INTRODUCTION
• In any profession, research is necessary to invention of
new technology and techniques its help to improve the
body of knowledge in profession.
• Nursing Research nurses need the scientific knowledge
required to be a competent nurse practitioner.
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DEFINITION OF RESEARCH
 Research is defined as systemic and scientific process to
answer question about facts and relationship between
facts. It is an activity involved in seeking answers to
unanswered questions.
- ICN
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Research design is a plan of how, when
and where data are to be collected and
analyzed.
Research design is the research’s overall
plan for answering the research questions
or testing the research hypotheses.
 To provide answer to research question.
 To control the variants.
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 Population, sample, and sampling
technique.
 The time, place, and sources of data
collection.
 Tools and methods of data collection and data
analysis.
 The selection of a research design
largely depends on the nature of the
research problem, the research available,
accessible of subjects, and research
ethics.
 Nature of the research problem
 Purpose of the study
 Research’s knowledge and experience
 Researcher’s interest and motivation
 Research ethics and principles
 Subjects/participants
 Resources and
 Time availability
 Possible control on extraneous variables
There are two important criteria for
evaluating the credibility and dependability
of the research results
 Internal validity
 External validity
•
Campbell and Stanley used the term internal validity to
refer to the extent to which it is possible to make an
inference that the independent variable is truly
influencing the dependent variables.
•
The internal validity the independence variable is
responsible for variation in dependent variable, internal
validity demands a tighter control over study to
maximize the effective result.
•
VARIABLE.
• External validity explores the
generalization beyond specific
experiment’s to check if the result and
finding come out to be same with other
setting or with other subject population,
but related variables.
TYPES OF RESEARCH
• Research is classified based on either an approach of
studying variable or the purpose of conducting the
research.
• These classification are as follows:
1. Quantitative research,
2. Qualitative research and
3. Mixed method research
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Egg
- Quantity- number, shape, size, color etc.
- Quality - smell, taste, aroma etc.
Experience of patient about nursing care?
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QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
• It is an enquiry into an identified problem based on
testing a theory composed of variables, measured with
numbers and analysed using statistical techniques.
• In this types of research data is collected in numerical
form and analysed by using descriptive and inferential
statistics.
• The three major types of quantitative research design are
experimental, Nonexperimental and other research design
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QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
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
ACCORDING TO RILEY, EXPRIMENTAL
RESEARCH DESIGN IS A POWERFUL DESIGN FOR
TESTING HYPOTHSESE OF CAUSAL
RELATIONSHIP AMONG VARIABLES.
EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH DESIGN
TRUE
EXPERIMENTAL
DESIGN
QUASIEXPERIMENTAL
DESIGN
PREEXPERIMENTAL
DESIGN
 TRUE EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGNS ARE
OBSERVED EFFECT ON THE DEPENDABLE
VARIABLE IS ONLY DUE TO THE MANIPULATION
OF THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE.
 MANIPULATION,
 CONTROL,
 RANDOMIZATION.
TRUE
EXPERIMENTAL
DESIGN
CROSSOVER
POSTTEST
ONLY
PRETEST
POSTTEST
ONLY
RANDOMIZED
BLOCK
SOLOMON
4 GROUP
FACTORIAL
EXP.GROUP
CONTROL
GROUP
TREATMENT
POST-TEST
POST-TEST
EXP.GROUP
CONTROL
GROUP
PRE
TEST
PRE
TEST
TREATMENT
o POSTTEST
o POSTTEST
EXP.GROUP.1
CONTROL
GROUP.1
EXP.GROUP.2
CONTROL
GROUP.2
PRE
TEST
TREATMENT
PRE
TEST
TREATMENT
o POSTTEST
o POSTTEST
o POSTTEST
o POSTTEST
TYPE OF
ANTIHYPERTEN
SIVE DRUGS
BLOCK
PATIENTS WITH
PRIMARY
HYPERTENSION
(I)
DIABETIC
PATIENTS WITH
HYPERTENSION
(II)
RENAL
PATIENTS WITH
HYPERTENSION
(III)
A
A,I
A,II
A,III
B
B,I
B,II
B,III
C
C,I
C,II
C,III
GROUPS
PROTOCOLS OF THE
MOUTH CARE
GROUP1
CHLORHEXIDINE(A1)
SALINE(A2
GROUP2
SALINE(A2)
CHLOHEXIDINE(A1)
 IT INVOLVES THE MANIPULATION OF
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE TO OBSERVE THE EFFECT
ON DEPENDENT VARIABLE.
