERVIEW
What I Need To Know
1
Things to Remember To Get Through
1
Lesson 1- ELEMENTS, TECHNIQUES, AND LITERARY DEVICES IN SPECIFIC
FORMS OF POETRY
What I Need To Know
3
What I Know
3
What's New
5
What Is It
6
What's More
11
What I Have Learned
13
Assessment
13
Lesson 2 – ELEMENTS, TECHNIQUES AND LITERARY DEVICES IN VARIOUS
MODES OF FICTION
What I Need To Know
15
What I Know
15
What Is It
17
What’s New
24
What's More
24
Assessment
25
References
28
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WHAT I NEED TO KNOW
This second self-learning module of Creative Writing for Senior High School
students is designed to provide learners with a better understanding of the elements,
techniques and literary devices in specific forms of poetry as well as in various modes
of fiction.
In this module, the students will be able to enter into the world of poetry and
fiction through various activities, specifically writing activities, which enable the
learners to put into practice all the things which are mentioned here.
After studying this module, you will be able to:
1. identify the various elements, techniques, and literary devices in specific
forms of poetry,
2. write a short poem applying the various elements and literary devices
exploring innovative techniques,
3. identify the various elements, techniques, and literary devices in various
modes of fiction, and
4. write journal entries and other short compositions exploring key elements of
fiction.
THINGS TO REMEMBER TO GET THROUGH
To learn and benefit from this module, follow the steps below:
1. Read the module title and the module introduction to get an idea of what the
module covers. Specifically, read the first two sections of this module
carefully. The first section tells you what this module is all about while the
second section tells you of what you are expected to learn.
2. Never move on to the next page unless you have done what you are
expected to do in the previous page. Before you start each lesson, read first
the INSTRUCTIONS.
3. Work on the activities. Take note of the skills that each activity is helping
you to develop.
1
4. Take the Post-Test after you are done with all the lessons and activities in
the module.
5. Meet with your teacher. Ask him/her about any difficulty or confusion you
have encountered in this module.
6. Finally, prepare and gather all your outputs and submit them to your teacher.
7. Please write all your answers of the tests, activities, exercises, and others
on your separate activity notebook.
GOOD LUCK AS YOU BEGIN THIS MODULE!
2
LESSON
1
ELEMENTS, TECHNIQUES,
AND LITERARY DEVICES IN
SPECIFIC FORMS OF POETRY
Competencies:
a. Identify the various elements, techniques, and literary devices in poetry.
HUMSS_CW/MP11/12c-f-6
b. Write a short poem applying the various elements, techniques, and literary
devices exploring innovative techniques. HUMSS_CW/MP11/12c-f-10
WHAT I NEED TO KNOW
At the end of this lesson, the learners are expected to:
1.
2.
3.
identify poetry and its various elements, techniques, and literary devices in
specific forms of poetry;
recognize the importance of understanding the various elements, techniques,
and literary devices in writing a poem; and
write a short poem applying the various elements, techniques and literary
devices.
WHAT I KNOW
Instructions: Recall what you have learned about poetry. Read and answer the
following statements. Write the letter of your answer in your notebook.
1. What type of literature wherein words are placed together to form sounds and
images?
a. fiction
b. drama
c. poetry
d. essay
2. What type of poem that is either poetic or musical which tells the tales of
ordinary people?
a. epic
b. elegy
c. ode
d. ballad
3. Which of the following is an example of alliteration or the repetition of initial
sounds on the same line or stanza?
a. Big dog eats the chick
c. He is my knight tonight
b. Damsel in distress
d. Her lips are like rose
3
4. The following are elements of poetry, EXCEPT ONE:
a. introduction
c. imagery
b. form
d. line
5. A verse is a name for a line of poetry written in meter. Which of the following is
incorrect?
a. pentameter – 5 meter
c. tetrameter – 4 meter
b. octometer – 1 foot
d. heptameter – 7 meter
6. This refers to the use of sensory details or descriptions that appeal to one or
more of the five senses.
a. imagery
c. figures of Speech
b. figurative Language
d. point of View
7. Lines of poetry are arranged into groups called ________.
a. similes
b. stanzas c. settings
d. stories
8. Poetry that does not follow a specific form and does not have to rhyme is known
as ____________ poetry.
a. cinquain
b. free verse
c. haiku
d. limerick
9. Metaphors, similes, onomatopoeia, and personification are all examples of
what?
a. figurative language
c. types of speeches
b. elements of poetry
d. types of poetry
10. She cries like a candle is an example of what literary device?
a. personification b. simile
c. metaphor
d. consonance
4
WHAT’S NEW
Activity 1. On the space provided below, write one (1) stanza of your favorite song
and answer the questions that follow.
