KKT3053: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT Lecture 7 Abraham Maslow Needs Hierarchy Theory Topic 7 CLO 3 DR. PUTERI HAYATI MEGAT AHMAD Fai r Us e Karen Horney Abraham (1885–1952) Maslow (1908–1970) Introduction ❑Maslow hierarchy of needs theory, ❑proposes that human beings have certain needs in common and that these needs must be met in a certain order. ❑These needs range from the most basic physiological needs for survival to higher-level selfactualization ❑Maslow's hierarchy often presented visually as a pyramid ❑Each layer of pyramid must be fulfilled before moving up the pyramid to higher needs, and this process is continued throughout the lifespan. Personality Development: The Hierarchy of Needs ❑ hierarchy of five innate needs that activate and direct human behavior (Maslow, 1968, 1970b). ❑ physiological, safety, belongingness esteem, and self-actualization needs and love, ❑ Maslow described these needs as instinctoid, ❑ they have a hereditary component. ❑ Although we come equipped with these needs at birth, however, the behaviors we use to satisfy them are learned and, therefore, subject to variation from one person to another. Personality Development: The Hierarchy of Needs ❑ The needs are arranged in order from strongest at the bottom to the weakest at the top. ❑ Lower needs must be at least partially satisfied before higher needs become influential. Characteristics of Needs Physiological and safety needs arise in infancy. ❑ Belongingness and esteem needs arise in adolescence. ❑ The need for self-actualization does not arise until midlife. ❑ ❑ ❑ Failure to satisfy a higher need does not produce a crisis. But failure to satisfy a lower need, does produce a crisis. ❑ For this reason, Maslow called lower needs deficit, or deficiency, needs Satisfaction of higher needs leads to improved health, happiness, contentment, fulfillment, and longevity. Deficiency needs vs. growth needs ❑five-stage model can be divided into deficiency needs and growth needs. ❑The first four levels are often referred to as deficiency needs (D-needs), ❑ the top level is known as growth or being needs (B-needs). ❑ ❑ Maslow proposed a declining percentage of satisfaction for each need. hypothetical example, satisfied, 85 percent of the physiological needs, 70 percent of the safety needs, 50 percent of the belongingness and love needs, 40 percent of the esteem needs, and 10 percent of the self-actualization need ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ Physiological Needs ❑biological requirements for human survival, e.g. air, food, drink, shelter, clothing, warmth, sex, sleep. ❑If these needs are not satisfied the human body cannot function optimally. ❑Maslow considered physiological needs the most important as all the other needs become secondary until these needs are met. Safety Needs ❑ Important drives for infants and neurotic adults. ❑ Emotionally healthy adults requires ❑ stability, security, and freedom from fear and anxiety. ❑ For infants and children, ❑ the safety needs can be seen clearly in their behavior because youngsters react visibly and immediately to any threat to their security. ❑ Too much freedom and permissiveness leads to an absence of structure and order Belongingness and Love Needs ❑Belongingness, refers to a human emotional need for interpersonal relationships, affiliating, connectedness, and being part of a group. ❑include friendship, intimacy, trust, and acceptance, receiving and giving affection, and love. ❑failure to satisfy the need for love is a fundamental cause of emotional mal-adjustment Esteem Needs ❑ include self-worth, accomplishment and respect. ❑ classified esteem needs into two categories: ❑ (i) esteem for oneself (dignity, achievement, mastery, independence) ❑ (ii) desire for reputation or respect from others (e.g., status, prestige). ❑ lack self-esteem, feel inferior, helpless, and discouraged with little confidence in our ability to cope. The Self-Actualization Need ❑Self-actualization needs refer to the realization of a person's potential, selffulfillment, seeking personal growth and peak experiences. ❑Self-actualization ❑to fulfill one’s own potentials Condition for Achieving Self-Actualization ❑ must be free of constraints imposed by society and by ourselves. ❑ must not be distracted by the lower-order needs. ❑ must be secure in our self-image and in our relationships with other people, ❑ must be able to love and be loved in return. ❑ must have a realistic knowledge of our strengths and weaknesses, virtues and vices. ❑ Achieving Self-Actualization in Non-Traditional Ways ❑ Religious Characteristics of Self-Actualizers 1.An efficient perception of reality. ❑ Self-actualizers perceive their world, including other people, clearly and objectively, unbiased by prejudgments or preconceptions. 2. Acceptance of themselves, others, and nature. ❑ Self-actualizers accept their strengths and weaknesses. They do not try to distort or falsify their self-image, and they do not feel guilty about their failings. ❑ also accept the weaknesses of other people and of society in general. Characteristics of Self-Actualizers 3. A spontaneity, simplicity, and naturalness. The behavior of self-actualizers is open, ❑ direct, and natural. ❑ rarely hide their feelings or emotions or play a role to satisfy society, although they may do so to avoid hurting other people. ❑ individualistic in their ideas and ideals ❑ feel secure enough to be themselves without being overly assertive. 