 LACK OF AT LEAST ONE OF THE TWO OTHER
ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TRUE
EXPERIMENT
 NON RANDOMIZED CONTROL GROUP DESIGN
EXP.GROUP
CONTROL
GROUP
PRE
TEST
PRE
TEST
TREATMENT
o POSTTEST
o POSTTEST
 EXP.GROUP
O1
O2
O3
O3
O2
TREATMENT
O1
 THIS RESEARCH DESIGN IS CONSIDERED VERY
WEAK, BECAUSE THE RESEARCH HAS VERY LITTLE
CONTROL OVER THE EXPERIMENT.
 MANIPULATION OF INDEPENDENCE VARIABLE BUT
LIMITED CONTROL OVER THE EXTRANEOUS
VARIABLE AND NO RANDOMISATION AND
CONTROL GROUP.
 ONE SHOT CASE DESIGN;
EXP.GROUP
TREATMENT
o POST-TEST
ONE- GROUP PRETEST- POSTTEST
DESIGN
o
EXP.GROUP
PRE
TEST
TREATMENT
o POSTTEST
 IT IS ONE OF THE BROAD CATEGORIES OF
RESEARCH DESIGNS
 IN WHICH THE RESEARCH OBSERVES THE
PHENOMENA AS THEY OCCUR NATURALLY, AND
NO EXTERNAL VARIABLES ARE INTRODUCED.
 THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLES CANNOT BE
MANIPULATED.
 THE RESEARCH SITUATIONS WHERE IT IS NOT
PRACTICALLY POSSIBLE TO CONDUCT
EXPERIMENTS.
 DESCRIPTIVE-TYPE STUDIES THAT DO NOT
REQUIRE ANY EXPERIMENTALAPPROACHES.

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
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DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN
UNIVARIANT DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN
EXPLORATORY DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN
COMPARATIVE DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN
CORRELATION/EX-POST FACTO DESIGN
PROSPECTIVE DESIGN
RETROSPECTIVE DESIGN
DEVELOPMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN
CROSS-SECTIONAL DESIGN
LONGITUDINAL DESIGN
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DESIGNS
CASE- CONTROL STUDIES
COHORT STUDIES
SURVEY RESEARCH DESIGN
 IT IS USED TO OBSERVE, DESCRIBE, AND
DOCUMENT ASPECT OF A SITUATION AS IT
NATURALLY OCCURS, AND SOMETIMES TO SERVE
AS A STARTING POINT FOR HYPOTHESIS
GENERATION OR THEORY DEVELOPMENT.
 USED TO OBSERVE, DOCUMENT,AND DESCRIBE A
PHENOMENON OCCURING IN NATURAL
SETTING.
 TO GAIN MORE INFORMATION ABOUT
CHARACTERISTICS WITHIN A PARTICULAR FIELD
OF INQUIRY.
 USED TO DEVELOP THEORIES, IDENTIFY
PROBLEMS WITH CURRENT PRACTIS, MAKE
JUDGEMENTS, OR DETERMINE OTHER PRACTICES
IN SIMILAR SITUATIONS.
 THIS DESIGN DOES NOT FOCUS ON THE STUDY
OF A SINGLE VARIABLE; THERE MAY BE ONE OR
MORE VARIABLES INVOLVED IN THE STUDY.
IT IS USED TO IDENTIFY, EXPLORE , AND DESCRIBE
EXISITING PHENOMENON AND ITS RELATED
FACTORS.
 IT INVOLVES COMPARING AND CONTRASTING
TWO OR MORE SAMPLE OF STUDY SUBJECT ON
ONE OR MORE VARIABLES OFTEN AT A SINGLE
POINT OF TIME.
 THIS IS A NON EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN, WHERE
RESEARCHER EXAMINES THE RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN TWO OR MORE VARIABLES IN A
NATURAL SETTING WITH OUT MANIPULATION
OF CONTROL.
 THE RESEARCHER FIND THE STRENGTH OF
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE VARIABLES.
 GENERALLY IT HAS INDEPENDENT AND
DEPENDENT VARIABLES EFFECT OF
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE IS OBSERVE WITH OUT
MANIPULATING THE DEPENDENT VARIABLE.
 HERE THE RESEARCHER RELATES THE PRESENT
TO THE FUTURE IS A PROSPECTIVE RESEARCH
DESIGN.