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Questions:
1. Why did you choose this stanza from your favorite song?
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2. What is the message of the song?
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3. How does the song relate to your life?
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4. How did you know that a song is a poem?
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5. In your own idea, what is a poem?
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WHAT IS IT
V
What is Poetry?
Poetry is a type of literature wherein words are placed together to form sounds
and images and follows strictly the rules of meter and rhyme. Poetry is believed as the
oldest form of literature. The oldest written manuscripts we have are poems, mostly
epic poems telling the stories of ancient mythology such as the sacred texts of
Hinduism - Epic of Gilgamesh and the Vedas.
Poems convey thoughts and tell stories in a lyrical arrangement of words.
These are indulged with lots of imagery and metaphors that are made up of fragments
rather than grammatically correct sentences.
Six Most Important Elements of Poetry
1.
Form – the way a poem looks, its physical structure or its arrangement on the
page. A poem may have any number of lines or verse, rhyme scheme,
stanza (lines that are grouped together), and/or metrical pattern (which
imposes specific length and emphasis on a given line of poetry), but it can still
be classified according to its form or style. A poem may be free verse (lacks a
consistent rhyme scheme, metrical pattern, or musical form), blank verse
(written with a precise meter—almost always iambic pentameter—that does
not rhyme), and rhymed poetry (rhymes by definition but the scheme varies)
Here are the three most common types of poems according to form:
o Lyric Poetry: This is the usual type of the modern poems. It is any poem
with a speaker who expresses strong thoughts and feelings.
6
Examples:
Ode - is a tribute to its subject, although the subject need not
be dead, and has elaborated stanza pattern
Elegy - has no set metric pattern and is written to mourn and
reminisce the dead
Sonnet - is a 14-line poem which focuses on the topic of love. Its
two types are the Italian or Petrarchan which consists of an octave
(eight lines) and a sestet (six lines) and Shakespearean/
Elizabethan which consists of three quatrains (four lines each)
and a concluding couplet (two lines).
o Narrative Poem: It is a poem that tells or narrates a story; its structure
resembles the plot line of a story [i.e. the introduction of conflict and
characters, rising action, climax and the denouement].
Examples:
Ballad - is a poem that is either poetic or musical which tells the
tales of ordinary people. It usually follows a rhymed quatrains or
cinquains.
Epic - is lengthy and deals with the founding of a nation or any
heroic themes by a certain figure or character from a distant past.
o Descriptive Poem: It is a poem that describes the world that
surrounds the speaker which uses elaborate imagery and adjectives and
more personal and introspective than the lyric poetry.
Example:
Pastoral Poetry – concerns the relationship between human and
the natural world.
2.
Imagery – is believed to be the only thing that will make your poetry powerful
and enticing. These are mental pictures the poet creates through language.
3.
Rhyme – is the repetition of similar sounds; the most common kind of rhyme is
the end rhyme which occurs at the end of two or more lines.
Example:
The mountain is high
But you can’t take me higher.
The leaves are dry
And your hands are colder.
The rhyme scheme of the poem is abab.
4.
Sound – reinforces the meaning of the poem and the rhythm goes along with
it.
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o Two Sound Patterns
Euphony - words are chosen for their soft consonant sounds and
melodious quality (L, O, S, SH, M, N, Y, W, U, PH, A)
She loves swimming and snorkeling.
Cacophony - words are chosen for their hard sounds and general
obnoxiousness (K, J, T, Q, V, C, X, G, Z, CH)
The King and Queen are chill.
Common types of sound play emphasize individual sounds between and
within words:
Alliteration: the repetition of initial sounds on the same line or stanza
Example: Catherine’s cute colorful collar
Assonance: the repetition of vowel sounds (anywhere in the middle or
end of a line or stanza)
Example: Chilling while having chitchats
Consonance: the repetition of consonant sounds (anywhere in the
middle or end of a line or stanza)
Example: She is prettier and better with Peter
Onomatopoeia: words that sound like that which they describe
Example: Boom! Clap! Hiss! Roar!
Repetition: the repetition of entire lines or phrases to emphasize key
thematic ideas and feelings.
Parallel Structure: a form of repetition where the order of verbs and
nouns is repeated; it may involve exact words, but it more importantly
repeats sentence structure
Example: I can, I do, I will.