4.A focus on problems outside themselves. ❑ ❑ Self-actualizers find pleasure and excitement in their hard work. Their commitment challenges and develops their abilities and helps define their sense of self. 5. A sense of detachment and the need for privacy. ❑ Self-actualizers can experience isolation without harmful effects ❑ depend on themselves, not on others, for their satisfactions. ❑ them seem aloof or unfriendly ❑ They are simply more autonomous than most people and do not crave social support. 6. A freshness of appreciation. ❑ Self-actualizers have the ability to perceive and experience the world around them ❑ self-actualizers will enjoy each events/experience recurrence as though it was the first. ❑ Self-actualizers appreciate what they have and take little for granted. Questions about Human Nature ❑ Human personality is humanistic and optimistic. ❑Human have the free will to choose how best to satisfy our needs and to actualize our potential. ❑Human can either create an actualizing self or refrain from pursuing that supreme state of achievement. ❑Human responsible for the level of personality development or fail to develop. Questions about Human Nature ❑personality is determined by the interaction of heredity and environment, of personal and situational variables. ❑ways in which the needs are satisfied will vary from one person to another because these ways of behaving are learned. ❑Maslow recognized the importance of early childhood experiences in fostering or inhibiting adult development, but he did not believe that we are victims of these experience The Expanded Hierarchy Of Needs ❑five-stage model has been expanded to include cognitive and aesthetic needs (Maslow, 1970a) and later transcendence needs (Maslow, 1970b). ❑Changes from original five-stage model ❑ developed during the 1960s and 1970s. ❑1. Biological and physiological needs ❑air, food, drink, shelter, warmth, sex, sleep, etc. ❑2. Safety needs ❑protection from elements, security, order, law, stability, freedom from fear. ❑3. Love and belongingness needs - friendship, intimacy, trust, and acceptance, receiving and giving affection and love. Affiliating, being part of a group (family, friends, work). ❑4. Esteem needs ❑which Maslow classified into two categories: ❑(i) esteem for oneself (dignity, achievement, mastery, independence) and ❑(ii) the need to be accepted and valued by others (e.g., status, prestige). ❑5. Cognitive needs ❑knowledge and understanding, curiosity, exploration, need for meaning and predictability. ❑6. Aesthetic needs ❑appreciation and search for beauty, balance, form, etc. ❑7. Self-actualization needs ❑realizing personal potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal growth and peak experiences. A desire “to become everything one is capable of becoming”(Maslow, 1987, p. 64). ❑8. Transcendence needs ❑A person is motivated by values which transcend beyond the personal self (e.g., mystical experiences and certain experiences with nature, aesthetic experiences, sexual experiences, service to others, the pursuit of science, religious faith, etc.). Contribution • Educational applications • Maslow's (1962) hierarchy of needs theory has made a major contribution to teaching and classroom management in schools. • Include physical, emotional, social, and intellectual qualities of an individual and how they impact on learning. • Before a student's cognitive needs can be met, they must first fulfill their basic physiological needs. • students must be shown that they are valued and respected in the classroom, and the teacher should create a supportive environment. • Students with a low self-esteem will not progress academically at an optimum rate until their self-esteem is strengthened Criticisms of Maslow’s theory • The most significant limitation of Maslow's theory concerns his methodology. • Maslow formulated the characteristics of self-actualized individuals from undertaking a qualitative method called biographical analysis. • He looked at the biographies and writings of 18 people he identified as being self-actualized. From these sources, he developed a list of qualities that seemed characteristic of this specific group of people, as opposed to humanity in general. • From a scientific perspective, there are numerous problems with this particular approach. First, it could be argued that biographical analysis as a method is extremely subjective as it is based entirely on the opinion of the researcher Summary of Hierarchy of Needs • (a) human beings are motivated by a hierarchy of needs. • (b) needs are organized in a hierarchy of prepotency in which more basic needs must be more or less met (rather than all or none) prior to higher needs. • (c) the order of needs is not rigid but instead may be flexible based on external circumstances or individual differences. • (d) most behavior is multi-motivated, that is, simultaneously determined by more than one basic need.
