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The nurse notes that a patient with a head injury has a clear nasal
drainage. The most appropriate nursing action for this finding is to
a. obtain a specimen of the fluid and send for culture and sensitivity.
b. take the patient's temperature to determine whether a fever is
present.
c. check the nasal drainage for glucose with a Dextrostik or
Testape.
d. have the patient to blow the nose and then check the nares for
redness.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: If the drainage is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage
from a dural tear, glucose will be present. Fluid leaking from the
nose will have normal nasal flora, so culture and sensitivity will
not be useful. A dural tear does increase the risk for infections
such as meningitis, but the nurse should first determine whether
the clear drainage is CSF. Blowing the nose is avoided to prevent
CSF leakage.
Cognitive Level: Application Text Reference: p. 1481
Nursing Process: Implementation NCLEX: Physiological Integrity
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Systolic hypertension with widening pulse pressure,
A patient admitted with a head injury has admission vital signs of
bradycardia, and respiratory changes represent Cushing's triad
temperature 98.6° F (37° C), blood pressure 128/68, pulse 110,
and indicate that the ICP has increased and brain herniation
and respirations 26. Which of these vital signs, if taken 1 hour after
may be imminent unless immediate action is taken to reduce ICP.
admission, will be of most concern to the nurse?
The other vital signs may indicate the need for changes in treata. Blood pressure 130/72, pulse 90, respirations 32
ment, but they are not indicative of an immediately life-threatening
b. Blood pressure 148/78, pulse 112, respirations 28
process.
c. Blood pressure 156/60, pulse 60, respirations 14
d. Blood pressure 110/70, pulse 120, respirations 30
Cognitive Level: Application Text Reference: p. 1469
Nursing Process: Assessment NCLEX: Physiological Integrity
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: LOC is the most sensitive indicator of the patient's
When assessing a patient with a head injury, the nurse recognizes
neurologic status and possible changes in ICP. Vomiting and slugthat the earliest indication of increased intracranial pressure (ICP)
gish pupil response to light are later signs of increased ICP. A
is
headache can be caused by compression of intracranial struca. vomiting.
tures as the brain swells, but it is not unexpected after a head
b. headache.
injury.
c. change in level of consciousness (LOC).
d. sluggish pupil response to light.
Cognitive Level: Comprehension Text Reference: p. 1470
Nursing Process: Assessment NCLEX: Physiological Integrity
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The patient's cerebral perfusion pressure is only 46
mm Hg, which will rapidly lead to cerebral ischemia and neuronal
A patient with a head injury has an arterial blood pressure is 92/50 death unless rapid action is taken to reduce ICP and increase
mm Hg and an intracranial pressure of 18 mm Hg. Which action arterial BP. Documentation and monitoring are inadequate reby the nurse is appropriate?
sponses to the patient's problem. Elevating the head of the bed will
a. Document and continue to monitor the parameters.
lower the ICP but may also lower cerebral blood flow and further
b. Elevate the head of the patient's bed.
decrease CPP. Changes in pupil response to light are signs of
c. Notify the health care provider about the assessments.
increased ICP, so the nurse will only take more time doing this
d. Check the patient's pupillary response to light.
without adding any useful information.
Cognitive Level: Analysis Text Reference: pp. 1468-1469
Nursing Process: Implementation NCLEX: Physiological Integrity
A patient has a systemic blood pressure (BP) of 120/60 mm Hg
and an intracranial pressure of 24 mm Hg. The nurse determines
that the cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) of this patient indicates
a. high blood flow to the brain.
b. normal intracranial pressure (ICP).
c. impaired brain blood flow.
d. adequate cerebral perfusion.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The patient's CPP is 56, below the normal of 70 to 100
mm Hg and approaching the level of ischemia and neuronal death.
The patient has low cerebral blood flow/perfusion. Normal ICP is
0 to 15 mm Hg.
Cognitive Level: Application Text Reference: p. 1468
Nursing Process: Assessment NCLEX: Physiological Integrity
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The change in level of consciousness (LOC) is an
When caring for a patient who has had a head injury, which
indicator of increased ICP and suggests that action by the nurse
assessment information is of most concern to the nurse?
is needed to prevent complications. The change in BP should be
a. The blood pressure increases from 120/54 to 136/62.
monitored but is not an indicator of a need for immediate nursing
b. The patient is more difficult to arouse.
action. Headache is not unusual in a patient after a head injury. A
c. The patient complains of a headache at pain level 5 of a 10-point
slightly irregular apical pulse is not unusual.