5.
Line – is a very important part of a poetry for it is like one sentence. It is not
necessary to put a period at the end of each line since poetry does not conform
to grammar rules.
Examples of poems classified in the number of lines:
1. Sonnet – 14 lines
2. Haiku – 3 line
3. Limerick – 5 lines
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•
6.
Verse - A name for a line of poetry written in meter. Named according
to the number of “Feet” per line.
Example:
Monometer – one foot
Dimeter
– two feet
Trimester
– three feet
Tetrameter – four feet
Pentameter – five feet
Hexameter – six feet
Heptameter – seven meter
Octometer – eight meter
Stanzas – are a series of lines grouped together and separated by an empty
line from other stanzas. It is a division in a poem named for the number of lines
it contains and are the equivalent of a paragraph in an essay.
Examples:
Couplet
–
two - line stanza
Triplet
–
three - line stanza
Quatrain
–
four - line stanza
Sestet
–
six - line stanza
Septet
–
seven - line stanza
Octave
–
eight - line stanza
Literary Devices Used in Poetry
As
published
by
Ruchika
Gupta
in
SuccessCDs
website
(https://www.successcds.net/learn-english/literary-devices-in-poems.html),
the
following are some of the literary devices/techniques/figurative languages used by the
poet to add unique style in writing:
•
Simile. Comparison of two things using the words “like” or “as.”
Example:
Friends are like sunflowers in the garden.
•
Anaphora: The repeated use of word at the start of two or more consecutive
lines.
Example:
Class
10
poemThe
Frog
and
the
nightingale
Said the frog: I tried to teach her, But she was a stupid creature
Far too nervous, far too tense.
Far too prone to influence.
•
Antithesis: Use of opposite words in close placement
Example:
Class 10 poem- The Frog and the nightingale
“Every night from dusk to dawn”
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•
Hyperbole: It is a Greek word meaning “overcasting”. The use of exaggeration
to lay emphasis.
Example:
Class 10 poem- Ozymandias
•
“My name is Ozymandias, King of kings”
Metaphor: It is indirect comparison by highlighting a particular quality of two
things.
Example:
Poem- The Frog and the nightingale
“You are Mozart in disguise”
Here the nightingale compares frog’s singing ability with that of
great musician Mozart
•
Onomatopoeia: It is the usage of sound words to create a dramatic effect.
Example:
Poem- The frog and the nightingale
“Once upon a time a frog
Croaked away in Bingle bog”
So, here the poet used the word ‘croaked’ which is a sound
made by the frog
•
Personification: It means to give human quality to an object or a non-living
thing.
Example:
Poem- Mirror
“I am silver and exact. I have no preconceptions.
Whatever I see I swallow immediately”
Here the poet has personified a mirror because the mirror is
describing itself.
•
Synecdoche: It is a word or phrase in which a part of something is used to
refer to the whole of it.
Example:
Poem- Ozymandias
“The hand that mocked them and the heart that fed”
Here the word hand is used to refer to the sculptor who made
the statue of Ozymandias and heart is used to refer to King
Ozymandias who gave the right expression for the statue.
10
•
Transferred epithet: It is an adjective used with a noun refers to another
noun.
Example:
Poem- The snake trying
“Pursuing stick”
Here it is not the stick that pursues, rather the person who
carries it is pursuing
•
Oxymoron: Two words together that are opposites but together mean
something.
Examples:
Mud bath
Awfully pretty
Cold sweat
WHAT’S MORE
Activity 2. Determine the (a) elements and the (b) language devices, based on what
were discussed above, that are found in the poem below.
Examples:
(a) Elements
1. Form of the poetry – Ode
(b) Language Devices
1. Anaphora –
i was just being true
i was just being honest
but i still lost both of you
to the friends I lost
by: Rheza Mae M. Pacut (@missterious)
(Published at Poetizer on April 22 , 2019)
gone are the days when all we
could think of is to laugh
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gone are the hours we could spend just for talking about
our lives as we catch up
gone are the minutes when we could stare at each other's
eyes when something out of the blue happens and when
someone attractive shows up
those days, hours and minutes are all gone,
along with it is the friendship we've built since we were young
drifted nowhere, swiftly hushing with the waves we could bare
I lost both of you
because
gone are the times when we could freely express
what we feel
when being true is not prohibited
and when being childish is promulgated
I was just being true
I was just being honest
but I still lost both of you
to the friends I lost,
you lost me too.
