TOPIC 1 – ANATOMY
1.1 The Skeletal System
1.1.1 Distinguish anatomically between the axial and appendicular skeleton
AXIAL SKELETON
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Skull
o
o
o
Sits on top of the vertebral column
Divided into the cranium and the face
Protects:
■ The brain
■ The eyes
■ The ears
Vertebral Column
o
The column is very strong, but also very flexible
o
It rotates and bends
■ Anteriorly (forwards)
■ Posteriorly (backwards)
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TOPIC 1 – ANATOMY
■
o
Laterally (to the side)
There are 33 vertebrae in the body:

Cervical vertebrae (7)
o Smallest
o More movement
than thoracic and
lumbar vertebrae

Thoracic vertebrae (12)
o Restrict movement
■ Ribs are
attach to
the sides of
each
vertebrae

Lumbar vertebrae (5)
o Biggest and
strongest
■ Play major
role in
weight
bearing

Sacral vertebrae (5)
o Transmit weight
from the body to
pelvis and legs

Coccygeal vertebrae (4)
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Sternum and Ribs
o Together, the sternum, ribs and thoracic vertebrae form the thoracic cage
o
Sternum
■ Flat bone that starts at the bottom of the throat and runs to about
halfway down the center of the chest
o
Ribs
■
Curved bones that articulate with:
 The sternum at the front
 The thoracic vertebrae at the back
TOPIC 1 – ANATOMY
■
There are 12 pairs of ribs altogether:
 First 7 paris are called true ribs
o Directly attached to the sternum

Ribs 8 to 10 are called false ribs
o Indirectly attached to the sternum

Ribs 11 and 12 are floating ribs
o Don’t attach to the sternum
APPENDICULAR SKELETON
UPPER BODY

Pectoral girdle (Shoulders)
o Scapulae
■ Flat, triangular bones
■ Located posterior to the ribcage
■ Articulate with clavicle and humerus
o
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Clavicles
■ Connection between the pectoral girdle and the axial skeleton
Humerus
o Bone in the upper arm
o
Typical long bone
■ Enlarged at the upper
■ Lowers at the end
o
The upper end articulates with the lateral part of the scapula
■ To form the shoulder joint
o
The lower end articulates with the proximal ulna
■ To form the elbow joint
Radius and Ulna
o These are two bones in the lower arm
o
They lie parallel to each other
■ Ulna media; to the radius (in anatomical body position)
o
Between the bones there is a layer of connective tissue keeping the bones
together
■ Interosseous membrane
o
They form the radioulnar joint where the bones rotate around each other
Carpals (Wrist)
o Articulate with the radius and ulna at the wrist
o Short bones
o Arranged closely together in two forms
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TOPIC 1 – ANATOMY
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Metacarpals (In the hand)
o The distal articulates with the metacarpals
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Phalanges (Fingers)
o Each finger has three phalanges
■ The thumb has only two
o
Form individual joints within the fingers
■ Allow very fine, specific movements
LOWER BODY

Pelvic girdle
o Made up of three bones fused together:
■ Ilium
■ Ischium
■ Pubis
o


Articulates with the sacrum
■ Providing links between the lower extremities
 The legs
 The axial skeleton
Femur
o One long bone in the upper leg
■ Enlarged both the proximal and distal ends
o
Longest and heaviest bone
o
Articulates with the pelvis in a hollow area called Acetabulum
■ To form the hip joint
o
Distally, it articulates with the enlarged head of the tibia
■ To form the knee joint
Tibia
o
o
Prominent bone found anteriorly in the lower leg
■ Also called the shin bone
Held together with an interosseous membrane

Fibula
o At the ankle joint, the tibia and fibula articulate with the talus
■ One of the tarsal bones

Patella (The Kneecap)
o Small, triangular bone located in front of the knee joint
o
Increases leverage of the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle
■ Maintains the position of the tendon when the knee is flexed
o
Protects the knee joint
TOPIC 1 – ANATOMY
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Tarsals
o Most prominent tarsal bones is the calcaneus
■ Forms the heel bone
o
Distal row of tarsals articulates with metatarsals

Metatarsals
o Articulates with the phanages

Phalanges (Toes)
o Each toe has three phalanges
■ Except the big toe; it has only two
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TOPIC 1 – ANATOMY
Distinguish between the axial and appendicular skeleton in terms of function
AXIAL SKELETON

These bones are supported by soft tissue such as
o
o
o
o
ligaments of the vertebral column
Muscles of the face and throat
Cartilage of the ribs
Tendons of the muscles

These bones have functions of central weight bearing and protection and maintenance
of posture