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scale.
d. The patient's apical pulse is slightly irregular.
Cognitive Level: Application Text Reference: p. 1470
Nursing Process: Assessment NCLEX: Physiological Integrity
When the nurse applies a painful stimulus to the nailbeds of an
unconscious patient, the patient responds with internal rotation,
adduction, and flexion of the arms. The nurse documents this as
a. decorticate posturing.
b. decerebrate posturing.
c. localization of pain.
d. flexion withdrawal.
A patient with possible cerebral edema has a serum sodium level
of 115 mEq/L (115 mmol/L), a decreasing level of consciousness
(LOC) and complains of a headache. All of the following orders
have been received. Which one should the nurse accomplish first?
a. Administer acetaminophen (Tylenol) 650 mg orally.
b. Administer 5% hypertonic saline intravenously.
c. Draw blood for arterial blood gases (ABGs).
d. Send patient to radiology for computed tomography (CT) of the
head.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Internal rotation, adduction, and flexion of the arms in
an unconscious patient is documented as decorticate posturing.
Extension of the arms and legs is decerebrate posturing. Because
the flexion is general, it does not indicate localization of pain or
flexion withdrawal.
Cognitive Level: Comprehension Text Reference: p. 1472
Nursing Process: Assessment NCLEX: Physiological Integrity
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The patient's low sodium indicates that hyponatremia
may be causing the cerebral edema, and the nurse's first action should be to correct the low sodium level. Acetaminophen
(Tylenol) will have minimal effect on the headache because it is
caused by cerebral edema and increased ICP. Drawing ABGs and
obtaining a CT scan may add some useful information, but the low
sodium level may lead to seizures unless it is addressed quickly.
Cognitive Level: Application Text Reference: p. 1470
Nursing Process: Implementation NCLEX: Physiological Integrity
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The purpose of hyperventilation for a patient with a
head injury is reduction of ICP, and ICP should be monitored
Mechanical ventilation with a rate and volume to maintain a mild
to evaluate whether the therapy is effective. Although oxygen
hyperventilation is used for a patient with a head injury. To evaluate
saturation and ABGs are monitored in patient's receiving hyperthe effectiveness of the therapy, the nurse should
ventilation, they do not provide data about whether the therapy
a. monitor oxygen saturation.
is successful in reducing ICP. Breath sounds are assessed, but
b. check arterial blood gases (ABGs).
they are not helpful in determining whether the hyperventilation is
c. monitor intracranial pressure (ICP).
effective.
d. assess patient breath sounds.
Cognitive Level: Application Text Reference: p. 1475
Nursing Process: Evaluation NCLEX: Physiological Integrity
A patient has ICP monitoring with an intraventricular catheter. A
priority nursing intervention for the patient is
a. aseptic technique to prevent infection
b. constant monitoring of ICP waveforms
c. removal of CSF to maintain normal ICP
d. sampling CSF to determine abnormalities
A. Aseptic technique to prevent infection- An intraventricular
catheter is a fluid coupled system that can provide direct access
for microorganisms to enter the ventricles of the brain, and aseptic
technique is a very high nursing priority to decrease the risk for
infection. Constant monitoring of ICP waveforms is not usually
necessary, and removal of CSF for sampling or to maintain normal
ICP is done only when specifically ordered
Skull radiographs and a computed tomography (CT) scan provide evidence of a depressed parietal fracture with a subdural
hematoma in a patient admitted to the emergency department
following an automobile accident. In planning care for the patient,
the nurse anticipates that
a. the patient will receive life-support measures until the condition
stabilizes
b. immediate burr holes will be made to rapidly decompress the
intracranial activity
c. the patient will be treated conservatively with close monitoring
for changes in neurologic condition
d. the patient will be taken to surgery for a craniotomy for evacuation of blood and decompression of the cranium
D. When there is a depressed fracture and fractures with loose
fragments, a craniotomy is indicated to elevate the depressed
bone and remove free fragments. A craniotomy is also indicated in
cases of acute subdural and epidural hematomas to remove the
blood and control the bleeding. Burr holes may be used in an extreme emergency for rapid decompression, but with a depressed
fracture, surgery would be the treatment of choice
D. Balanced, essential nutrition in a form that the patient can
tolerate= A patient with increased ICP is in a hypermetabolic and
Metabolic and nutritional needs of the patient with increased ICP
hypercatabolic state and needs adequate glucose to maintain
are best met with
fuel for the brain and other nutrients to meet metabolic needs.