Activity 3. Read again the poem above and answer the questions below:
1. What is the message of the poem?
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2. How can you relate from the message of the poem?
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3. Why is it important to know the elements and language used in poetry?
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WHAT I HAVE LEARNED
Complete the paragraph with the necessary words or sentences that best describe
what you have learned from the discussion. Write your paragraph in your notebook.
Follow the format below.
I have learned that poetry
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ASSESSMENT
Based on the things that you have learned about the elements, techniques, and
literary devices of poetry; write your own poem of any form you prefer in your
notebook. You may use one or more literary devices in your own poem.
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(Title)
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Refer to this rubric for your guidance:
EVALUATING POETRY
(Rubrics Scoring Guide)
Criteria
5
4
3
The poem is
A line in the
Two or more
Content
original and not poem is copied lines are
copied from
from any
copied from
any source.
source.
any source
There is logical The
The
Organization presentation of presentation of presentation
ideas.
ideas is
of ideas is not
smooth.
so logical.
There is no
There is no
There are few
Mechanics
error in terms
error in terms
errors
spelling. The
spelling. Some spelling. Few
fragments
guidelines of
guidelines of
make clear
the elements
the elements
sense. The
of poetry are
of poetry are
poem follows
followed.
followed.
the guidelines
of the elements
of poetry.
The poem is
The poem is
The poem is
Presentation creatively
creatively
creatively
presented
presented but
presented but
which makes it some details
many details
catchy,
are not
are not
attractive and
prominent.
presented.
interesting
2
The poem is
completely
copied from
any source.
The ideas are
not wellpresented.
There are
several errors
in spelling.
No
guidelines of
the elements
of poetry are
followed.
The poem is
creatively
presented but
important
details are
not
presented.
Now you’re done for this lesson! You may now proceed to Lesson 2.
14
ELEMENTS, TECHNIQUES AND
LESSON
LITERARY DEVICES IN
2
VARIOUS MODES OF FICTION
Competencies:
a. Identify the various elements, techniques, and literary devices in various
modes of fiction, HUMSS_CW/MPIg-i-11
b. Write journal entries and other short compositions exploring key elements
of fiction, HUMSS_CW/MPIg-i-13
WHAT I NEED TO KNOW
At the end of this lesson, the learners are expected to:
1. define fiction and identify its various modes;
2. understand the elements, techniques, and literary devices of various
modes of fiction; and
3. write journal entries and other short compositions exploring key
elements of fiction.
WHAT I KNOW
Instructions: Recall what you have learned or read about fiction and its various
modes. Read and answer the following statements. In your notebook, write the letter
of your answer to the question in each item.
1. Which of the following best describes fiction?
a. Fiction is factual.
b. Fiction is based on real-time events.
c. Fiction is purely a product of one’s imagination.
d. Fiction is true.
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2. What element of fiction is referred to as the major events that move the action in a
narrative?
a. character
b. setting
c. plot
d. point of view
3. It is known as the element of fiction which refers to a combination of place, historical
time, and social milieu which compose the general background for the characters and
plot of a particular work of literature.
a. character
b. setting
c. plot
d. point of view
4. It is an element of fiction which refers to the author’s choice and arrangement of
words, as well as other linguistic features applied in a certain work.
a. theme
b. style
c. point of view
d. plot
5. It is a literary technique that a writer uses in which a word, object, action, or
character is used in order to mean something in the story other than its dictionary or
literal meaning.
a. allegory
b. symbol
c. irony
d. imagery
6. It is a type of irony which means that the intended meaning of a statement is different
from the actual meaning.
a. verbal irony
b. situational irony
c. literary irony
d. dramatic irony
7. It is a type of irony that occurs when the expected outcome is the exact opposite of
the actual outcome.
a. verbal irony
b. situational irony
c. literary irony
d. dramatic irony
8. What literary technique does a writer use in order to appeal to the sense of sight,
smell, taste, touch and hearing?
a. figurative language
b. imagery
c. irony
d. allegory
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9. It is a figure of speech in which an animal, thing or idea is assigned with human
qualities in order to mean something.
a. simile
b. metaphor
c. personification
d. hyperbole
10. The statement “He cried a river” is an example of
a. simile
b. metaphor
c. personification
d. hyperbole
V
WHAT IS IT
What is fiction?