The skull and the ribcage protect the brain and the organs of the chest cavity
respectively
The ossicles of the ear have the function of maintaining the balance of the human body
The hyoid bone is an anchor point for various muscles covering the throat as a
protective function for the airways, gullet, major arteries and nerves
The vertebral column has functions in proper weight distribution, protection of the
spinal cord and maintaining proper posture
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APPENDICULAR SKELETON
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The appendicular skeleton consists of 126 bones in the body
o Which is arranged symmetrically on either side
The functions of the appendicular bones include:
o Balance
o Stability
■ Along with the main function of locomotion and manipulation
TOPIC 1 – ANATOMY
1.1.2 State the 4 types of bone
BONE TYPE
Long
NOTES
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Short
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Flat
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Irregular

EXAMPLES
Cylindrical shaft
Enlarged at both
sides
Can be large or
small
Length is greater
than the width
Most important
for movement


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Femur
Metatarsals
Clavicles
Small and cubed
shaped
Usually articulate
with more than
one other bone

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Carpals of the
hand
Tarsals of the foot
Curved surfaces
Vary from being
quite thick to very
thin
Provides
protection
The broad
surfaces provide a
large surface for
muscle
attachment
Specialised
shapes and
functions

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Ribs
Sternum
Scapula
Pelvis
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Vertebrae
Sacrum
Coccyx
DIAGRAM
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TOPIC 1 – ANATOMY
1.1.3 Draw and annotate the structure of a long bone
TOPIC 1 – ANATOMY
1.1.4 Apply anatomic terminology to the location of the bone
TERM
Inferior
Superior
Proximal
Distal
Posterior
Anterior
Internal
External
Lateral
Medial
DEFINITION
Below or further away from the head
Above or nearer to the head
Nearer to where a limb attaches to the body
Further away from where a limb attaches to the body
Behind or nearer to the back
In front of or nearer to the back
Located inside or further away from the surface
Located on or near the surface
Further away from the midline of body
Closer to the midline of body
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TOPIC 1 – ANATOMY
1.1.5 Outline the functions of connective tissue
CONNECTIVE
TISSUE
Tendons
FUNCTION
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Ligaments
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Cartilage
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Strong strips which attach
the muscles to bones
The tendon pulls on the
bone
When a muscle contrast to
move a joint
Strong bands that connects
bones to bones at joints
They’re elasticated to allow
movement of the joint
Strong enough to stop
movement outside the
normal range
Soft cushioning substance
Covering the ends of the
bones
Acts as a shock absorber
Reduces the rubbing of the
bone surfaces
DIAGRAM
TOPIC 1 – ANATOMY
1.1.6 Define the term joint
JOINT I Where two or more bones come into contact or articulate with each other
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TOPIC 1 – ANATOMY
1.1.7 Distinguish between the different types of joint in relation to movement
permitted
JOINT
Fibrous (fixed)
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Cartilaginous
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Synovial
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DESCRIPTION
Thin layer of fibrous
tissue connecting the
edges of the two
bones
No movement is
allowed
There is limited
movement allowed at
these joints
Most commonly
occurring joints in the
body
Most important joint
for mobility
DIAGRAM
TOPIC 1 – ANATOMY
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1.1.8 Outline the features of a synovial joint
FEATURE OF SYNOVIAL JOINT
Hyaline Cartilage
Articular capsule
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Synovial Membrane
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Menisci

Bursae

DESCRIPTION
Reduce friction
Absorb shock
Protect the bones
Flexible enough to allow joint movements
o Tensile strength protects the joint
from dislocation
Lubricates the joint cavity
o Reduces friction
o Provides nutrients to the cartilage
Semilunar discs found between some
articulating bones
o Allows the bones to fit together
more tightening
o Provides greater cushioning and
stability to the joint
Small fluidIfilled sacs
o Found in areas of high stress all
over the body
o Provides lubrication to the
structures
o Reduces friction
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1.1.9
TOPIC 1 – ANATOMY
List the different types of synovial joints
SYNOVIAL
JOINT
Gliding Joints
DESCRIPTION
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Hinge Joints
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EXAMPLE
Least amount of
movement
Flat or slightly
curved
Glide back and
forth and slide
across each
other
Flex or extend in
one direction
only
A convex surface
fits into a
concave surface
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Tarsal bones
Carpal bones

Elbow joint
Pivot Joints

Rounded surface
of one bone rolls
around in a ring
form by bone
and ligament

Radioulnar joint
Condyloid Joints
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
Between the
radius and carpal
bones
Saddle Joints

Oval or egg
shaped convex
surface fits into
a reciprocally
shaped concave
surface
A saddle shaped
bone
Fits against
another bone
shaped like the
legs of a rider
sitting on a
saddle
Sphere shaped
head of one
bone fits into a
rounded cavity
on the other
bone

Between the
carpal bone and
metacarpal of the
thumb

Shoulder joint

Ball & Socket
Joints

DIAGRAM