a. enteral feedings that are low in sodium
Malnutrition promotes cerebral edema, and if a patient cannot take
oral nutrition, other means of providing nutrition should be used,
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b. the simple glucose available in D5W IV solutions
c. a fluid restriction that promotes a moderate dehydration
d. balanced, essential nutrition in a form that the patient can
tolerate
such as tube feedings or parenteral nutrition. Glucose alone is not
adequate to meet nutritional requirements, and 5% dextrose solutions may increase cerebral edema by lowering serum osmolarity.
Patients should remain in a normovolemic fluid state with close
monitoring of clinical factors such as urine output, fluid intake,
serum and urine osmolality, serum electrolytes, and insensible
losses.
The nurse suspects the presence of an arterial epidural
hematoma in the patient who experiences
a. failure to regain consciousness following a head injury
b. a rapid deterioration of neurologic function within 24 to 48 hours
following a head injury
c. nonspecific, nonlocalizing progression of alteration in LOC occurring over weeks or months
d. unconsciousness at the time of a head injury with a brief period
of consciousness followed by a decrease in LOC
D. An arterial epidural hematoma is the most acute neurologic
emergency, and the typical symptoms include unconsciousness
at the scene, with a brief lucid interval followed by a decrease
in LOC. An acute subdural hematoma manifests signs within 48
hours of an injury; a chronic subdural hematoma develops over
weeks or months
The nurse on the clinical unit is assigned to four patients. Which
patient should she assess first?
a. patient with a skull fracture whose nose is bleeding
b. elderly patient with a stroke who is confused and whose daughC. patient with meningitis who is suddenly agitated and reporting
ter is present
a HA of 10 on a 0 to 10 scale
c. patient with meningitis who is suddenly agitated and reporting
a HA of 10 on a 0 to 10 scale
d. patient who had a craniotomy for a brain tumor who is now 3
days postoperative and has had continued emesis
The nurse is monitoring a patient for increased ICP following
a head injury. Which of the following manifestations indicate an
increased ICP (select all that apply)
a. fever
b. oriented to name only
c. narrowing pulse pressure
d. dilated right pupil > left pupil
e. decorticate posturing to painful stimulus
A, B, D, E- The first sign of increased ICP is a change in LOC.
Other manifestations are dilated ipsilateral pupil, changes in motor
response such as posturing, and fever, which may indicate pressure on the hypothalamus. Changes in vital signs would be an increased systolic BP with widened pulse pressure and bradycardia
When assessing the body function of a patient with increased ICP,
the nurse should initially assess
a. corneal reflex testing
b. extremity strength testing
c. pupillary reaction to light
d. circulatory and respiratory status
D. Circulatory and respiratory status- Of the body functions that
should be assessed in an unconscious patient, cardiopulmonary
status is the most vital function and gives priorities to the ABCs
(airway, breathing, and circulation)
A patient with ICP monitoring has pressure of 12 mm Hg. The
nurse understand that this pressure reflects
a. a severe decrease in cerebral perfusion pressure
b. an alteration in the production of CSF
c. the loss of autoregulatory control of ICP
d. a normal balance between brain tissue, blood, and CSF
D. A normal balance between brain tissue, blood, and CSF- normal is 10- 15 mm Hg
During admission of a patient with a severe head injury to the ED,
the nurse places highest priority on assessment for
a. patency of of airway
b. presence of a neck injury
c. neurologic status with Glascow Coma Scale
d. CSF leakage from ears and nose
A. Patency of airway is the #1 priority with all head injuries
When a patient is admitted to the emergency department following a head injury, the nurse's first priority in management of the
patient once a patent airway is confirmed is
a. maintaining cervical spine precautions
b. determining the presence of increased ICP
c. monitoring for changes in neurologic status
d. establishing IV access with a large-bore catheter
A. In addition to monitoring for a patent airway during emergency
care of the patient with a head injury, the nurse must always
assume that a patient with a head injury may have a cervical spine
injury. Maintaining cervical spine precautions in all assessment
and treatment activities with the patient is essential to prevent
additional neurologic damage.