The world of literature is quite huge and wide-ranging. As a matter of fact, it
does not control the scope of a certain written work into something that is real or based
on factual events or information only. While factual literary works are all over us
nowadays, fiction has undoubtedly become famous among avid readers and literary
works enthusiasts as well. This form of literature refers to the inventive construction of
an imaginary world. Its product is solely based on the author’s capability to create an
event or story based on his wild and creative imagination. It is not real. More so, it is
not based on facts or actual happenings. That is, it is non-existent. Nonetheless,
people continue to love this form of literature over time as it is known to provide its
readers with entertainment, as well as develop critical thinking in terms of unfolding
meanings, which are effectively hidden by the authors, using various elements,
techniques, and literary devices.
Various modes of fiction
Traditionally, fiction covers, but is not limited to, novels, short stories, fables,
legends, myths, fairy tales, epic, narrative poetry and plays. It also includes comic
books, animated cartoons, stop motions, films, video games, television programs,
among others. To date, fiction comes in three classifications: namely, genre fiction,
literary fiction and realistic fiction.
A. Genre Fiction
Also referred to as the popular fiction, genre fiction is written to appeal to the
readers and fans, who are already familiar with a certain genre, by producing a written
work which is fitted to that particular genre. Among the famous genre fiction writers
17
and literary figures in the history are Georges Simenon, the writer of Maigret detective
novels and known as the most novelistic of novelists in French literature, John
Banville, who publishes crime novels, and science fiction writers, Doris Lessing and
Margaret Atwood.
History of Genres
Historically, genre started as a classification system under the ancient Greek
literature. Poetry, prose and drama follow certain styles which are connected to the
theme of the story. The first known genres back then were the epic, which was
depicted in poetry, along with tragedy and comedy found in plays. Eventually, other
genres, such as the chivalric romance, opera, and prose fiction, came in to play. As
opposed to what others may have thought, novel, as suggested by Ian Watt, was
developed in as early as the early 18 th century. Genre fiction bloomed from many
different subgenres of the novel during the 19th century. During the 20th century, the
mass-marketing of fiction intensified with the development of other genres, including
gothic novel, fantasy, science fiction, adventure novel, historical romance and the
detective novel.
The Genres
Below is a list of the most common genres which are used in contemporary
publishing.
Crime fiction
This genre is also known as detective story, murder mystery, mystery novel and
police novel. It focuses on narratives which dwell on the criminal acts and the
investigations of a certain serious crime, usually a murder, by either an amateur or a
professional detective. Generally, crime novels are narrated at the viewpoint of the
criminals. While usual stories point to the police as the “good one” and the criminal as
the “bad one”, a crime fiction makes the readers rooting for the latter instead.
Fantasy
Real world myth and folklore is often the source of inspiration of this genre. It
started from oral traditions which later on became fantasy literature and drama.
Beginning in the 20th century, fantasy has been included in many different forms of
media which include film, television, graphic novels, manga and video games. More
often than not, this genre makes use of magic or other supernatural elements as its
main plot element, theme or setting. In the world of fantasy, magic and magical
creatures or scientifically impossible elements are common. Among the common
examples of this genre are Alice in Wonderland by Lewis Carrol, Harry Potter series
by J.K. Rowling, and The Lord of The Rings by J.R.R. Tolkien.
18
Romance
The primary focus of this genre is the relationship and romantic love between
two people. Its main goal is to feed its readers with emotional satisfaction, as well as
optimistic and happy ending by creating a plot which focuses on a man and a woman
falling in love with each other and struggling to maintain that love. The romance novel
has various subgenres which include romantic suspense, contemporary romance,
historical romance, erotic romance, paranormal romance, young adult romance and
Christian romance.
Science fiction
Although related to fantasy, this genre contains stories which are at least
grounded on science-based fact or theory at the moment the story was written. It deals
with imaginative concepts like futuristic science and technology, space travel, time
travel, faster than light travel, parallel universes and extraterrestrial life. It predicts or
makes suppositions of technologies which are not realities during the creation of the
literary work. One famous example of science fiction is the novel entitled “From the
Earth to the Moon” by Jules Vernel which was published in 1865 which prediction on
a man being able to land on the moon happened in 1969 by astronaut Neil Armstrong.
Inspirational
This literary genre is mainly written for the purpose of inspiring its readers
through the use of anecdotes. As a standard, inspirational fiction sets an eye on
religious values, as well as content of written works which are non-offensive and
ensures implicit storylines. More often than not, it features a significant change in the
life of a major character in the story which may inspire the readers to think that what
happened to this character can possibly happen in their own lives, too.