RETROSPECTIVE RESEARCH DESIGN
HERE THE RESEARCHER STUDIES THE CURRENT
PHENOMENON BY SEEKING INFORMATION FROM
PAST.
 IT EXAMINES THE PHENOMENON WITH
REFERANCE TO TIME.
 CROSS SECTION DESIGN
IN WHICH RESEARCHER COLLECT DATA AT
PARTICULAR TIME (ONE PERIOD OF DATA
COLLECTION) IT IS MORE CONVENIENT.
 LONGITUDINAL DESIGN
HERE THE DATACOLLECT AT LONG TIME( LONG
TIME STUDY).
 IT INVOLVES INVESTIGATE THE DISTRIBUTION
AND CAUSES OF THE DISEASES IN POPULATION.
 THE PROSPECTIVE STUDIES ARE KNOW AS
COHORT STUDY AND RETROSPETIVE STUDIES
ARE KNOW AS CASE- CONTROL STUDIES.
 COHORT STUDIES
HERE THE LONGITUDINAL APPROACH IS USED
TO INVESTICATE THE DISEASES AND CAUSES.
 CASE CONTROL STUDIES
IN THIS DESIGN, CAUSES OF A DISEASE ARE
INVESTIGATED AFTER THE OCCURRENCE OF A
DISEASE.
IF THE SURVEY IS CONDUCTED ON A SAMPLE OF
POPULATION, IT IS CALLED SAMPLE SURVEY.
IF THE ENTIRE POPULATION IS INVOVLED, IT IS
CALLED A POPULATION SURVEY SUCH AS
CENSUSES, ECT.,
 DEPENDING ON THE NATURE OF PHENOMENON
UNDER STUDY.
 BASED ON METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION.
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
 IT IS A CONVENIENT
 THE RELATIONSHIP
METHOD.
 SUITABLE FOR
NURSING RESEARCH.
 IT IS SIMPLE.
 LOW COST COMPARE
TO EXPERIMENT.
BETWEEN VARIABLES
FINDING IS NEVER
CLEAR.
 IT HAS MORE ERROR
 NON RANDOMIZED
METHOD WILL
RESULTING IN ERROR.
 METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES
 META –ANALYSIS
 SECONDARY DATA ANALYSIS
 OUTCOME RESEARCH
 EVALUATION STUDIES
 OPERATIONAL RESEARCH
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
• Qualitative research is a field of enquiry that crosscuts
disciplines and subject matter. It involves an in depth
understanding of human behaviours,
• it concerned with the opinions, experiences, and feeling of
individuals producing subject data, Here data is collected in
descriptive form rather than numerical form
•
The five major types of qualitative research design are
phenomenology, ethnography, grounded theory, case study,
and historical research.
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 QUALITATIVE
1) CASE STUDY RESEARCH-
This research attempts to shed light
on a phenomena by studying in depth a
single case.
The case can be an individual person,
an event, a group or an institution.
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 QUALITATIVE
1) CASE STUDY RESEARCH-
This research attempts to shed light
on a phenomena by studying in depth a
single case.
The case can be an individual person,
an event, a group or an institution.
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 QUALITATIVE
3) PHENOMENOLOGICAL RESEARCH
an inductive, descriptive research approach
developed from phenomenological philosophy;
its aim is to describe an experience as it is
actually lived by the person.
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 QUALITATIVE
4) ETHENOGRAPHIC RESEARCHIt refer to the investigation of a culture
through an in-depth study of the members of
the culture; it involves the systematic collection,
description, and analysis of data for
development of theories of cultural behaviour.
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 QUALITATIVE
5) HISTORICAL RESEARCHThis research involving analysis of events that
occurred in the remote or recent past.
Application
• Historical research can show patterns that occurred
in the past and over time which can help us to see
where we came from and what kinds of solutions we
have used in the past.
• Understanding this can add perspective on how we
examine current events and educational practices.
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MIXED METRHOD
RESEARCH
• Nursing research study deals with a complex phenomenon, which
cannot be answered completely by qualitative or quantitative
research method alone so mixed method is considered as a better
alternative to answer a research question.
• Mixed method research approach involved in numerical and
descriptive narrations in a study.
• The four types of mixed method research design are convergent
research, explanatory sequential research, exploratory sequential
research, embedded research design
• ( E.g.) A researcher use convergent design to understand the nurses
attitude about care of HIV patients
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THANK YOU
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