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The nurse recognizes the presence of Cushing's triad in the
patient with
a. Increased pulse, irregular respiration, increased BP
b. decreased pulse, irregular respiration, increased pulse pressure
c. increased pulse, decreased respiration, increased pulse pressure
d. decreased pulse, increased respiration, decreased systolic BP
B. Cushing's triad consists of three vital sign measures that reflect
ICP and its effect on the medulla, the hypothalamus, the pons, and
the thalamus. Because these structures are very deep, Cushing's
triad is usually a late sign of ICP. The signs include an increasing
systolic BP with a widening pulse pressure, a bradycardia with a
full and bounding pulse, and irregular respirations.
A patient with a head injury has bloody drainage from the ear. To
determine whether CSF is present in the drainage, the nurse
a. examines the tympanic membrane for a tear
b. tests the fluid for a halo sign on a white dressing
c. tests the fluid with a glucose identifying strip or stick
d. collects 5 mL of fluid in a test tube and sends it to the laboratory
for analysis
B. Tests the fluid for a halo sing on a white dressing- Testing clear
drainage for CSF in nasal or ear drainage may be done with a
Dextrostik or Tes-Tape strip, but if blood is present, the glucose
in the blood will produce and unreliable result. To test bloody
drainage, the nurse should test the fluid for a halo or ring that
occurs when a yellowish ring encircles blood dripped onto a white
pad or towel
Normal ICP ranges from:
5 to 15 mm Hg
Successful achievement of patient outcomes for the patient with
cranial surgery would be best indicated by the
a. ability to return home in 6 days
b. ability to meet all self-care needs
c. acceptance of residual neurologic deficits
d. absence of signs and symptoms of increased ICP
D. Absence of signs and symptoms of increased ICP- The primary goal after cranial surgery is prevention of increased ICP,
and interventions to prevent ICP and infection postoperatively are
nursing priorities. The residual deficits, rehabilitation potential, and
ultimate function of the patient depend on the reason for surgery,
the postoperative course, and the patient's general state of health
While the nurse performs ROM on an unconscious patient with
increased ICP, the patient experiences severe decerebrate posturing reflexes. The nurse should
a. use restraints to protect the patient from injury
b. administer CNS depressants to lightly sedate the patient
c. perform the exercises less frequently because posturing can
increase ICP
d. continue the exercises because they are necessary to maintain
musculoskeletal function
C. Perform the exercises less frequently because posturing can
increase ICP- If reflex posturing occurs during ROM or positioning
of the patient, these activities should be done less frequently
until the patient's condition stabilizes, because posturing can case
increases in ICP. Neither restraints nor CNS depressants would
be indicated.
A patient with an intracranial problem does not open his eyes
to any stimulus, has no verbal response except moaning and
muttering when stimulated, and flexes his arm in response to
painful stimuli. The nurse records the patients GCS score as
a. 6
b. 7
c. 9
d. 11
B. 7- no opening of eyes = 1; incomprehensible words= 2, flexion
withdrawal = 4
Total = 7
The nurse plans care for a patient with increased ICP with the
knowledge that the best way to position the patient is to
a. keep the head of the bed flat
b. elevate the head of the bed to 30 degrees
c. maintain patient on the left side with the head supported on a
pillow
d. use a continuous rotation bed to continuously change patient
position
B. elevate the head of the bed to 30 degrees
The earliest signs of increased ICP the nurse should assess for
include
a. Cushing's triad
b. unexpected vomiting
c. decreasing level of consciousness (LOC)
d. dilated pupil with sluggish response to light
C. One of the most sensitive signs of increased intracranial pressure (ICP) is a decreasing LOC. A decrease in LOC will occur
before changes in vital signs, ocular signs, and projectile vomiting
occur
A 54-year old man is recovering from a skull fracture with a
subacute subdural hematoma. He has return of motor control and
orientation but appears apathetic and has reduced awareness
of his environment. When planning discharge or the patient, the
nurse explains to the patient and the family that
a. continuous improvement in the patient's condition should occur
C. Residual mental and emotional changes of brain trauma with
personality changes are often the most incapacitating problems
following head injury and are common in patients who have been
comatose longer than 6 hours. Families must be prepared for
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until he has returned to pre trauma status
b. the patient's complete recovery may take years, and the family
should plan for his long term dependent care
c. the patient is likely to have long term emotional and mental
changes that may require continued professional help
d. role changes in family members will be necessary because the
patient will be dependent on his family for care and support
changes in the patient's behavior to avoid family-patient friction
and maintain family functioning, and professional assistance may
be required. There is no indication he will be dependent on others
for care, but he likely will not return to pre trauma status
A patient has a nursing diagnosis of risk for ineffective cerebral
tissue perfusion related to cerebral edema. An appropriate nursing intervention for the patient is
a. avoiding positioning the patient with neck and hip flexion
b. maintaining hyperventilation to a PaCO2 of 15 to 20 mm Hg
c. clustering nursing activities to provide periods of uninterrupted
rest
d. routine suctioning to prevent accumulation of respiratory secretions
A. Avoiding positioning the patient with neck and hip flexionNursing care activities that increase ICP include hip and neck
flexion, suctioning, clustering care activities, and noxious stimuli;
they should be avoided or performed as little as possible in the
patient with increased ICP. Lowering the PaCO2 below 20 mm Hg
can cause ischemia and worsening of ICP; the PaCO2 should be
maintained at 30 to 35 mm Hg.