Horror
As the name implies, horror fiction aims to produce fear, fascination and
revulsion on the part of the readers. When writing in this genre, one usually begins
with something that is normal and common. The latter part would then show the main
characters to be under the threat made by an evil force in the story. What makes a
horror fiction effective to the readers is its ability to scare and blow their minds away
B. Literary Fiction
In contrast to genre fiction, this category of fiction is written to discover any
aspect of the human condition. Often, it involves written works such as commentary,
political criticism or even a reflection about the human condition. The following are the
most common characteristics of literary fiction:
•
Concerned with social commentary, political criticism or reflection on the human
condition
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•
•
•
•
Focuses on in-depth character studies of the characters whose “inner stories”
are supposed to involve its readers, emotionally
Concerned with the writing’s style and complexity; is elegantly written, lyrical
and layered according to Saricks
The plot is not its central concern.
Its tone is darker than genre fiction.
C. Realistic Fiction
Ironic as it may sound, realistic fiction is a category of imaginative writings which
contains stories that could have happened to people or animals in a place and time
which is realistic or believable. In this genre, both the stories and the characters
resemble that of something which is real. Moreover, the main focus of its plot is on
social or personal occurrences or issues which show common life events, including
falling in love, marriage, finding a job, divorce, alcoholism, among others. The following
are the main characteristics of a realistic fiction:
•
•
•
•
•
Its stories happen either in the present or recent past.
Characters are involved in probable events
Characters’ dwelling place is realistic
The characters play as real people with real solutions to realistic issues.
Events could leave questions that the reader is possible to encounter in his life.
Elements of Fiction
There are six major elements of fiction that a writer must consider in order to
come up with the most appealing literary work.
1. Character
It refers to a figure in a literary work which can either be a person or other form
of being. It can entirely be an image created out of an author’s imagination or a reallife person where a clear distinction of a “fictional” versus “real” character should be
made.
Below are the different types of characters:
•
•
•
Round characters – refer to complex figures whose characteristics are
varied and usually undergo development in the story which usually
produces surprise to the readers
Flat characters – refer to the uncomplicated figures in a fiction which are
often two-dimensional
Dynamic characters – these are characters in the story which are
deemed to change as the story goes on
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•
•
•
•
Static characters – are the opposite of dynamic characters in that they
remain the same from the start to the end of the story
Regular characters – used to refer to those figures in the story that
appear in almost all of the episodes
Recurring characters – also referred to as supporting characters, have
frequent appearance in the series of a story
Guest characters – also known as minor characters; act only in a few
episodes or scenes in a certain story
2. Plot
This element of fiction, also known as the storyline, refers to the major events
that move the action in a narrative. Moreover, it consists of a series of events in which
one occurrence poses an effect to the next occurrence by means of cause-and-effect.
A plot has five significant elements; namely, exposition, rising action, climax, falling
action and denouement or resolution.
It introduces the characters of the story and shows to the audience
how they are related with one another, as well as their goals,
motivations and moral character.
This stage begins with a conflict which moves the main
character or the protagonist to take action. Moreover, this
Rising
is the phase in the story where the main character acknowledges
action
his or her goal and shows the manner in which the obstacles are
overcome.
This is now the turning point of the story where the protagonist
makes a certain decision which will either cause him to win or lose
Climax
in the battle he is in. Furthermore, the decision he makes clearly
gives a description on the kind of person he is.
Falling
This element comprises events which lead to the ending of the
action
story in which the character’s actions got the problem fixed.
This phase is where the conflict has officially ended. The problem
has been solved by both the protagonist and the antagonist.
Denouement Finally, the story shows what eventually happened to the
characters after the conflict ends.
Exposition
3. Point of View
It refers to the point from which a narrative is told. A story can be told in either
first-person point of view, in which the author is also the character in the story which
refers to himself or herself as “I”, or third-person point of view which has two types:
the omniscient, where the author becomes an all-knowing narrator who is able to
recall actions thoroughly and enter into any character’s mind in the work or whatever
period to uncover to the readers his or her thoughts, feelings and beliefs, and the
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limited in which the author relies on a single character’s views in order to recount the
story.
4. Setting
This element in fiction refers to the time and geographic location involved in a
particular story. Generally, it sets the mood for a story. The setting itself has its own
elements that a writer must consider, too, including culture, historical period,
geography and hour.
5. Style
While all the other elements mentioned above are of great importance in writing
fiction, an author should also be fully aware about style in order to create a literary
work which catches the attention and interest of the readers or the audience. Style
refers to the choice of words (diction), arrangement of words (syntax) and other
linguistic features of a work that the author uses. With appropriate style, an author can
make a literary work of fiction appear seemingly true and real to the readers.
6. Theme(s)
This element of fiction is considered as the central and dominating idea in a
literary work. Basically, it refers to the general message of the story to its readers or
the moral that is attached in a certain literary work.
Techniques and Literary Devices in Fiction
Literary works, including fiction, serve a lot of purposes for many people; one
of which is for entertainment. For this reason, it is but necessary that a fiction writer is
able to deliver a kind of story which appeals to the senses of its readers in order to
attain its end goal – to entertain. In this regard, the writer’s good taste and choice of
techniques and literary devices in fiction is very important not only for an entertaining
story, but for a more interesting, meaningful and authentic work.
The following are among the most common techniques and literary devices that
most fiction writers include in their write-ups:
1. Allegory
This literary device makes use of a character, place or event which is meant to
deliver a broader message, usually a moral or political one, concerning issues and
events which are happening in the real world. For instance, “Pilgrim’s Progress is an
allegory of one’s spiritual journey”.
2. Symbol
To make fiction more interesting, the author can play around with words,
objects, actions or characters in the story to infer something aside from its dictionary
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or literal meaning. Symbols can be either universal or cultural, as well as contextual.
The use of symbols in fiction awakens the interest of the readers and allows them to
exercise deep critical and analytical thinking in digging into the hidden meanings of
the symbols used. Among the common examples of symbols are “dove” which means
“peace”, “heart” for love, a weighing scale for justice, to name a few.
3. Irony
There are three types of irony that a writer can make use of:
Verbal irony. It is used when what one says is totally different from
what he actually meant. This type is similar to sarcasm.
Situational irony. This happens when the actual outcome of an action is
different from your expected outcome.
Dramatic irony. Basically, it happens when the audience, not the
character himself, knows more regarding the character’s
situation.
4. Imagery
In this literary device, the writer connects with the readers by appealing to their
senses, including sense of sight, smell, taste, touch, and hearing, with the intention to
create “word pictures”. This way, fiction becomes more enticing and entertaining.
Imagery comes in two types: figurative and literal. The first type is based on figurative
language in which the meaning of a statement should not be taken literally. For
example, “The war zone looked like the moonscape”. On the other hand, literal
imagery is the other way around. It makes use of concrete and specific language to
construct various clear pictures. For example, “The boy walked along the muddy, wet,
gravel road, as the red maples and crimson birch blew in the cold autumn wind”.
5. Figurative Language
Still another way to make a story more meaningful and interesting is to make
use of figurative language. In literature, it is a language used to compare two different
things in various ways. The most commonly used figures of speech are the following:
Simile. The writer makes a direct comparison between two totally different
things by using the words “like” or “as”
Example:
Your lips are as red as roses.
His voice is as loud as thunder.
Metaphor. Similar to simile, this figure of speech makes a comparison between
two unlike things, but without the use of “like” or “as”.
Example:
Life is hell without you.
You are music to my soul.
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Personification. This figure of speech allows the writer to assign animals,
objects, or ideas with human qualities, attributes or abilities.
Example:
“The angry wind knocked over the chair and slammed the shutters.”
The leaves dance as the wind blows.
Hyperbole. In this figure of speech, the writer practices exaggeration or
overstatement for the purpose of emphasis.
Example:
It took forever for the bus to arrive.
She cried a river when he left her.
WHAT’S IN
In your notebook, answer the following questions.
1.) Give a short discussion on genre fiction, literary fiction and realistic fiction.
2.) Why is it important for a writer to consider the different elements and literary
devices in writing a fiction?
Note to the teacher:
You may create your own rubrics in scoring the activity in the
“What’s In” above. Thank you.
WHAT’S MORE
ACTIVITY 1
In your notebook, write a short composition or story which clearly applies the
key elements and literary devices of fiction which we have discussed in this lesson.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
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Note to the teacher:
You can design your own rubric for scoring this writing activity. Make
sure it focuses more on the content, style and the application of elements and
literary devices of fiction as discussed above.
Thank you.