The patient reports falling when he his foot got "stuck" on a crack
in the sidewalk, hitting his head when he fell, and "passing out".
The paramedics found the patient walking at the scene and talking
before transporting the patient to the hospital. In the emergency
department, the patient starts to lose consciousness. This is a
classic scenario for which complication?
A. Epidural hematoma
B. Subdural hematoma
C. Subarachnoid bleed
D. Diffuse axial inju
A
Epidural hematoma often results from a linear fracture crossing
a major artery in the dura. The classic sign is an initial period
of unconsciousness at the scene and a brief lucid interval followed by a decrease in LOC. A subdural hematoma often results
from injury to the brain and veins and develops more slowly. The
classic sign or symptom of subarachnoid hemorrhage is a patient
describing "the worst headache of my life." Diffuse axonal injury
is widespread axonal damage occurring after a traumatic brain
injury.
A patient with a suspected closed head injury has bloody nasal
drainage. You suspect that this patient has a cerebrospinal fluid
(CSF) leak when observing which of the following?
A. A halo sign on the nasal drip pad
B. Decreased blood pressure and urinary output
C. A positive reading for glucose on a Test-tape strip
D. Clear nasal drainage along with the bloody discharge
A
When drainage containing CSF and blood is allowed to drip onto
a white pad, the blood coalesces into the center within a few
minutes, and a yellowish ring of CSF encircles the blood, giving a
halo effect. The presence of glucose is unreliable for determining
the presence of CSF because blood also contains glucose.
A patient with increased ICP is being monitored in the intensive
care unit (ICU) with a fiberoptic catheter. Which order is a priority
for you?
A. Perform hourly neurologic checks.
B. Take a complete set of vital signs.
C. Administer the prescribed mannitol (Osmitrol).
D. Give an H2-receptor blocker.
c
he priority is to treat the known existing problem, and mannitol
is the only thing that can do that. Because the patient is having
the current pressure measured with objective numbers, treating
the known problem is a priority over additional assessments.
H2-blockers are given when corticosteroids are administered to
help prevent gastrointestinal bleeding, but they are not a priority
compared with the treatment of ICP.
Which nursing action should be implemented in the care of a
patient who is experiencing increased ICP?
A. Monitor fluid and electrolyte status astutely.
B. Position the patient in a high-Fowler's position.
C. Administer vasoconstrictors to maintain cerebral perfusion.
D. Maintain physical restraints to prevent episodes of agitation.
A
Fluid and electrolyte disturbances can have an adverse effect on
ICP and must be vigilantly monitored. The head of the patient's
bed should be kept at 30 degrees in most circumstances, and
physical restraints are not applied unless absolutely necessary.
Vasoconstrictors are not typically administered in the treatment of
ICP.
A patient with increased ICP has mannitol (Osmitrol) prescribed.
Which option is the best indication that the drug is achieving the
desired therapeutic effects?
A. Urine output increases from 30 mL to 50 mL/hour.
B. Blood pressure remains less than 150/90 mm Hg.
C. The LOC improves.
D. No crackles are auscultated in the lung fields.
C
LOC is the most sensitive indicator of ICP. Mannitol is an osmotic
diuretic that works to decrease the ICP by plasma expansion
and an osmotic effect. Although the other options may indicate a
therapeutic effect of a diuretic, they are not the main reason this
drug is given.