ASSESSMENT
I. Multiple Choice. Read each statement carefully and pick your answer from the table
below. Write the letter of your answer on a sheet of paper. Strictly NO erasure is
allowed.
a. fiction
b. fantasy
c. historical fiction
d. realistic fiction
e. crime fiction
f. symbolism
g. situational irony
h.verbal irony
i. dramatic irony
j. personification
1. It places imaginary characters into real historical events.
2. It refers to any narrative consisting of imaginary people, events or descriptions.
3. It typically involves a story whose basic setting is real and whose events could
feasibly happen in a real world setting.
4. It involves supernatural, magical or scientifically impossible elements.
5. It is told at the viewpoint of the criminals themselves.
6. It occurs when the audience knows something that the characters do not.
7. It occurs when a speaker intentionally says one thing while meaning the opposite.
8. It occurs when the actual result of a situation is totally different from what you’d
expected.
9. It is the use of symbols to signify ideas and qualities.
10. It is a figure of speech in which the writer applies human abilities and attributes to
an object or idea.
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Test II. Essay
1. Describe each element of plot enumerated below.
Exposition
Rising Action
ꜜ
Climax
ꜜ
Falling Action
ꜜ
Denouement
ꜜ
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You are now done with the 2 lessons for Module 2.
Congratulations and keep going!!!
It’s time to proceed to Module 3.
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REFERENCES:
“Literary Terms.” Literary Terms. June 1, 2015. Accessed June 8, 2020.
https://literaryterms.net/.
https://learn.lexiconic.net/elementsofpoetry.htm
https://medium.com/@rainbowhowl/the-five-most-important-elements-of-poetry9d776e5b5928
https://poetryarchive.org/glossary/form/
https://www.masterclass.com/articles/poetry-101-learn-about-poetry-different-typesof-poems-and-poetic-devices-with-examples#15-types-of-poetic-forms
https://www.successcds.net/learn-english/literary-devices-in-poems.html
https://davehood59.wordpress.com/2010/02/10/elements-of-fiction-literarytechniques/#:~:text=The%20fiction%20writer's%20choice%20of,simile%2C%20meta
phor%2C%20and%20personification.
https://web.csulb.edu/~yamadaty/EleFic.html#:~:text=The%20six%20major%20elem
ents%20of,setting%2C%20style%2C%20and%20theme.
https://libguides.merrimack.edu/RealisticFiction
https://www.unm.edu/~hookster/Elements%20of%20Fiction.pdf
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LESSON 1 – WHAT I KNOW
1. C
2. D
3. B
4. A
5. B
6. A
7. B
8. B
9. A
10.B
WHAT’S NEW – Activity 1
-
Answer may vary
WHAT’S MORE – Activity 2 and 3
-
Answer may vary
WHAT I HAVE LEARNED
-
Answer may vary
ASSESSMENT
-
Answer may vary
ANSWER KEY:
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LESSON 2
What I Know
1. c
2. c
3. b
4. b
5. b
6. a
7. b
8. b
9. c
10. d
What’s In
1.
Genre fiction - referred to as the
popular fiction, is written to appeal
to the readers and fans, who are
already familiar with a certain
genre, by producing a written work
which is fitted to that particular
genre.
Literary fiction - is written to
discover any aspect of the human
condition. Often, it involves written
works such as commentary,
political criticism or even a
reflection about the human
condition
Realistic fiction - a category of
imaginative writings which contains
stories that could have happened to
people or animals in a place and
time which is realistic or believable
Assessment
Test I
1. c
2. a
3. d
4. b
5. e
6. i
7. h
8. g
9. f
10. j
Test II
Exposition - It introduces
the characters of the story
and shows to the audience
how they are related with
one another, as well as
their goals, motivations
and moral character.
Climax – It is the turning
point of the story when the
protagonist has to make a
decision which will either
make him win or lose in
his battles.
Note:
Scoring this test depends on the
judgment of the teacher. The given
answers do not have to be followed
word-for-word so long as it bears
the intended thought.
Rising Action- It begins
with a conflict which
moves the main character
to take an action.
2. It is important for a writer to
consider the different elements and
literary devices of fiction in order to
make the story more interesting,
entertaining and meaningful.
Falling action – This part
signals the ending of the
story.
Denouement – This is
where the conflict has
officially ended and
resolved by both the
protagonist and the
antagonist.
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
Department of Education – Division of Misamis Oriental
Office Address:
Del Pilar corner Velez Street, Brgy. 29, Cagayan de
Oro City 9000
Telefax:
(088) 881-3094 | Text: 0917-8992245 (Globe)
E-mail Address:
misamis.oriental@deped.gov.ph
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