Which option is the most sensitive indication of increased ICP?
A. Papilledema
B. Cushing's triad
C. Projectile vomiting
D. Change in the level of consciousness (LOC)
D
The LOC is the most sensitive and reliable indicator of the patient's neurologic status. Changes in LOC are a result of impaired
cerebral brain flow. Papilledema and Cushing's triad are late signs.
Projectile vomiting is not a sensitive indicator.
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You are providing care for a patient who has been admitted to the
hospital with a head injury who requires regular neurologic vital
signs. Which assessments are components of the patient's score
A,C,D
on the Glasgow Coma Scale (select all that apply)?
The three dimensions of the Glasgow Coma Scale are eye openA. Eye opening
ing, best verbal response, and best motor response.
B. Abstract reasoning
C. Best verbal response
D. Best motor response
E. Cranial nerve function
You are alerted to a possible acute subdural hematoma in the
patient who
A. has a linear skull fracture crossing a major artery.
B. has focal symptoms of brain damage with no recollection of a
head injury.
C. develops decreasing LOC and a headache within 48 hours of
a head injury.
D. has an immediate loss of consciousness with a brief lucid
interval followed by decreasing LOC.
An acute subdural hematoma manifests within 24 to 48 hours of
the injury. The signs and symptoms are similar to those associated
with brain tissue compression by increased intracranial pressure
(ICP) and include decreasing LOC and headache.
Which option indicates a sign of Cushing's triad, an indication of
increased intracranial pressure (ICP)?
A. Heart rate increases from 90 to 110 beats/minute
B. Kussmaul respirations
C. Temperature over 100.4° F (38° C)
D. Heart rate decreases from 75 to 55 beats/minute
D
Cushing's triad is systolic hypertension with a widening pulse
pressure, bradycardia with a full and bounding pulse, and slowed
respirations. The rise in blood pressure is an attempt to maintain
cerebral perfusion, and it is a neurologic emergency because
decompensation is imminent. The other options are not part of
Cushing's triad.
A patient being monitored has an ICP pressure of 12 mm Hg. You
understand that this pressure reflects
D
A. a severe decrease in cerebral perfusion pressure.
Normal ICP ranges from 5 to 15 mm Hg. A sustained pressure
B. an alteration in the production of cerebrospinal fluid.
above the upper limit is considered abnormal.
C. the loss of autoregulatory control of intracranial pressure.
D. a normal balance between brain tissue, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid.
The patient has rhinorrhea after a head injury. What action should
you take?
A. Pack the nares with sterile gauze.
B. A loose collection pad may be placed under the nose.
C. Suction the drainage with an inline suction catheter.
D. Obtain a sample for culture.
B
A loose collection pad may be placed under the nose. Do not place
a dressing in the nasal cavity, and nothing should be placed inside
the nostril. There is no need to culture the drainage. The concern is
whether it is spinal fluid, which is determined by a test for glucose
or the halo or ring sign.
B
You should maintain the patient with increased ICP in the head-up
position. Elevation of the head of the bed to 30 degrees enhances
You plan care for the patient with increased ICP with the knowl- respiratory exchange and aids in decreasing cerebral edema. You
edge that the best way to position the patient is to
should position the patient to prevent extreme neck flexion, which
A. keep the head of the bed flat.
can cause venous obstruction and contribute to elevated ICP.
B. elevate the head of the bed to 30 degrees.
Elevation of the head of the bed reduces sagittal sinus pressure,
C. maintain patient on the left side with the head supported on a promotes drainage from the head through the valveless venous
pillow.
system in the jugular veins, and decreases the vascular conD. use a continuous-rotation bed to continuously change patient gestion that can produce cerebral edema. However, raising the
position.
head of the bed above 30 degrees may decrease the cerebral
perfusion pressure (CPP) by lowering systemic blood pressure.
Careful evaluation of the effects of elevation of the head of the
bed on the ICP and the CPP is required.
You are caring for a patient admitted with a subdural hematoma
after a motor vehicle accident. Which change in vital signs would
you interpret as a manifestation of increased intracranial pressure?
A. Tachypnea
B. Bradycardia
C. Hypotension
D. Narrowing pulse pressure
B
Changes in vital signs indicative of increased ICP are known as
Cushing's triad, which consists of increasing systolic pressure
with a widening pulse pressure, bradycardia with a full and bounding pulse, and irregular respirations.
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